Элективный курс для предпрофильной подготовки "Зри в корень" (словообразование)
рабочая программа по английскому языку (9 класс) на тему

Содержание программы элективного курса

Пояснительная записка

Данный курс является  общеобразовательным, создан для предпрофильного обучения 9-ых классов общеобразовательной школы, посвящен углублению знаний в разделе  «Словообразование в английском языке». Развитие языка совершается постоянно и осуществляется на всех уровнях: подвергается различным изменениям звуковая система, меняется морфологический состав слова, претерпевают семантические изменения слова и словосочетания. Наиболее заметные и ощутимые трансформации происходят в словарном составе языка, т. е. в лексике.

Современный английский язык отличается большой способностью к образованию новых словарных единиц. Подавляющее большинство новообразований создается посредством тех словообразовательных способов и средств, которыми располагает тот или иной язык. Основные способы словообразования в современном английском языке: аффиксация, конверсия и словосложение – используются и использовались в языке в течение многих лет. Однако не все из них используются в одинаковой степени, и удельный вес каждого способа в словообразовательном процессе неодинаков.

Наиболее актуальна в настоящее время проблема продуктивного словообразования. Такие способы как словопроизводство и словосложение дают основное количество новообразований. Изучение продуктивных способов создания новых слов будет в большей степени способствовать выявлению внешних и внутренних законов, а также тенденции развития словообразовательных процессов в языке. В создании новых слов словообразовательные способы и средства обладают различной активностью.

В настоящее время ни у кого не вызывает сомнения тот факт, что каждый функциональный стиль отличается своими, присущими только ему, специфическими чертами. Языковые элементы могут совпадать в разных стилях, но данная структура, данный строй речи присущи лишь какому-то одному стилю.

Вопрос о стилистической дифференциации современного английского языка, как, впрочем, и любого иного языка, достаточно сложен. Существование функциональных стилей обусловлено тем, что одну и ту же мысль можно передать словами и написать, используя различные языковые средства.

Актуальность темы. Функциональные стили английского языка остаются на сегодняшний день мало исследованными с точки зрения словообразовательных процессов. Современный этап словообразования характеризуется повышенным интересом к производному слову и к выявлению словообразовательных потенций слова.

Цель курса: сообщение дополнительных знаний  по словообразованию в английском языке, развитие интереса к АЯ, формирование умения вести самостоятельное языковое исследование, видеть, накапливать, классифицировать явления и делать выводы, приобретение навыков работы в команде, умений видеть проблему и наметить пути её решения, использовать полученные результаты на практике.

Задачи программы: воспитать компетентности в сфере самостоятельной деятельности, основанные на усвоении способов приобретения знаний из различных источников информации, достичь лучшего понимания вопроса словообразования,  выявить самые  употребимые способы словообразования, использовать  полученные результаты на практике.

Практическое значение. Данная работа позволяет углубить знания учащихся по теме «Словообразование», сформировать умение семантизировать слово по его составным частям, установить инвентарь словообразовательных средств в художественном, публицистическом и научно-техническом стилях английского языка, сопоставить роль и удельный вес этих средств в каждом из этих стилей. Материалы данного курса помогут глубже понять структуру и семантику производных слов.

Основные принципы программы: доступность, посильность, новизна, коммуникативная направленность, самостоятельность, эвристичность.

 Планируемый результат: создание проектов, рефератов, сообщений, презентаций на основе самостоятельных исследований уч-ся.

Программа состоит из 5 теоретических  и 10 практических занятий. Они сочетаются таким образом, что обеспечивают  приобретение новых сведений о словообразовании  получение самостоятельных выводов путём личных исследований аутентичных образцов АЯ, содержат чтение лучших образцов классической английской литературы и периодической печати. Особенностью этой программы является то, что она  основана на самостоятельных исследованиях уч-ся аутентичных образцов английского  современного языка.

Итоговые исследования уч-ся (проекты) будут оцениваться по 4-ёх балльной системе: плохо, удовлетворительно, хорошо, отлично (подробнее о системе оценки в приложении к элективному курсу.)

Содержательная часть.

Программа содержит  интересный теоретический материал, включающий в себя рассуждения об основных способах словообразования в современном английском языке: аффиксация, конверсия и словосложение. Практические занятия учат проводить самостоятельные лингвистические исследования, дают уч-ся возможность проследить за употреблением способов словообразования в различных проявлениях современного английского языка, определить самые употребимые из них на основе своих личных исследований, сделать выводы, создать проект или презентацию, написать реферат или сообщение, понять, что язык постоянно находится в движении, развитии.

 Содержание программы направлено на развитие логического мышления, создаёт условия  для появления дополнительной  мотивации в изучении АЯ, знакомит уч-ся с лучшими образцами классической литературы, периодической печати.

Содержание программы подводит уч-ся к выводу, что знание способов словообразования   и семантических значений аффиксов, умение анализировать состав слова, помогает семантизировать незнакомые слова и лучше понимать тексты с содержанием новой лексики.

Учебно-тематический план

Вводное занятие №1. Цели курса. Основные способы словообразования в современном английском языке.

Основные способы словообразования в современном английском языке. Функции, единицы и модели описания

Одной из основных функций словообразования по праву является пополнение словарного состава языка. Словообразование находится также на "службе" у грамматики, выполняя ряд коммуникативных функций. Важнейшей из них является образование слова с другими языковыми характеристиками (напр., swim ‘плавать’ – swimming ‘плавание’, smoke ‘курить’ – smoking ‘курение’, move ‘двигаться’ – movement ‘движение’ и др.) с целью придания им новых синтаксических ролей. С помощью словообразовательных процессов осуществляется универбализация, т.е. выражение в одном слове сложных синтаксических конструкций и даже предложений (ср. as black, as coal 'черный как уголь'-coal-black, as cold as ice 'холодный как лед' - ice-cold, to fly aimlessly around the town just like a butterfly 'летать по городу бесцельно, как бабочка' - to butterfly), компрессия информации в минимальных поверхностных структурах.

Второй общей и, на наш взгляд, главной объединяющей чертой словообразования является получение особого типа слов-производных слов, или дериватов, отличающихся по целому ряду основополагающих параметров от непроизводных, простых слов.

Производное есть такая вторичная языковая единица, которая формально и семантически зависит от исходной и, при наличии общей ядерной части, отстоит от исходной единицы на один деривационный шаг. По смыслу производное всегда может быть объяснено через исходную единицу, оно мотивировано ею и представляет собой некоторое видоизменение ее семантики.

