Ученый проект по теме "Северная Ирландия"
проект по английскому языку (6 класс) на тему

Учебный проект

Northern Ireland

Автор работы:

Колюжный Егор, 6 «б» класс

МБОУ гимназия №1

Руководитель:

Казьмина Лариса Викторовна,

Учитель английского языка

г. Красный Сулин

2017 г.

Сontents

1. Northern Ireland: the geographical position, climate and natural wonders of the country.
2. The foundation of the country.
3. Belfast – the capital city.
4. County Antrim.
5. The Giant's  Causeway  —  eighth  Wonder of  the world.
6. Famous Irish writers and poets.
7. Literature.

Цель работы:

1. Изучить Северную Ирландию, которая является четвертой страной, входящей в состав Великобритании.

Задачи:

1. Найти и проанализировать информацию о Северной Ирландии.
2. Создать буклет – путеводитель по стране для туристов.

Методы исследования:

1. Изучение различных источников информации.
2. Обработка собранной информации.
3. Синтез результатов.

1. NorthernIreland: the geographical position, climate and natural wonders of the country.

Northern Ireland, integral part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is situated in the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland. Northern Ireland is bounded on the north and northeast by the North Channel, on the southeast by the Irish Sea, and on the south and west by the Republic of Ireland. It includes Rathlin Island in the North Channel and several smaller offshore islands. It is also known as Ulster, because it comprises six of the nine counties that constituted the former province of Ulster.

The total area of Northern Ireland is 14,148 sq km. The shoreline is characterized by numerous irregularities and is about 530 km (about 330 mi) long. The major indentations are Lough Foyle in the north and Belfast, Strangford, and Carlingford loughs in the east. A striking feature of the northern coast is the Giant's Causeway, a rock formation consisting of thousands of closely placed, polygonal pillars of black basalt. The country consists mainly of a low, flat plain in the approximate center of which is Lough Neagh, the largest lake in the British Isles. Other important lakes are Lough Erne and Upper Lough Erne.

The climate of Northern Ireland is mild and damp throughout the year.

The most valuable natural resources of Northern Ireland are its fertile soil and rich pasturelands. Natural waterpower is abundant. The chief minerals are basalt, limestone, sand and gravel, granite, chalk, clay, and shale; bauxite, iron ore, and coal also are found in small amounts.

2. The foundation of the country.

Ireland is  the  second  largest  of  the  British  Islands  lying in the Atlantic  off  the  west coast of  Great Britain.

The island of Ireland is politically divided into two parts: Northern Ireland (Ulster), which forms part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, capital Belfast, and the Republic of Ireland — a separate state named Eire in Irish; its capital is Dublin.

Northern Ireland is a unique region within the United Kingdom, for in addition to economic problems similar to those seen in other national outlying regions, there are political divisions, which reflect the unsettled Irish issue. At present Northern Ireland in the political sense comprises six counties of Ulster, which was one of the four provinces of ancient Ireland. Three other provinces of Ulster form part of the Irish Republic. The history of Anglo-Irish relations began with the colonization of Ireland by the Normans under Henry II of England in the 12th century. Over the next two centuries these Norman settlers became “more Irish than the Irish”, and it is possible that Ireland might have ended up as a contented Anglo-Irish society under the British Crown. However, in the 16th century Henry VIII quarrelled with Rome and declared himself head of the Anglican Church. Resistance from Irish Catholics was strong, but was put down by Henry’s armies. And so by trying to force Irish Catholics to become Anglican and by taking a lot of their land, Henry began the two lasting problems of Anglo-Irish relations — religion and land.

What he started was continued by his daughter Elizabeth I. Ulster was a specially difficult area to bring under her rule. The soldiers of the province of Ulster successfully fought against Elizabeth’s armies until 1603, but were finally defeated.  Then the “Plantation of Ulster” began. “Plantation” meant that twenty-three new towns were built in Ulster to protect the needs of 170,000 new Protestant settlers known as “planters”, most of whom came from Scotland.

Religion separated the planters and native Irishmen. The Scots planters were Presbyterians, a form of Protestantism, and they were deeply suspicious of Catholics and Catholicism. But they brought with them their own laws and customs relating to land, which encouraged greater social stability and economic growth. The Scots also placed great emphasis on education and hard work, and they were good at business. All this sowed the seedsof Ulster’s 19th century industrialization, which made it different from the rest ofIreland.

Nevertheless the Irish continued to fight for independence and in 1921 after a mass uprising Great Britain wasforcedtogrant’ independence to the south. Ulster chose toremainpartof the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthernIreland.The Irish Free State declared itself a republic in 1949andisnow known as the Irish Republic, or Eire (an old Irish word for Ireland). It is completely separate and in dependent from Britain and Northern Ireland, and its government is in the capitalcity, Dublin.

