Методика подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ-2019. Раздел "Чтение".
материал для подготовки к егэ (гиа) по английскому языку (11 класс)

Методика подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ. Раздел «Чтение»    26.03.2018 г.

Попробуем наш алгоритм выполнения заданий на примерах.

Нам даны заголовки. Читаем тексты и определяем основную мысль каждого из них. Выделяем ключевые слова и выражения в заголовках. Соотносим заголовки с текстами, находя синонимичные слова и фразы в тексте и заголовках. Понимание основного содержания текста.

Задание 10

Установите соответствие между текстами A-G и заголовками 1-8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1.     A shop that inspired writers

2.     Country’s brave defenders

5.     Birth of a popular sport

6.     Textile business links

3.     A truly international place                         7.     A nice-sounding building

4.     Governesses of rich children                      8.     The initial steps of commerce

A.   Moscow has always been a multicultural city. If we look back at its history, we will see that there were several foreign communities living in Moscow on a permanent basis. We all know about German people inhabiting the banks of the Yauza river, where little Peter, the future tsar of all Russia, ran around, made friends and got his first ideas of learning about ships and fleets. But what do we know about the British community of Moscow? Did it even exist?

(Ответ 3: — A truly international place)

B.   The first ties between Russia and Britain were formed in the middle of the 16th century in the time of Ivan the Terrible. It was then that some wealthy British merchants founded the Muscovy Company which held a monopoly on trade between Britain and Russia until 1698. The building of its Moscow headquarters was granted to the company by the tsar in 1556 and can be still visited at 4, Varvarka Street, known to us now as The Old English Court.

(Ответ 8: — The initial steps of commerce. Возможен также вариант 6 — Textile business links. Оставляем оба до конца работы с текстом.)

С.   Beginning from the time of Peter the Great, several talented British military men moved to Russia. Many of them served as army generals and navy admirals, defending Russian borders in different wars and battles. Among the most famous ones were Field Marshall James Bruce, Field Marshall Barclay de Tolly and Admiral Thomas Mackenzie, all of them of Scottish origin.

(Ответ 2 — Country’s brave defenders)

D.   In the 18th century, British industrialists made themselves known in Russia. One of the most outstanding figures was Robert McGill, who lived in Moscow and served as an intermediary between Lancashire mill engineers and the Russian cotton industry, and built over 150 mills (cotton factories) in Russia. Robert McGill had a house in Spiridonovka Street and together with his wife Jane was a prominent member of the British community in Moscow.

(Ответ 6 — Textile business links, т.е. вариант уходит из текста В, поскольку в том тексте нет информации о текстиле, а в этом говорится о хлопке)

E.   If you talk to Moscow concert musicians who were active between the 1960s and the 1990s, they will tell you of the fantastic acoustics of the “Melodiya” recording studio at 8, Voznesensky Lane, which they lovingly called ‘kirche’, mistakenly thinking it was a German church. This building, designed in the English neo-gothic architectural style, was in fact built in 1885 by Robert McGill and is St. Andrew’s Anglican Church, which was used as a recording studio in Soviet times.

(Ответ 7 — A nice-sounding building)

F.   Another spectacular example of British architecture in Moscow is the old building of TsUM next to the Bolshoy and Maly theatres. Built in the early 1900s, it was back then the biggest department store in Moscow. It was owned by Scottish merchants Andrew Muir and Archie Mirrielees. Mayakovsky mentions Muir&Mirrielees in several of his poems, while Chekhov named his dogs after its two owners.

(Ответ 1 — A shop that inspired writers)

G.   In 1887, two other cotton industrialists from Lancashire, Clement and Harry Charnock, moved to work at a cotton factory in Orekhovo-Zuevo, near Moscow. They were both great football fans and decided to introduce this game to the workers of the factory. This resulted in the first professional football team in Russia which after the Revolution became the core of Moscow Dynamo team.

(Ответ 5 — Birth of a popular sport)

Лишний заголовок —  4. Governesses of rich children. Поскольку нет ни одного текста с информацией о гувернантках и богатых детях.

Задание  11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными буквами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Дается  текст (газетная или журнальная статья) с шестью пропусками, обозначенными буквами (A-F), и семь фрагментов предложений для заполнения пропусков, обозначенных цифрами (1-7). Один фрагмент предложения — лишний. Надо установить соответствие между частью текста и пропущенным фрагментом предложения. Это задание на понимание структурно-смысловых связей текста.