Между производными словами и их производящими единицами нет и не может быть полного тождества: налицо некоторое структурное сходство и одновременно различие, а также некоторые семантические и/или категориальные сдвиги. Такой тип отношений между словарными единицами характеризуется как отношения словообразовательной производности. Единицы, между которыми они устанавливаются, соотносятся как производящее и производное или как мотивирующее и мотивированное. Производящим, мотивирующим выступает слово или более сложная единица, например, словосочетание на основе структуры и семантики которой строится новое наименование. С формальной точки зрения она может подвергаться различным операциям: полному повторению звуковой формы, свертыванию исходной формы, развертыванию или расширению структуры за счет специально существующих в языке словообразовательных средств, что позволяет выделить в системе конкретного языка действующие способы словообразования. Вследствие различных формальных операций, которые претерпевает производящее слово, в производном слове, образованном на его базе, остаются разные следы, указывающие на его производность от той или иной единицы. В современном английском языке рефлексией производящего слова в производном чаще всего выступает морфологическая основа производящего слова. Напомним, что это неизменяемая часть слова, к которой присоединяются окончания. В производных типа performance 'выполнение', election 'выборы', beginning 'начало', arrangement 'приведение в порядок', thoughtfulness 'задумчивость' и им аналогичных производящие слова perform, elect, begin, arrange, thoughtful представлены именно своими морфологическими основами perform-, elect-, begin-, arrange-, thoughtful-. В ряде случаев, например: wind-driven 'гонимый ветром', frost-bitten 'обмороженный', unknown 'неизвестный', производящие слова предстают в виде отдельных своих словоформ - driven, bitten, known. В различного рода сокращениях след производящего слова может сохраняться в виде буквы (напр., ВВС "British Broadcasting Corporation", UNO "United Nations Organization" GPO "General Post Office"), слога (напр., interpol "International police", doc "doctor", vet "veterenarian", flu "influenza", sec "second", lab "laboratory", ad "advertisement"), некоторого звукового комплекса (напр., brunch (breakfast + lunch).

Значима в словообразовательных процессах и сама операция, которая приводит к образованию производного слова. Если это операция присоединения аффикса к производящей базе (например, dependent + in- -» independent 'независимый', weak + -ness—weakness 'слабость', appear + re- -» reappear 'появиться вновь' и т.д.), ее результатом является аффиксальное производное слово. Результатом соединения производящих баз (например, air + line -~ airline 'авиалиния', coal +basin- coal-basin 'угольный бассейн', ill + luck—ill-luck 'невезение') являются сложные слова. Производные слова, образованные по конверсии (напр., to hammer 'бить молотком, забивать', to nail 'забивать гвозди, приколачивать', a move 'движение', a run 'бег, пробег'), формируются как итог перекатегоризации производящей базы.

Основной классификационной единицей в словообразовании является словообразовательная модель, или словообразовательный тип. Это схема, образец, аналог, модель, все то, что фиксирует правило построения производных слов, правило, которое учитывает тип производящих основ и словообразовательных средств и формируемую в результате их взаимодействия обобщенную семантику однотипных слов.

Модель производного – это наиболее общая формула однотипных образований, это их структурно-семантический аналог. Это стабильная структура, обладающая обобщенным лексико-категориальным значением и способная наполняться различным лексическим материалом.

В английском языке есть структурная модель, отражающая строение производных прилагательных – конструкция -ly: womanly 'женственный', manly 'мужественный', kingly 'королевский' и т.д., структурно-семантическая словообразовательная модель этих производных должна указать, что их производящими базами являются наименования лиц по родству, профессии, социальному статусу и т.д., сочетающиеся с суффиксом -1у в значении подобия.

Активность и продуктивность словообразовательных моделей в английском языке

Вторая и не менее важная проблема связана с изучением ограничений, которые испытывает словообразовательная система в своем функционировании, природы этих ограничений, с изучением сферы ее действия и специфики по сравнению с другими подсистемами языка, условий, при которых имеющиеся ограничения действительны или недействительны, и т.д.

Учеными давно было замечено, что по одним словообразовательным моделям можно образовать почти бесконечное или, по крайней мере, значительное число производных, другие же характеризуются неспособностью к свободному производству слов.

Продуктивность – это скорее количественная характеристика словообразовательного ряда: модель продуктивна, когда по ее образцу в языке созданы десятки, а то и сотни производных. С другой стороны, активность модели - это скорее качественная ее характеристика, ибо она означает способность словообразовательного ряда к пополнению новыми единицами. Наконец, употребительность модели связана с ее реализацией в тексте, т.е. статистическими закономерностями ее использования.

Из сказанного выше явствует, что продуктивность - это статическая характеристика словообразовательной системы, это учет результатов ее действия, это отражение реализации способности разных словообразовательных моделей в определенные временные периоды к словопроизводству.

Многие словообразовательные модели различаются именно в количественном аспекте: ср. довольно ограниченный и закрытый список производных с суффиксом -dom (kingdom, princedom и т.д.) и огромный, открытый ряд производных с суффиксом -er.

Активность – это динамический, процессуальный аспект словообразовательной системы, ее способность к действию, пополнению языка новыми лексическими единицами, к выполнению определенных коммуникативных заданий. Естественно, что статический и процессуальный аспекты в словообразовании тесно связаны и трудно разграничиваемы. Оттого порою и невозможно определить, употребляем ли мы в речи производные слова как готовые единицы или же вновь создаем их по активным моделям словообразования.

Необходимо сказать, что активность словообразовательных моделей определяется многочисленными факторами – лингвистическими и экстралингвистическими: фонетическими, фонологическими, морфологическими, этимологическими, деривационными, семантическими, стилистическими и т.д. свойствами лексических единиц, конкуренцией с уже существующими языковыми обозначениями, коммуникативными и прагматическими причинами.

В английском языке, например, производные прилагательные содержат до 70 суффиксов разного происхождения. Из них суффиксы -ate, -ory, -ine, -id и другие никогда не соединяются с исконными основами; напротив, такие суффиксы, как -ward, -most, -fold, никогда не сочетаются с основами заимствованными.

Примером ограничительного действия семантики производящих баз может явиться сочетаемость адъективного суффикса -1у с обозначениями лиц, единиц измерения времени (manly 'мужественный', kingly 'королевский', daily 'ежедневный', weekly 'еженедельный' и т.д.) и исключение из сферы действия этого суффикса названий растений, материалов и т.д., которые типичны для модели с адъективным суффиксом -у (piny 'сосновый', clayey 'глинистый' и др.).

Активность словообразовательной модели, несомненно, регулируется уже существующими в лексической системе языка единицами.

Так, отсутствие производных с префиксом un- типа ungood, un-soft, unlong в серии слов типа unkind 'недобрый', unready 'неготовый', unpleasant 'неприятный' и т.д. обусловливается, среди прочих факторов, тем, что в лексике английского языка имеются простые слова bad 'плохой', hard 'твердый', short 'короткий' и т.д.

Возникновение производных по тем или иным словообразовательным моделям, таким образом, есть результат действия многочисленных закономерностей, или правил.

Занятие 2.

Аффиксальное словообразование.

Отсутствие четко очерченных границ аффиксальной подсистемы связано с различной интерпретацией морфемного статуса единиц типа under- (производные underfeed 'недокармливать', underestimate 'недооценивать' и др.), -man (производные workman 'рабочий', seaman 'моряк' и т.д.). Эта проблема, получившая название проблемы полуаффиксов, актуальна для многих германских языков. В зависимости от того, считаем ли мы данные морфемы корневыми или же приписываем им статус аффиксальных, границы аффиксальной подсистемы будут существенно различаться.

О семантике аффикса написано немало. Доминирующей, однако, была концепция Смирницкого, согласно которой аффикс выступает как главный носитель словообразовательного значения, и его значение есть соответственно словообразовательное значение.