In 1949 the Irish Free State declared itself a republic and became known as the Irish Republic. Six counties of Ulster where the Protestants had a majority in the population remained under British rule with the name Northern Ireland. In 1949, Northern Ireland still had its own Prime Minister and its own Parliament at Stormont in Belfast which was responsible for the province internal (not foreign) affairs, but it was still part of the U.K.

From the beginning, the Stormont Parliament was dominated by Protestants. Northern Irish Catholics, who were now in a minority, found that they did not have equal opportunities with Protestants for housing and employment. A campaign of civil rights for Catholics was started but very little attention was paid to it by the ruling Protestant.

In 1969 there was rioting' in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants. By 1972 the hostility' between the two groups was so bad that Britain suspended the Northern Irish Parliament at Stormont and sent in the British army to keep the peace. The soldiers were welcomed at first by the Catholics as protectors from Protestant violence, but when the army began house-to-house searches of Catholic areas for men with guns, the welcome soon turned to bitterness.

There have been many deaths since 1969. In 1972, on what became known ae “Bloody Sunday”, British soldiers opened fire on Catholic demonstrators in Londonderry and thirteen people were killed. In addition, many British soldiers have been killed. Both the Protestant and the Catholic communities have illegal secret armies fighting a bloody war. On the Catholic side, are the IRA (Irish Republican Army) and INLA (Irish National Liberation  Army).  Both these organizations want to achieve a united Ireland by violent means, but they are condemned today by the government of the Irish Republic. On the Protestant side are the UDA (Ulster Defence Association) and the UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force).

3. Belfast – the capital city.

For many people coming to Ulster, Belfast is their port of entrance. Some of them will perhaps pass through it quickly, valuing it only as the gateway to one of the most beautiful areas of mountain, lake, seashore and open countryside in Europe; but for those with time and interest, it is worth exploring for its own sake. It also gives a key to a deeper understanding of the whole province. As the relative size of population shows, Belfast stands in the province of Ulster rather like a big house in a moderate-sized garden; and even if we prefer the garden to the house, it is well to become acquainted with the people who live in the house.

One of the first things that must strike  the  visitor  to Belfast, if he comes here by sea up the landlocked waters of Belfast Lough' or descends upon the city from the hills by the road  that   leads  from   Aldergrove   Airport,  is  that  Belfastis beautifully situated. Lying in a broad natural amphitheatre, gracefully surrounded by hills, and looking down a deep inlet' of the sea, Belfast has rich variety and offers many pleasant surprises. The centre of the city is  built  like  Amsterdam  on piles' driven into mud’, a tight-packed area of industrial and commercial buildings, but as the broad roads that radiate from the centre bring us out to the suburban districts on the hillsides or by the sea or southwards along  the valley of  the River Lagan, we  find  the  city  ringed  with  open  and  attractive residential suburbs.

Belfast is a modern city, a city of the 19th century  and of the industrial  revolution.  Its expansion  was rather  later  than that of  most other British industrial  cities and it  thus avoided some of  their worst features.  There are a few trim' Georgian buildings

and one or two houses dating from the 17th century, but the mas of  the city’s buildings are late Victorian or belong to the present century. The City Hall  in  Donegall  Square,  with  its  lofty dome, is one of  the chief  landmarks.  There  are  a  number  of public and ecclesiastical buildings worth seeing, including the huge Law Courts and the Protestant (Church of Ireland) Cathedral.

To the north and west lie the Belfast Hills. The most commanding viewpoint among these, though not the highest, is the Cave Hill (which can be ascended if one has an energetic disposition).

The usual approach is through one of the three public parks. These parks give access to fine scenery and cliff, and command excellent views across the sea, the city and the surrounding countryside.

The central area of Belfast consists of very marshy ground and this has necessitated the piling of most large buildings, including the City Hall. The handsome Telephone House at the end of May Street, for example, has as its foundation a concrete raft' supported on 400 concrete piles sunk' to an average depth of 42 feet. The Albert Memorial clock in High Street is one of those buildings which despite piling have shown signs of subsidence. Built nearly a hundred years ago, this Belfast landmark shows visible evidence of a desire to emulatethe leaning tower of Pisa. The hands, by the way, move only each half-minute. The “Albert’s” great night is New Year’s  Eve,  when  celebrating crowds gather around it and many a bottle is splintered‘ against its massivewalls.