Surviving in a Desert
A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _________________. Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B __________________. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ___________________, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D ________________. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E ______________. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again. Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F ________________. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert. There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1) which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes
2) whenever it rains
3) to find water as far as 25 meters away
4) which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually
5) to better distribute their body heat and stay cool
6) even though the desert environment is very dry and hot
7) that help them to live in the desert

Внимательно читаем все предложение в тексте, где содержится первый пропуск. Определяем, что не хватает придаточного предложения, начинающегося со слова which. Из вариантов 1 и 4 выбираем 4 пропуск, так как предыдущая информация посвящена количеству дождя.

It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _4 ( which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually).

Пропуск В также сочетается с придаточным определительным предложением, но здесь речь идет о песке, т.е. подходит вариант 1

Most deserts are covered with sand, B _1 (which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes).

Как мы уже отмечали ранее, пропуску С соответствует пункт 6 по месту в предложении и наличию запятой. Проверяем по смыслу, подходит.

This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C _6 (even though the desert environment is very dry and hot, some living things are able to do well in this setting).

В пропуске D также должно быть определительное придаточное предложение, отсутствие запятой дает нам возможность выбрать пункт 7, так как по правилу ограничительных и распространительных определительных предложений that используется только в  ограничительных предложений, не выделяемых запятой.

Many plants have changed and developed in ways D _7 (that help them to live in the desert).

В предложении с пропуском Е отсутствует информация либо об образе действия, либо о цели, либо о причине, т.е. подходит пункт 2.

Some plants are able to grow very quickly E _2 (whenever it rains).

Для пропуска F, как говорилось выше, соответствует пункт 5 по смыслу и с точки зрения грамматических связей.

The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_5 (to better distribute their body heat and stay cool). 

Прочитываем восполненный текст, проверяем смысловые, логические и грамматические связи

Задания  11 – 12

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1,2,3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному  вами варианту ответа.

В третьем задании раздела чтения, предлагаются семь тестовых заданий с четырьмя вариантами ответов, из которых только один является правильным. Как правило, это либо начало предложения, к которому предлагается четыре возможных варианта окончания, либо вопрос, к которому дается четыре варианта ответа. Это задание на полное и точное  понимание информации в тексте, умение определять логические связи в предложении и между частями текста; умение делать выводы из прочитанного («читать между строк»), а также умение догадаться о значение слова (выражения) по контексту.

Doctor Who
Doctor Who is a British science-fiction TV series that follows the adventures of a time-traveling alien, called the Doctor, and his human companion, as they travel through time and space in a spaceship, called the TARDIS (Time and Relative Dimension in Space), and courageously save the world time and time again. Doctor Who first aired on BBC on 23 November, 1963 and was one of the first science-fiction stories to appear on screen: 3 years before Star Trek and 14 years before the Star Wars franchise. In 1989, due to falling popularity, the show was suspended. But 16 years later, in 2005, it was brought back to the screen with a whole new cast of actors and has been ongoing ever since. It is considered to be the longest running sci-fi show in the world, having celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2013. But how has Doctor Who managed to survive for this long? What sets it apart from other amazing shows that are now over? What makes Doctor Who really unique, is that it does not have to rely on any particular actor to continue. When the Doctor is close to death, he is able to start a biological process within himself, called regeneration, that changes every single cell in his body, while still leaving his mind intact. Essentially, he becomes a different person: new looks, new personality, new everything. But one thing that never changes is his genius, and his sense of humor. This means, that every four years or so, when the actors playing the Doctor decide to move on to different projects and leave the show, the producers can find a new actor to take on the iconic role. So far twelve actors have played the Doctor. Another reason the show has been running for so long is that there is no main storyline, it is very much episodic, each episode telling a story of a separate adventure. So as long as the writers of the show keep coming up with new planets for the Doctor and his companion to visit, and new alien villains for them to defeat, the show can continue forever. Doctor Who has an unbelievably huge fan base all over the world, so big in fact, that the 50th anniversary episode aired in 94 countries simultaneously, earning it a Guinness World Record. There is also a large amount of music, inspired by Doctor Who, and since the series's renewal, a music genre called Trock (Time Lord Rock) has appeared. The most famous Trock band is Chameleon Circuit. They produce music exclusively about Doctor Who, and so far have released two albums. Soon after Doctor Who’s appearance in 1963, novels surrounding the series started to appear. The first ever novelization came out on 12 November, 1964, almost exactly a year after the first episode came out. Since then over 150 novelizations and 200 spin-off books have been published, including some written by Neil Gaiman. Doctor Who has been an important part of popular culture for over half a century now. The show is limitless, filled with possibility: you can go to Victorian London, or to Pompeii, or to the 51st century. It can be any genre: comedy, horror, fantasy, drama, sometimes all of them at the same time. It’s clever, and funny, and sad, and makes you think. The plots are well written, and sometimes you feel like you’re twisting your brain into a knot, trying to figure out the paradoxes. But most importantly it’s kind-hearted and beautiful. No doubt Doctor Who will remain a fan-favorite for many years to come.