Таким образом, деривационные аффиксы могут совмещать разнородные значения и служить передаче значений разного типа. Важно, однако, не сводить словообразовательное значение производного к тому значению, которое несет аффикс. Значение аффикса – лишь часть словообразовательного значения производного слова и соответствует той роли, которую аффикс выполняет в структуре производного слова.

Трудно предсказать и сформулировать правила выбора из имеющегося набора словообразовательных средств тех, сочетание производящих баз с которыми и даст нужный результат.

Лексические единицы определенной семантики характеризуются определенной словообразовательной активностью, т.е. способностью вступать во взаимодействие с различными словообразовательными средствами.

Так, слова, относящиеся к названиям лиц, названиям животных и т.д., выступают в качестве производящих баз для производных с суффиксом -ish (например, camelish 'упрямый как верблюд', boyish 'мальчишеский', coltish 'жеребячий', priggish 'педантичный' и многие другие) и не являются таковыми для производных с суффиксом -ed. Производящими базами последних являются наименования предметов одежды, обуви и т.д. (производные liveried 'одетый в ливрею', mitred 'носящий митру', bloused 'в блузке', trousered 'одетый в брюки, в брюках' и т.д. ).

С установлением инвентаря аффиксации и семантических свойств аффиксов становится возможной дальнейшая их систематизация, которая осуществляется в виде классификаций, учитывающих те или иные характеристики аффиксальных морфем. Наиболее общим делением аффиксов является их классификация по месту расположения в слове на препозитивные (префиксы) и постпозитивные (суффиксы).

Важным классификационным параметром является частеречная принадлежность деривационных баз, к которым присоединяются аффиксы. По этой способности префикса или суффикса вступать в соединение с единицами определенных лексико-грамматических классов, в системе аффиксации современного английского языка выделяются:

отсубстантивные (префиксы anti-, non-, pre-, post-, sub-, dis-, arch-, hemi-, etc.; суффиксы -ful, -ish, -y, -like, -less, -let, -an/-ian, -ship, -ess, -ese, -al, -ous, -esque, -en, etc.),

отглагольные (префиксы dis-, re-, under-, over-, de-, fore-, mis-, со-, etc.; суффиксы -ion, -er, -ment, -ing, -able, -ive, -al, -ance/-ence, -ory, -ant, -age, etc.),

отадъективные (префиксы a-, un-, anti-, be-, en-, re-, in-, pre-, non-, etc.; суффиксы -ish, -y, -ness, -ity, -en, -hood, -ism, -most, etc.) и др.

По тому, к какому лексико-грамматическому классу относятся образованные с помощью аффиксов производные, сами аффиксы (в первую очередь суффиксы, так как их роль в определении частеречных характеристик производных более очевидна, нежели у префиксов) подразделяются на:

субстантивные (суффиксы -ег, -ist, -ness, -асу, -age, -al, -an/-ian, -ment, -ing, -ship, -hood, -arian, -ance/-ence, -ancy, -ism, -ее, -ion, -dom, -ard, -cy, -ist, -iana, -ster и др.),

глагольные (суффиксы -ize, -ate, -ify, -en),

адъективные (суффиксы -у, -ish, -ful, -less, -ed, ic, -ous, -able, -ive, -esque, -ory, -some и др.),

адвербиальные (суффиксы -1у, -ward, -wise, -fold, -most).

Существует также классификация аффиксов по признаку их продуктивности и активности. Однако, поскольку аффиксы, соединяющиеся с производящими базами разных частей речи, проявляют при этом разную активность, представляется целесообразным избрать в качестве единиц классификации по указанному выше принципу не изолированно взятые аффиксы, но модели, в состав которых они входят, тем более что последние отражают целую совокупность сведений об аффиксе:

anti- + n – N (antifashism, antiunion, antiaircraft, antitrust);

со- + n – N (coauthor, cooperator);

counter- + n – N (counterattack, counterweight);

de- + v – V (demilitarize, deamericanize, denationalize);

ex- + n – N (ex-minister, ex-wife, exchampion);

extra- + a – A (extraterritorial, extraordinary);

inter- + v – V (interdepend, interlace, interact);

mis- + v – V (misdirect, mismanage, mistrust);

non- + n – N (non-interference, non-acceptance);

out- + v – V (outwit, outstay, outdo, outdance);

post- + a – A (postclassical, postglacial);

pre- + v – V (prearrange, predetermine);

re- + v – V (reconsider, reimport, refix);

sub- + a – A (subtropical, subconscious);

super- + a – A (supersensitive, superatomic);

trans- + v – V (transplant, transform);

ultra- + a – A (ultramodern);

un- + v – V (unbind, unclog);

un- + a – A (unaware, unloving);

under- + v – V (undervalue, underestimate);

n + -dom – N (kingdom, teacherdom, serfdom);

v + -ее – N (employee, addressee);

n + -eer/-ier –N (gondolier, profiteer);

v + -er – N (reader, sleeper, receiver);

n + -ess –N (poetess, lioness, waitress);

n + -ful – N (potful, bucketful, spoonful);

n + -ics – N (linguistics, morphemics);

n + -ie/-y – N (auntie, Freddy);

v + -ing – N (translating, swelling, flooring);

n + -ism – N (Darwinism, heroism);

n + -ist – N (Darwinist, canoeist);

a + -ness – N (softness, weariness, heartiness);

v + -able – A (eatable, readable, speakable);

n + -an – A (Italian, African, comedian);

n + -ed – A (wooded, verandahed, arrased);

a + -ish – A (blackish, reddish);

n + -ish – A (kittenish, wolfish, mannish);

n + -less – A (careless, handless, motherless);

n + -like – A (arrowlike, comradelike);

n + -ly – A (friendly, wifely);

n + -y – A (watery, thorny, velvety, slangy);

a + -ly – Adv (happily, slowly);

n + -ate – V (eventuate, oxygenate);

n + -ify – V (gasify, beautify);

a + -ize – V (materialize, finalize).

Так, прилагательные и существительные – это, в основном, сфера действия суффиксации, для глагола же характерна префиксация.

Еще одним значимым параметром при классификации аффиксов может стать их смысловая нагрузка, благодаря которой они объединяются в смысловые группы типа:

аффиксы со значением сходства (-al, -ial, -ed, -esque, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -like, -ly, -ous, -some, -y, crypto-, neo- и т.д.),

аффиксы со значением отрицания (a-, dis-, in-, non-, un-, -less),

диминутивные ( уменьшительные) аффиксы (-ette, -ie/-y, -ikin, -let, -ling),

аффиксы со значением лица (-an, -ian, -arian, -ant, -ard, -by, -ее -een, -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -ician, -ie, -ing, -ist, -ister, -kin, -ing, -ster, -ton),

аффиксы со значением числа-(bi-, demi-, di-, mono-, multi-, poly-, semi-, tri-, twi-, uni-).

Материалы к занятию – приложение №8.

Занятие 3.

Конверсия.