Up till 1st April, 1962, the Museum and Art Gallery at Stranmillis Road was under the aegis of the Belfast Corporation. On that date it became a national institution, known as “The Ulster Museum”, under the control of a board of trustees'. The present building, opened in 1929 was erected by Belfast Corporation and represents about two-fifths of the ultimate scheme’. It  houses  an  art  gallery  which  is  particularly  rich in modern Irish painting,  a fine collection  of  Irish  silverware, and exhibits which give a vivid picture of Ulster history, geology, and animal life. There is a specialist library which includes early Belfast-printed books, a fascinating  collection  of photographs which record Ulster life half a century ago, and the Horner collection of spinning wheels.

 The Transport Museum, situated in Witham Street, is administered by the Belfast  Corporation.  It houses one of the finest collections of transport vehicles in Europe. Flanking the Ulster Museum is one of Belfast’s oldest and most pleasant parks, the Botanic Gardens, which was originally owned by a private society but has been the property of the public for about seventy years. Its main features are the conservatory the tropical greenhouses, and the rosewalks.

Behind the conservatory are grouped the main buildings of the Queen’s University of Belfast, so called because it was originally one of  three  colleges  founded  by  Queen  Victoria under an 1845 Act of Parliament. The beautiful main buildings were designed by Sir Charles Lanyon and were opened in 1849. Since that time, many other fine buildings have been added and the pace of expansion is still rapid. Typical of the newer buildings is the vast David Keir Building, straddling a site" from the Stranmillis Road to the Malone Road, completed  in  1958  at a cost of about 2,000,000 pounds. There are additional university buildings in Elmwood Avenue and other areas  adjacent  to  the original site.

Among the modern buildings in Belfast, the six-storey Telephone House in May Street and the six-storey Broadcasting House in Ormeau Avenue are perhaps the most pleasing.  The use of silver-grey bricks on a Mourne granite base gives character to the functional exchange and a handsome curved front is a feature of the impressive BBC buildings. Not far away from the BBC, fronting on Ormeau Road, is the headquarters of Ulster Television, the commercial television contractors. They have converted and modernized two traditional linen warehouses to form a block of studios and administrative offices which by their contemporary brightness lighten a district dominated by the red brick of the vast gasworks opposite, and its towering gas-holders.

4. County Antrim.

In County Antrim, which lies to the north of Belfast, there are many delightful holiday resorts. The county is bounded by the sea on the north and east and by the river Bann and the Lake of Lough Neagh on the west. The eastern part of the county consists of a basalt plateau through which deep glens descend north-eastward to the sea, a wide area of splendid moorland scenery. At its northeast corner at Fair Head the county looks out towards Scotland with a black perpendicular cliff  636 feet in height. Along the north coast, Antrim meets the Atlantic Ocean   with   a   line   of   stern  and  splendid   cliffs.    Some    of    the ships of the great Armada sent by Philip II of Spain against England were smashed to pieces against these in the wild weather of 1588. At gaps in the cliffs, at the foot of  glens,  there  are many pleasant seaside resorts and some fine beaches.

If we set out northwards from Belfast by the road along the side of Belfast Lough, the first town of importance is Carrickfergus, once the principal town in Ulster, with its 12th-century castle in good preservation. Then we come to the pleasant residential and seaside town of Whitehead.  From there the road runs beside Larne Lough, a long inlet of the sea, beyond which lies the peninsula of Island Magee, popular as a seaside resort of the quieter kind. Larne is a port town and has a steamship service to and from Stranraer in Scotland, the shortest sea crossing between Great Britain and Northern Ireland.  The town is also a holiday resort.

5. The giant's  causeway  is the eighth  wonder of  the world.

The Causeway is a mass of stone columns standing very near together.The tops of the columns form stepping stones leading from the cliff foot and disappearing under the sea. Over the whole Causeway there are 40,000 of these stone columns. The tallest are about 42 feet (13 m) high.

Visitors in modern times have been told that the Causeway is a strange geological feature the result of volcanic action. The ancient Irish knew differently, however. Clearly, this was giants' work and, in particular, the work of the giant Finn McCool, the Ulster soldier and commander of the armies of the King of All Ireland.

Finn was extremely strong. On one occasion, during a fight with a Scottish giant, he picked up a huge piece of earth and threw it at him.  The earth fell into the Irish Sea and became the Isle of Man. The hole it left filled with water and became the great inland sea of Lough Neagh.

People said that Finn lived on the North Antrim coast and that he fell in love with a lady giant. She lived on an island in the Scottish Hebrides, and so he began to build this wide causeway to bring her across to Ulster.

6. Famous Irish writers and poets.

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) is the greatest satirist in the history of British literature. He is the author of the immortal work Gulliuer’s travels which all of our schoolchildren know very well.

Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin in 1667. Swift’s father died a few months before the birth of his son, and the boy saw but little of his mother. Swift’s school and college life were passed at Kilkenny School and Trinity College, Dublin. He wrote The Drapier’s Letters, his famous pamphlets  in  defence  of  the Irish  people,  and at the same time he wrote  another  pamphlet A    Modest    Proposal   in  defence  of   Irish children.

Thomas Moore (1779-1852), an Irish poet who sang his native land in the same way as Robert Burns sang Scotland. He came from a well-to-do Irish family. Thomas Moore was born in Dublin. He studied at Dublin University and then  studied  law in London.

He published  his  first  verses  as  Poems  by  Thomas   Little in 1801, then his romantic stories in verse Lalla-Rookh (1817). His Irish Melodies made a deep impression on Byron. Thomas Moore was George Byron’s friend and after Byron’s death he wrote the first biography of this great English poet, Letters and Journals   of   Word   Byron,   with  Notices   of    His   Life (1830).

In his work National Airs there were two songs on Russian melodies.  One of  them,   “Those   Evening   Bells”   was   translated into   Russian   by  I.  Kozlov and   became  very popular.

Oscar Wilde (1856-1900) was  the  son  of  a  well-known  Irish doctor and scientist. His mother was a very educated woman, a poetess who published many poems and other works, among them Legends    of   Ireland.

Oscar Wilde received a very good education. He began his education at Trinity College in Dublin and graduated from Oxford in1878.

Oscar Wilde wrote many poems (in 1881 he published a volume of    Poems),  fairy  tales  (the  best  ones  are  The  Selfish  Giant, The Happy  Prince,  The  Nightingale  and  the  Rose,  The  Devo- ted friend, The Star-Child, the Remarkable Rocket and others), plays (Lady Windermere’s Fan, A  Woman  of  no Importance,  The  Importance  of   Being   Earnest,   An   Ideal Husband) , critical essays and the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray  (1891).

Oscar Wilde died in Paris and is buried there.

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) was born in Dublin, Ireland.

Bernard Shaw’s childhood was very hard. His father was taken to drink and Shaw’s mother left him and went to London where she gave lessons of music to earn her living.

At the age of fourteen, after graduating from  secondary school, Shaw was put into a job as clerk in a land agent’s office. Bernard Shaw was rather educated and he was better informed in many things than most of his fellow clerks at the office. Shakespeare, Byron, Shelley and many other great poets and writers had been read and re-read by him. He could discuss art, for he had studied the best works at the Ireland National Gallery. In 1876 Shaw went to London where he became a journalist and wrote music, art and dramatic critiques for various periodicals.

Bernard Shaw became a Socialist in 1882 and took an active part in the Socialistmovement.

Shaw’s most important plays  besides Widower’s  Houses, fire    Darren’s    Profession,    The    Apple   Cart    and   Pygmalionare  Candida,   The   Devil   Disciple,   Caesar   and   Cleopatra,   Man and   Superman,   John   Bull’s   Other   Island,   Too   Good   to    Be  True  and many, many others.

Bernard Shaw loved Russian realistic drama and with a few English writers and actors in his time brought the plays by Chekhov, Gorky and Tolstoy onto the English stage.

In 1925 Bernard Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature and he gave it all to spreading the Swedish literature in England.

Bernard Shaw spent his last years in a small estate of Ayott St. Lawrence where at the age of 90 he still undertook bicycle rides every morning. He continued to write to the last days of his life.

George Bernard Shaw died on November 2, 1950 at the age of 94.

Sean O’Casey (1880-1964), born into a poor, Protestant family in the slums of Dublin, was the youngest of thirteen children. His biography reads much like Gorky’s. He wrote about himself, “Education: in the streets of Dublin. Worked as a builder’s labourer, railway labourer, and general labourer.”

Sean O’Casey began his literary career as a playwright at the age of 43. Some of his early plays deal  with the struggle of Irishmen for their independence. Among these are the following plays:  The  Shadow  of  a  Gunman   (1923),  Juno   and   the   Peacock (1924),  The Plough  and  the  Stars  (1926). He also  wrote: The   Star   Becomes   Red,   Red   Roses    for   Me,     I   Knock   at   the Door,   Pictures    in    the   Hallway,    Drums    under    the  Windows, Irish  fallen,  Fare  Thee  tell,  Rose  and  Crown,  Sunset  and Evening Star. Sean O’Casey’s books are a dynamic record of the Irish people’s struggle for liberation.

Sean O’Casey suffered a tragedy like Beethoven's.  The composer went deaf. O’Casey went almost blind. The work the half-blind writer did was a heroic feat repeated daily.

7. Literature

1. Book literature V. F. Satinova  «Read and speak about Britain and the British».
2. http://www.activeenglish.ru
3. https://ru.wikipedia.org
4. http://engmaster.ru