12. The first Star Wars movie came out in 

1) 1963
2) 1966
3) 1977
4) 1989.

Обращаем внимание, что вопрос не о сериале “Doctor Who”, а о фильме “Star Wars”, находим во 2 абзаце информацию, производим необходимые расчеты и получаем год — 1977, т.е. правильный ответ — 3.

13. Which of the following is NOT the reason why Doctor Who has been around for so long? 

1) It is easy to change the actors playing the main character
2) The TV series is extremely popular all over the world
3) Separate episodes and seasons are not connected by plot
4) The writers of Doctor Who keep writing new stories.

Первые три пункта представлены в тексте как причины долгой жизни сериала, последний, четвертый, вариант является не причиной, а следствием, результатом. Т.е. выбираем правильный ответ — 4.

14. Which of the following words does NOT apply to the Doctor as a character? 

1) clever
2) human
3) funny
4) brave

При описании персонажа находим в тексте характеристики: genius, sense of humor, которые синонимичны словам 1) clever, 3) funny. А то, что главный герой борется со злодеями, свидетельствует о том, что он смелый — 4) brave. Остается правильный ответ — 2) human. 

15. Which word is closest in meaning to the word ‘iconic’ at the end of the third paragraph? 

1) difficult
2) famous
3) religious
4) desirable

Слово ‘iconic’ имеет смысл культовый, иконный. В соответствии с общим смыслом абзаца, речь не идет о религиозном смысле слова, остается культовый, или знаменитый, поэтому ответ — 2) famous.

16. Which of the following statements is true? 

1) Trock is a music genre that first appeared in the middle of the 1960s
2) Chameleon Circuit rock group writes music for the Doctor Who TV series
3) Both albums of Chameleon Circuit are centered around Doctor Who
4) The music genre that is used in the Doctor Who TV series is called Trock.

В тексте дана информация о группе “Chameleon Circuit”.

They produce music exclusively about Doctor Who, and so far have released two albums. 

Правильный ответ — 3.

Проверяем, почему не подходят остальные варианты. В первом — неправильная дата. Во втором сказано, что музыка пишется ДЛЯ сериала, а в тексте говорится о том, что она пишется О главном герое. В четвертом пункте говорится, что в сериале используется жанр музыки Trock, а, согласно тексту, этот жанр возник под влиянием самого сериала, то есть нарушена причинно-следственная связь.

17. In the 6th paragraph the author implies that 

1) the Doctor Who TV series inspired writers to create novels about the Doctor
2) every Doctor Who episode later gets published in the format of a book
3) Neil Gaiman has written some episodes for the Doctor Who TV series
4) Doctor Who is based on more than 150 books by different authors.

Слова surrounding, spin-off имеющие значение сопутствующий, дополнительный, побочный, а также даты  говорят о книгах, появившихся после сериала, поэтому правильный ответ – 1.

Ответ 2 не подходит, поскольку в тексте нет информации о том, что каждая серия потом описывается в книге. Ответ 3 не подходит, так как из текста следует, что он не писал сценарий для сериала, а его книги были написаны по мотивам сериала. Ответ 4 неверен, так как цифра 150 относится к количеству книг, написанных по мотивам сериала. Это, так называемые, distractors (отвлекающие факторы).

18. Which choice is closest in meaning to the phrase ‘you feel like you are twisting your brain into a knot’ in the last paragraph? 