В речи говорящих на современном английском языке весьма употребительны примеры типа Let me say in the beginning that even if I wanted to avoid Texas I could not, for I am wifed in Texas and mother-in-lawed and uncled and aunted and cousined within an inch of my life, в которых слова wife, mother-in-law, uncle, aunt, cousin выступают в не свойственной им функции глаголов и несколько видоизмененных значениях.

Данное явление настолько активно в современном английском языке, что в него практически вовлекаются, хотя и с неодинаковой частотой, слова всех частей речи: существительные, глаголы, прилагательные (But he retained my hand, and I could not free it 'Но он удержал мою руку, и я не мог ее освободить), наречия (They were nearing Chicago 'Они приближались к Чикаго').

Несмотря на высокую продуктивность и активность указанного лингвистического феномена, суть его, однако, не совсем ясна, и существуют, по крайней мере, два противоположных объяснения. В зарубежной лингвистике данное явление рассматривается как употребление одного и того же слова в функциях различных частей речи, или функциональный переход из одной части речи в другую

Как считают отечественные лингвисты, такие как Арнольд, Смирницкий и др., слово (во всяком случае, изменяемое слово) – это система сосуществующих, обусловливающих друг друга и функционально объединенных форм, говорить о тождестве существительных и глаголов типа love 'любовь' и love 'любить' в современном английском языке неправомерно, ибо они различаются как системами своих форм, т.е. парадигмой (существительное имеет субстантивную систему словоизменительных суффиксов (-'s, -s, -s'), а глагол – глагольную ( -s, -ed, -ing,...), так и функционально. Это разные слова, образованные путем изменения парадигмы.

При анализе словообразовательных отношений в соотносительных парах типа love v и love n нетрудно заметить, что словообразовательный процесс осуществляется здесь в отличие от аффиксации без помощи каких-либо морфологических показателей, специально предназначенных формально указывать на те изменения, которые произошли в ходе словообразовательного акта.

Наиболее широкое распространение, особенно в зарубежной англистике, получила трактовка, согласно которой образование соотносительных омонимичных единиц осуществляется с помощью нулевой морфемы, а сам способ словопроизводства называется нулевым словообразованием (zero-derivation), а еще чаще конверсией.

В то же время использование понятия нулевой морфемы, столь значимого в лингвистических описаниях, чревато таким опасным последствием, как возникновение "моря" нулевых морфем в описании морфологически бедного языка. Предпочтительна поэтому, на наш взгляд, трактовка конверсии, согласно которой конверсия есть такой вид словопроизводства, при котором словообразовательным средством служит только парадигма слова. Взятая как целое, как определенная система форм, парадигма слова характеризует его именно как слово определенного типа, определенного грамматического разряда, определенного грамматического класса.

Существует, однако, мнение, что определение конверсии через единственное словообразовательное средство – парадигму – является неточным, так как в нем не учитывается словообразовательная роль сочетаемости, столь необходимой для выявления грамматической принадлежности слова в современном английском языке. Именно благодаря сочетаемости той или иной словоформы (например, round, down, free, love и т.д.) с другими словами в предложении, благодаря контексту обнаруживается ее принадлежность к классу или существительных, или глаголов, или прилагательных и т.д.

На этом основании предлагается рассматривать конверсию не как чисто морфологический способ словообразования, но как морфолого-синтаксический способ словообразования, при котором слово одной части речи образуется от основы или словоформы другой, причем единственными словообразовательными средствами являются парадигма (или нулевая парадигма) слова и его сочетаемость с другими словами.

Многочисленные разногласия наблюдаются и при определении границ конверсии. Первый круг их связан с различными историческими источниками пар слов, соотносящихся в современном английском языке по конверсии. Среди всех соотношений по конверсии соотношение "глагол - существительное" составляют пары типа love 'любовь' – love 'любить', harp 'арфа' – harp 'играть на арфе', восходящие к древнеанглийским lufu – lufian, hearp – hearpian, в которых глагол генетически был образован от существительного с помощью определенного словообразовательного суффикса и не имела места омонимия парадигм. 62% составляют собственно образования по конверсии типа pencil 'карандаш' – pencil 'рисовать, записывать', hammer 'молоток' – hammer 'бить молотком, сбивать' и т.д. Остальные приходятся на долю других процессов (заимствований, фонетических изменений и т.д.).

Занятие 4.

Словосложение в английской адъективной лексике

Можно полагать, что словосложение является языковой универсалией и одним из наиболее древних, продуктивных и активных способов образования слов в любом языке. Каждый язык, однако, имеет свои характерные особенности словосложения, определяемые спецификой организации всей языковой системы.

В современном английском языке словосложение в наибольшей степени характерно для  изменения имен существительных и в наименьшей - для наречий, глаголов и служебных частей речи. Что же касается имен прилагательных – второго по количеству включаемых единиц лексико-граматического класса – то принято считать, что хотя в нем словосложение достаточно распространено, количество продуктивных моделей невелико: N + A, N + V (en) и Num + N, а также весьма похожая на словосложение особая модель сложнопроизводного суффиксального образования прилагательных с одновременным стяжением двух основ; [(A + N) + -ed].

В целом, словосложение в системе имен прилагательных описывается следующими моделями: N + A, A + A, A + Adv, Adv + A, N + Part II, prp + Part, Adv + Part II, prp + Part I, N +(V+ing), Adv + (V + ing) и V + N.

В словосложении имени прилагательного активно принимает участие в качестве ведущего компонента, занимающего в модели изменений второе место, адъективная база изменений, сочетающаяся со всеми ведущими знаменательными частями речи: N + Adj (accident-prone, air-tight, oil-rich, saddle-sore, sea-sick; dample-grey, life-long, sky-blue, stone-deaf), Adj + Adj (bitter-sweet, blue-black, nuclear-free, red-hot, royal-blue), Adv + Adj (evergreen), Num+Adj (second-best) и даже V + Adj (fail-safe), однако, необходимо отметить, что последние три модели малопродуктивны и встречаются редко.

В качестве базы изменений, обозначающих принадлежность производного слова к классу имен прилагательных, выступают также причастия, выполняющие функцию определения: N + Part II (blood-shot, fly-blown, frost-bound, man-made, moon-lit, moss-grown, purpose-built) и N + Part I (labour-saving, mind-blowing, mouth-watering, nerve-racking, time-consuming soul-destroying, spine-chilling).

Причастия могут также сочетаться с наречиями: Adv + Part II (down-hearted, down-cast, out-moded, well-balanced) и Adv + Part I (far-reaching, forward-looking), и эта модель образования сложных прилагательных достаточно продуктивна в английском языке.

Помимо имен прилагательных, образованных с помощью "чистого словосложения", в современном английском языке среди многокорневых адъективных слов широко распространены похожие на них с точки зрения морфологической структуры суффиксальные сложнопроизводные прилагательные, образованные по моделям [(Adj/N/Num + N) + -ed] (clear-headed cold-blooded, dry-eyed, wide-eyed, small-minded; bow-legged, bull-headed, life-sized, web-footed, wire-haired; four-footed, many-sided, one-sided), а также многокорневые адъективизированные (конверсированные) сложнопроизводные прилагательные образованные от сложных существительных: [(Adj+N) + conversion] (heavy-duty, long-distance, real-time, right-hand, right-wing, short-range, top-secret, wet-look), [(Num + N) + conversion] (first-class, one-way).

Кроме того, превращению в сложное прилагательное в английском языке может быть подвергнуто практически любое свободное или фразеологическое словосочетание, выполняющее функцию определения, в том числе различного рода глагольные словосочетания (fly-away, fly-by-night, give-away, knock-about, knock-down, put-upon, run-away, born-again, blown-up, paid-up, smash-and-grab, made-to-measure) и номинативные словосочетания самого различного характера (man-to-man, mouth-to-mouth; out-of-the-way; across-the-board, above-board, off-colour, off-peak; all-star).

В отличие от сложных имен существительных, семантика сложных имен прилагательных более проста и прозрачна (blue-black, clear-headed, wide-spread, born-again, soul-destroying, etc.). Исключение составляют сложные имена прилагательные, образованные по модели n + adj, которые могут обозначать не только степень признака, путем указания наиболее типичного его носителя (bone-dry, blood-red, sky-blue, crystal-clear, lily-white, year-long), но и другие отношения между признаком - отношения, постичь которые можно на основании экстралингвистических данных, а также знания норм языка (air-tight 'tight for air', accident-prone 'prone to accident', saddle-sore 'sore from the saddle', etc.)

 Однако понимание и этой группы сложных имен прилагательных обычно не вызывает особых затруднений, так как ее единицы, в отличие от многих сложных имен существительных, как правило, не предполагают неоднозначного толкования.

Занятие 5.

Словосложение в английской субстантивной лексике

Сложные существительные по своей структуре распадаются на непосредственно сложные слова и слова сложнопроизводные.

В существительных типа N+N первый компонент по своему значению уточняет, конкретизирует значение второго компонента, выполняя функции прилагательного: raindrop - one drop of rain; hairbrush -- brush for the hair.

Структурно сложные существительные этого типа могут быть осложнены сочетанием трех, четырех и более основ, причем 1-й или 2-й компоненты такого сложного слова могут представлять собой сложную основу:

trade union movement (1-й компонент - сложная основа trade union);

Первый и второй компоненты сложного слова могут представлять собой сложные основы.

При расшифровке значения подобного слова необходимо: а) определить компоненты сложного слова (в их составе могут быть как сложные, так и простые основы); б) установить между ними смысловую связь и выявить смысл всего сложного слова .

Сложные существительные этого типа очень продуктивны и широкоупотребительны в современном английском языке. Благодаря прозрачности своей семантической структуры многие из них не регистрируются словарями.

Сложные существительные типа N+ (V+ing) состоят из основы существительного и основы отглагольного существительного. Структурно они распадаются на две группы.

1. Сложные существительные, где 1-й компонент - основа существительного, выполняет функцию дополнения ко 2-му компоненту - основе отглагольного существительного (1-й компонент дополняет, конкретизирует действие, выражаемое 2-м компонентом):

housekeeping домашнее хозяйство, домоводство (to keep house вести хозяйство);

2. Сложные существительные, где 1-й компонент выполняет функцию обстоятельства по отношению ко 2-му компоненту:

home-coming возвращение домой (to come home возвращаться домой).

В существительных типа (V+ing) +N первые компоненты выражают действие, связанное с предметом, обозначаемым 2-м компонентом. Данные сложные существительные распадаются на две группы: а) сложные слова, обозначающие предмет, который предназначен для чего-либо(bathing-suit);

б) сложные слова, обозначающие предмет, который предназначен для чего-либо и сам выполняет действие, выраженное 1-м компонентом (washing-machine). Эти сложные слова широкоупотребительны в современном английском языке и в особенности и техническом и научном его стилях.

Сложные существительные типа V+Adv ( look-out, set-back)

Данный тип сложных существительных высокопродуктивен и широкоупотребителен в современном английском языке, и в особенности в его разговорном и общественно-политическом стилях.

По своей структуре сложнопроизводные существительные представляют собой сочетания сложного слова со словом производным. К сложной основе такого слова присоединяется суффикс, реже префикс:

right-winger (right-wing + er);

light-heartedness [(light-heart) +ed + ness].

Наиболее продуктивными являются образования с суффиксом деятеля –er, менее продуктивными – суффиксом -ness, с другими суффиксами и рефиксами слова этого типа сравнительно малопродуктивны.

Сложнопроизводные существительные с суффиксом деятеля –er.

Эти слова могут образовываться от основ сложных существительных (highlander от highland), сложных глаголов (daydreamer мечтатель, фантазер от daydream мечтать, фантазировать) и от словосочетаний (housekeeper от keep house). Характер словосочетаний (или сложных слов), от которых образованы данные сложнопроизводные слова, может быть различным: в основе одних сложных слов могут быть более или менее свободные словосочетания (ср., например, home-owner, two-seater) в основе других – идиоматичные выражения:

do-gooder – благожелатель, благодетель (от do good приносить пользу, делать добро);

good-looker – красивый (от to look good иметь красивую внешность).

Сложнопроизводные существительные с суффиксом -er обозначают различного рода деятелей или какие-либо предметы. Образования этого типа очень продуктивны в современном английском языке: do-it-yourselfer, wildlifer, body-builder.

Сложнопроизводные существительные с суффиксом –ness.

Сложная основа сложнопроизводных слов с суффиксом –ness является в большинстве случаев основой сложного прилагательного. Это или просто сложная основа(sea-sick в sea-sickness), или сложнопроизводная (kind-hearted в kindheartedness).

Занятие 6.

Словосложение. Анализ состава слова. Семантика слов со сложным составом

Более одной трети всех новообразований в современном английском языке – сложные слова.

Процесс словосложения представляет собой не что иное, как сложение двух основ, как правило, омонимичных в английском языке словоформам. Например, headache 'головная боль', blackboard 'классная доска', peacemaker 'миротворец' и т.д. Поскольку нормы современного английского языка разрешают сочетание слов, обладающих теми же лексико-грамматическими характеристиками, что и соединяемые при словосложении основы, то определить, в каких случаях мы имеем дело со сложным словом, а в каких - со словосочетанием, невероятно трудно. Ср. running water 'водопровод' и running water 'текущая, проточная вода', dancing-girl 'танцовщица' и dancing girl 'танцующая девушка' и многие другие.

Таким образом, с помощью анализа ударения становится возможным определить статус сочетания laughing boys 'смеющиеся мальчики' как словосочетания, a laughing gas 'веселящий газ' как сложного слова.

Суффиксы словоизменения прибавляются ко всему комплексу в целом, а не к отдельным его частям при образовании тех или иных форм (напр., множественного числа у существительных – shipwreck 'кораблекрушение' – shipwrecks; weekend 'конец недели' – weekends и др.). Структурная цельность, слитность, функциональная неделимость отличают сложное слово от словосочетаний, где каждый член словосочетания является оформленным отдельно и сохраняет свою самостоятельность.

Сохраняя цельность и единство своих компонентов, сложное слово, например grass-green 'зеленый, как трава', не может сочетаться с наречиями.