1) You are trying very hard to solve a problem
2) You come to a dead-end while solving a problem
3) You give your brain some good training
4) You are using intuition rather than your brain.

Правильный ответ — 1, так как во втором пункте “come to a dead-end” имеет отрицательную коннотацию — зайти в тупик, третий говорит о тренировке ума, а не о решении проблемы, четвертый пункт ставит во главу угла интуицию, а не мыслительную деятельность. 

Рекомендации при обучении аудированию и чтению

Приучать школьников к чтению адаптированной и оригинальной литературы разных жанров во внеурочное время. Важно обратить внимание выпускников на необходимость внимательного прочтения инструкций к выполнению задания и научить их извлекать из инструкций максимум информации. Инструкция к выполнению задания ориентирует на выполнение определенной коммуникативно-рецептивной задачи, например на определенный вид чтения: просмотровое, ознакомительное (понимание общего содержания текста); поисковое (понимание запрашиваемой информации); изучающее (полное понимание текста). Следует развивать языковую догадку, учить извлекать общий смысл слова из контекста, морфологической структуры слова, на основе аналогии с интернациональными словами и не пугаться незнакомых слов.

 Примерные тренировочные задания. ЧТЕНИE

Предлагаемые задания по чтению помогут учителю и ученикам сформировать соответствующие умения и навыки. Задания направлены на формирование умений выделять главное, находить нужную информацию и игнорировать ненужную, строить текст логически, т.е выделять структурно-смысловые связи текста.

Task 1

1. Helen

        Helen`s an engineer and she works for an American company. At the moment she`s managing a project in London. She loves working abroad and she`d like to work in South America or Asia one day. She hardly ever meets people that aren`t connected with her job. She wants to meet new people, use her mind and discuss ideas. She`s looking for an interesting evening course where she can do these things.

2. Mary

        Mary loves music and wants to work in music industry when she leaves school. She plays the violin very well and has lessons once a week. Now she wants to learn to play the guitar or the piano. She isn`t going out or getting much exercise at the moment because she`s studying for her exams. She isn`t happy about this because she`s usually quite an active person.

3. Dan

         Dan is from Italy but he`s living in London at the moment. He`s working as a waiter in an Italian restaurant. He`d like to go to university in England and he`s trying to find out about courses. He likes travelling and he`s interested in talking to people from different countries. In his free time he goes to the cinema a lot and one day he`d like to work in the film industry.

Task 2

1. _____________

A separate flat facing the river, on the second floor, central heating, hot water, a bathroom, a big kitchen, a living room with large windows, a bedroom. All the rooms are furnished. The rent is 100 pounds a month.

2. _____________

The Victoria is a large and comfortable hotel in the center of Oxford. There are double rooms and single ones. All the bedrooms have television, telephone and central heating. There are two restaurants, a coffee shop and a bar. The hotel has a lift and a car park.

3. _____________

A separate room on the fifth floor for a single man, with furniture and a bathroom. There is a desk, a sofa, a TV set, and a bookcase. The telephone is in the hall. There is no lift. The room is small but warm and cosy. The rent is only 50 pounds a month.

4. _____________

A two-bedroom apartment facing a park on the tenth floor, a big living room, furnished. There is small kitchen with modern equipment. A swimming pool and a laundry are in the basement. The rent is 150 pounds a month.

Task 3

Cinema in England

     In England they usually call the cinema “the pictures”. Sometimes they also use the American name, “the movies”, too. The  1. ____________________ or “showing” begins about two o`clock in the afternoon, and the show goes on from then until about half past ten. There is usually 2. __________________ , a shorter one, a news film (or newsreel), some advertisements and a “trailer” telling about some new films.

     Cinema used to be more crowded than they are now. Many people used to go to the cinema two or three times a week,  today people like to stay at home to watch television, 3. _________________ it is cold and wet outside. The prices of cinema seats in London are higher 4. __________________ London.

     Films at London cinemas start as early as 12 o`clock, and there are 5. ____________ programmes starting between 11 p.m. and midnight. You can find exact times and programmes in 6. _______________.

1. than outside
2. the daily newspapers
3. first performance
4. one main film
5. particularly when
6. often late-night

Keys

Task 1

2 – A               4 – B               3 – C

Task 2

1 – C               2 – A               3 – B                 4 – D

Task 3

1 – c               2 – d               3 – e                 4 – h                  5 - f               6 – b