Цельность сложного слова как лексического единства находит отражение в более или менее прочной, постоянной семантической связи его компонентов, которая становится фундаментом для семантического критерия разграничения сложных слов и словосочетаний с полной выводимостью и прозрачностью их значений .

На основании этого критерия railway 'железная дорога', slow-coach 'копуша, медлительный, туповатый человек', know-all 'всезнайка' и др., несомненно, сложные слова. Им присуща определенная обособленность, достигаемая вследствие слияния значений составляющих их элементов, по отношению к последним.

В последнее время под влиянием формализованных описаний языка стал активно применяться еще один критерий – критерий орфографический, суть которого заключается в рассмотрении всякого комплекса, слитно или через дефис написанного, как сложного слова, а комплекса, чьи компоненты пишутся раздельно, как словосочетания.

Вторую часть проблемы идентификации сложных слов и определения границ словосложения в современном английском языке составляет вопрос разграничения сложных слов и производных.

К сложным словам относятся производные, возникшие в результате сложения двух исходных единиц (и этот процесс не осложнен никакими другими деривационными операциями). Это единицы типа mailbag 'почтовая сумка', pillow-case 'наволочка', gunpowder 'черный порох', fishing-net 'рыболовная сеть' и др. К сложный словам принадлежат также производные, возникшие в результате акта сложения, сопровождаемого одновременно каким-либо деривационным процессом (аффиксацией, конверсией и т.д.). Это слова типа blue-eyed 'голубоглазый', three-decker 'трехпалубное судно, three-incher 'величиной в три дюйма', four-wheeler 'извозничья карета' и т.д.

Ср., например, page-oner 'статья на первой странице, известная личность', rat-face 'хитрец, продувная бестия', shadow-photograph 'рентгеновский снимок' и un¬ambitious 'нечестолюбивый', unanalytical 'неаналитический' и т.д.

Первичной и важнейшей типологией сложных слов, является классификация их на собственно сложные и сложнопроизводные слова.

Учет структуры компонентов сложных слов дает, например, такую структурную классификацию, как:

а) сложные слова, состоящие из простых основ (heartache 'сердечная боль', blackbird 'дрозд' и др.);

б) сложные слова, состоящие из одной простой и одной производной основы (maid-servant 'служанка', mill-owner 'фабрикант'.

в) сложные слова, один из компонентов которых – сокращения (V-day 'День Победы ', A-bomb 'атомная бомба');

г) сложные слова, один из компонентов которых – сложная основа (postmaster-general 'министр почт').

Весьма значимой представляется нам структурная классификация сложных слов, отражающая модели словосложения в современном английском языке, Она включает следующие модели:

Имена существительные

1) сложные:

n + n – seashore, dressmaker;

1.а + n – bluebell, sleepyhead;

2.v + n – flywheel, callgirl;

3.adv + n – outpatient;

4.prt + v – outcome, upkeep;

5.prt + n – onlooker, upbringing;

6.num + n – twostep, twelvemonth;

7.v + v – dropkick, hearsay;

8.v + adv – standstill, speakeasy.

2) Сложнопроизводные:

1.{v + prt} + prt– hold-up, lay-off;

2.(v + -er) + prt – looker-on, passerby;

3.(v + -ing) + prt – summing-up, warming-up;

4.(num + n) + -er – four-wheeler.

Имена прилагательные:

1) сложные:

1.n + a – pea-green, milk-white;

2.n + part II – tongue-tied, frost-bitten;

3.prt + part II – bygone;

4.adv + part II – newly-born, freshly-lit;

5.adv + a – upright;

6.prt + part I – outstanding;

7.a + a – red-hot, white-hot;

8.a + adv – nearby;

9.n + (v + -ing) – peace-loving;

10.v + n – hangdog;

11.adv +(v + -ing) – far-seeing.

2) сложнопроизводные:

1.{ а + n } + -ed – simple-minded;

2.{ n + n } + -ed – life-sized;

3.{ num + n } + -ed –four-footed;

4.{ v + prt} + о – knockabout;

5.(v + -en) + prt – worn-out;

6.{ adv + n } + -ed – down-hearted.

Еще более важны семантические классификации сложных слов, моделирующие их значения, усвоение которых способствует распознаванию скрытой связи, устанавливаемой между компонентами сложного слова.

На основе исследования мотивирующих сложные слова суждений смысловая связь между компонентами сложных слов, формирующая базу семантической модели, описывается в виде списка:

Cause (hay fever, disease germ);

have (sand beach);

use (handwriting, footstep, handmill);

be (oaktree, fighter-bomber, king-emperor);

in (waterhorse, garden-party, headache);

for (gunpowder, birdcage, raincoat, battleship);

from (country boy);

about (tax law);

resemble (goldfish, bellflower, silver-seed, wiregrass).

Семантическое моделирование охватывает подавляющее большинство сложных слов современного английского языка.

Материалы к занятию – приложение №9.

Занятие 7.

Работа в группах. Исследование образца классической литературы (по выбору). Выявление самых часто употребляемых способов словообразования. Практическое занятие.

Материалы к занятию – приложение № 5,6, 7.

Занятие 8.

Работа в группах. Исследование публицистической и научной статьи (по выбору). Выявление самых часто употребляемых способов словообразования. Практическое занятие.

Материалы к занятию – приложение № 1-3

Занятие 9.

  Подготовка творческой работы (проектов) по этапам: вступление;

                  основная часть;

                  заключение.

Занятие 10.

Презентация проектов.

Источники информации:

1. http://stud24.ru/foreign-language/osnovnye-sposoby-slovoobrazovaniya-v-sovremennom/19396-52773-page1.html
2. http://study-english.info/wordbuilding.php#ixzz3Fuj4vclL 
   http://study-english.info/
3. http://www.english-usa.ru/grammar.html
4. http://freepapers.ru/3/slovoobrazovanie-v-anglijskom-yazyke/35061.221841.list4.html
5. http://www.zadachi.org.ru/?n=117413

Приложения

1. Catherine Bennett 

     The Observer, Saturday 11 October 2014 18.30 BS

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/11/illiterate-criminal-    record-hereditary-peers-election-house-of-lords

2. Tracy McVeigh 

     The Observer, Sunday 12 October 2014

     http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/oct/12/nhs-staff-why-we-are-striking

3. A Breathalyzer for dolphins? By  Rebecca Kessler 24 October 2014

     http://www.sciencemag.org/

4. Требования к умениям и навыкам уч-ся. Критерии оценивания презентации учащегося.
5. Т.Dreiser “  An American Tragedy” сh.1
6. J. Austen “ Emma” сh.15
7. J. Austen “Pride and Prejudice” ch.13,20.27.
8. Упражнения

Приложение №1

Illiterate? Criminal record? Welcome to the House of Lords

So much for the new politics – it’s time to vote for the next hereditary peer. And what a rum bunch they are

• Catherine Bennett 
• The Observer, Saturday 11 October 2014 18.30 BST

The Queen and Prince Philip during the state opening of Parliament last June. Photograph: CARL COURT/AFP/Getty Images

With Clacton behind us, perhaps attention can finally turn to a byelection with quite as much to tell us about the state of Britain, given both the special nature of its voters and its infinitely more lurid array of candidates.

No disrespect to Howling Laud Hope, of the Monster Raving Loonies, who won 127 votes in Clacton, but none of his political theorising comes close, for comprehensive disconnection from reality, to the contributions of, say, the 7th Baron Sudeley, a long-term opponent of Lords reform who is now making his eighth attempt to rejoin the hereditaries in the House of Lords. “The virtue of aristocracy,” Sudeley has argued, “is wisdom.” But he is probably more celebrated for another observation, once shared with fellow members of the Monday Club: “Hitler did so well to get everyone back to work.”

As things stand, following New Labour’s botched reforms in 1999, and Ed Milband’s curious decision, given his enthusiasm for a senate, to protect the status quo from Nick Clegg, 92 hereditaries remain in the upper house, out of almost 800 peers. They are permitted to top themselves up following the death of a member, according to various arcane and barely publicised practices that surely deserved a more attentive audience even before the great era of constitutional reform allegedly inaugurated by the Scottish referendum.

On 21 October, all peers in the House of Lords can vote to replace the 7th Baron Methuen, who was that extreme rarity among hereditaries, an engineer, and, even more staggeringly, not a Conservative. Inevitably, given the blood requirements for joining a register of the eligible, and the traditionally low number of idealistic redistributionists in the relevant gene pool, applicants are almost as guaranteed to be conservative minded as they are to be male, white, asset-rich and obsessed with blood sports and genealogy, death duties and subsidies. Moreover, given that gout, apoplexy and carelessness around guns no longer provide any reliable form of population control in this demographic, they are apt to be elderly.

In the forthcoming byelection, nine of the 15 are Conservative, four are crossbenchers (including a Ukip sympathiser) and two are Lib Dem – presumably of the reforming variety that shares, with Labour’s self-abnegating Lords Prescott and Hattersley, the consuming desire to abolish itself. At least one, Lord Margadale, has posed with dead boars. Among hereditaries, such attributes are thought to compare most advantageously with those of pushy “career”, ie, elected, politicians, and with life peers who paid cash for their titles – more on account of appearances than anything else, given the aristocracy’s enduring debt to honours salesman Lloyd George.

But that these are not as other elections is perhaps best illustrated by the hereditaries’ choice, when they recently called in a replacement, of Lord Ridley, whose chairmanship of Northern Rock, at the time of its failure and his censure from the treasury committee, might have struck more conventional voters as an uncertain indicator of wisdom. Possibly it is this readiness to ignore past embarrassments, or to put it another way, the complete absence of any quality control – added to the amazing, deposit-free cheapness of standing in this form of election – that explains why, among the would-be legislators now submitting candidacy statements we find not only Lord Sudeley, but the 4th Baron Rowallan.

Even before being ejected, along with most hereditaries in 1999, Rowallan had acquired a conviction for attacking his (second) wife, although he said this was “more of a hand flick”. More recently, he has been in trouble for building an equestrian centre without planning permission. Other interests have included knife control, which Rowallan opposed. “For me,” he said in his maiden speech, “the most important and potentially the most difficult aspect of the knives bill is the impact on the skean dhu.”

With fewer than 100 words to express his fitness for readmission, perhaps it is understandable that Rowallan chose not to go into any of the above, preferring to stress his contribution to showjumping. And if his application looks sketchy in comparison with the biographical material that features in normal byelections, it should be noted that two hereditary applicants, Lords Biddulph and Cadman, were reluctant, or unequal, to the task of providing any information at all. At the other extreme, Lord Harlech’s more ambitious submission – “You do of course need to have a skill in political dialogue at every level: I and my family having served this country in peace and war for more than seven centuries and from field, dock, warehouse, office...” – ends, tantalisingly, without any specific examples, at the word “office”, his statement having exceeded, some clerkly hand points out, “the 75-word limit”.

Innumeracy not being, any more than illiteracy, delinquency, ignorance or a criminal record, any barrier to lifetime membership of the House of Lords, hereditary and otherwise, Harlech’s experience in both field and dock may yet give him an edge over rivals whose statements, although written expertly to length, shun any conventional attempt to impress. Rather, most read as if they had been explicitly required to hold up British democracy to maximum ridicule and contempt. Certainly, if the European parliament could have studied the most asinine among these statements, prior to a hearing with commissioner-designate Lord Hill, himself an obscure appointment of David Cameron’s, it might have helped put in context his professed motivation: to address the EU’s “political or democratic challenge”. “Public trust in government and politicians,” noted Lord Hill, a lobbyist turned pro-democracy envoy who has never stood for election, “is at an all-time low.” And that was without factoring in the election statement by the 3rd Lord Layton, arguing that the Lords is the only possible political arena for “someone like me”. In fairness, knowing nothing about Lord Layton, perhaps that is true.

Lord Sudeley, meanwhile, hopes to vindicate a bankrupt ancestor. Lord Calverley, once, proudly, “a man of few words”, is compelled by the “cupidity” (unspecified) of newer members, to apply for further speaking and daily allowance opportunities. And it is hard to know whether arrogance, indifference or just the wear and tear of multiple applications account for the rudimentary information provided by Lord Stockton, the beneficiary of Britain’s last hereditary peerage.

No doubt, at a later stage, peers will want to explore his current ambitions to get back inside some rabbit fur trim in the light of his past enthusiasm, announced at the time of Blair’s semi-purge, for “a totally elected upper House on a regional basis across the entire United Kingdom”.

It is the youngest applicant, Lord Somerleyton, who comes closest to a conventional job application, advertising his proprietorship of the Hot Chip restaurant in Norwich. If he really is able to fry potatoes, no one familiar with the talent still residing in the ranks of Westminister’s hereditary lawmakers could deny that this makes him the most outstanding candidate in years.

• This article was amended on 17 October 2014 to make it clear that all peers can vote in byelections in the House of Lords to fill vacancies among the 92 hereditaries.

Приложение №2

Why we’re striking: NHS staff on their decision to walk out

As 450,000 National Health Service employees prepare for a week of industrial action, a survey reveals that one in five have had to take on a second job just to make ends meet

• Tracy McVeigh 
• The Observer, Sunday 12 October 2014

Jenny Brown: 'I’m constantly trying to work out where to cut corners on the food bills.' Photograph: Christopher Thomond for the Guardian

NHS staff in England will stage a strike on Monday in protest at a third year without a pay rise – their first over pay in more than three decades. More than 450,000 people, from cleaners and porters to ambulance drivers and occupational therapists, will be involved in a four-hour walkout.

For the Royal College of Midwives, which voted to join the strike, it is the first industrial action in its 133-year history. It comes as a trade union survey showed that one in five NHS workers were taking on second jobs just to cope, while half said they could not get through to the end of each month without relying on overdrafts, credit cards, family or loans.

The survey of more than 3,000 NHS workers by the public service union Unison also reveals that two thirds of those who responded had to cut back on food, 51% reduced their energy usage, 44% cut back on transport, 80% went without holidays and 90% had to cut back on leisure activities, leaving them with little opportunity to recuperate.

Unison, which has more than 300,000 members in the NHS, says there has been a drop in real-term salary levels of 8-12% since 2010 and no above-inflation pay rise since 2009.

The NHS strike comes in direct response to the government’s recent decision to ignore the independent pay review body and award only a 1% non-consolidated increase – to those NHS staff at the top of the pay bands. Health secretary Jeremy Hunt’s announcement on pay meant that 60% of NHS staff and 70% of nurses will not get a pay rise for at least the next two years.

Ballots saw workers vote two to one in favour of taking part in strike action. Unison’s head of health, Christina Mc-Anea, said the government had shown contempt for NHS workers by rejecting the pay review body’s recommendations and was refusing to acknowledge the real poverty among workers. “The government in England has ignored the plight of NHS workers who are increasingly having to take on second jobs and access food banks. They’re in debt and they’re in despair,” she said.

“There’s no culture of industrial action in the NHS, it’s a sector where workers care enormously about those they are looking after and are very, very conscious of their duty of care. But we feel we have nowhere else to go with this. Everyone was shocked that the midwives are coming out – they have never done that. This shows how desperate and stressed people feel.

“A full-time hospital cleaner should not have to deliver pizzas after work to make ends meet. No wonder that when a Tesco opens up next to a hospital the hospital loses staff. People go and get a job for the same or more money with half the stress.”

The four-hour stoppage will be followed by four days, from Tuesday to Friday, when workers will ensure they take their allotted breaks. A week tomorrow, NHS radiographers will be going on strike – for the first time in more than 30 years – over the same pay ruling.

Hunt, who overruled the pay review body’s advice from last year and effectively stood the panel down for next year, has said a rise is unaffordable at a time of unprecedented demand on healthcare services. A 1% increase could add £500m to the NHS salary bill. He is giving a 1% only to staff at the top of their pay band. As the award is non-consolidated it will not count towards pension entitlements or shift or overtime pay, and will be wiped away at the end of March 2016, putting wages back to their April 2013 level. Those below the top of their band – some 600,000 people – will get nothing.

NHS England’s chief nursing officer, Jane Cummings, said: “As a nurse, I know that Monday mornings are often extremely busy for the NHS and it may be busier than normal this Monday because of the strike action being taken by some staff. As ever, the safety and care of patients is our top priority and we have robust plans in place to cope. If necessary, the most urgent cases will be put first and we would ask the public to help, for example, by only calling an ambulance if it is a life-threatening situation.”

The midwife

Jenny Brown, 39, from Bolton

“I’ll be one of those providing cover on Monday. Hopefully, depending on how busy we are, I’ll be able to get down to the picket line for an hour. It was really hard to make sure we were providing cover for the strike and, of course, there’s a national shortage of midwives, so we’re understaffed anyway. It’s not like cancelling a hip operation; babies come when they want.

“It’s a balancing act between making sure women are not going to suffer and letting the government know that we are serious, that enough is enough. My husband is a nurse, too, so both of us are hit by the pay freeze.

“You think, why do we seem to be struggling so much? Then you realise it’s because our pay isn’t changing while everything else is, heating, food. I’m constantly trying to work out where to cut corners on the food bills. Sometimes you’re waiting for the chocolates to come from the patients to keep you going.”

The theatre nurse

Eleanor Smith, 50s, from Birmingham

“Even 1% isn’t a pay rise – it’s a pay cut with everything else rising. We’re all struggling in the NHS, some people are doing second jobs. Everybody is feeling the strain getting worse and worse. Petrol and train and bus fares are going up, 10% of my wages goes on heating bills.

“We work hard in the NHS. Everyone goes beyond their duties, from porters and cleaners up, and it takes a team to run a hospital. There’s no way we’re going to endanger patients, but most patients and their families understand what we’re talking about – they are living in the same world, unlike the politicians.

“We are being told things are getting better in the economy. Well it doesn’t feel like it and it is hacking everyone off. ”

The medical PA

Nicholas Turnbull, 27, works at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and is from the Isle of Wight

“I was struggling when I started out, but I didn’t expect to still be struggling now, years on. I cycle to work, which can be a bit dangerous in London, and I’ve been getting drenched for most of last week. But I’d rather do that because I can’t really afford to take the bus or the train to work. You really have to budget, for food, for energy bills. I’m still trying to pay off student debts too.

“I thought the last election was supposed to have been all about the NHS, but the government seems to have conveniently forgotten all the promises that were made. It’s an easy decision not to help NHS workers – the harder decision would be how to make things better.”

Приложение №3

Latest News

Dolphins may get closer to personalized medicine, thanks to a new approach that detects compounds in their breath.

A Breathalyzer for dolphins?

By

Rebecca Kessler 

24 October 2014 4:15 pm

A dolphin’s breath can say a lot about its health. A sulfurous whiff suggests digestive trouble; a sweet scent means pneumonia. Veterinarians often rely on their own noses to detect these differences, but they may soon get some help from modern science. Researchers have developed a technique for detecting hundreds of chemical compounds in the animals’ exhalations. The advance could eventually lead to a Breathalyzer of sorts for dolphins and other animals that could measure a suite of health parameters far more easily and less stressfully than current diagnostic methods do.

“It’s going to be a game changer for whale and dolphin research,” provided that researchers can figure out how to interpret all the compounds, says Kathleen Hunt, a research scientist at the New England Aquarium in Boston, who was not involved in the present study.

Blood is the material of choice for learning about an animal’s health, because it contains every substance circulating in the body. But obtaining it is difficult for researchers and hard on animals. A sample of an animal’s breath is much easier to obtain, and researchers believe it contains as many diagnostic molecules as blood, just at lower concentrations that are much harder to detect and analyze. More than 1800 compounds have been identified in human breath, and tests are being developed for diabetes, cancer, and other afflictions.

In the animal world, researchers have been especially keen to study the breath of cetaceans, a group that includes dolphins and whales. Pollution, overfishing, and climate change are thought to be harming many whale and dolphin species, but scientists are struggling to understand how, because assessing the animals’ health is difficult. Try convincing an enormous whale to hold still for a blood draw in choppy seas—it just isn’t going to happen. Whale breath, or “blow,” on the other hand, bursts regularly and conveniently into the air, and you can catch some without even touching the whale. In recent years, scientists have been methodically working out how to interpret useful compounds they’ve found in cetacean blow, which include DNA, microbes, metabolites, and hormones.

To catalog all the compounds in breath, rather than just a targeted few, Cristina Davis, a chemical sensing expert at the University of California, Davis, and her colleagues teamed up with researchers at the National Marine Mammal Foundation in San Diego, California, who study a group of trained bottlenose dolphins owned by the U.S. Navy. They developed a device that sits on or over a dolphin’s blowhole and collects and condenses exhalations in a chilled chamber. With it, they sampled blow from the Navy dolphins, which obligingly presented their blowholes, and from wild bottlenose dolphins they temporarily captured in Florida.

The researchers figured out analytical methods to identify about 500 different compounds in the samples—a “first library” of dolphin-breath chemicals—they reported online before print in Analytical Chemistry. These included the chemicals responsible for dolphin’s fishy-smelling breath, along with amino acids, lipids, pharmaceuticals, and water contaminants also found in the dolphins’ habitats. There were intriguing differences in the breath profiles of healthy versus sick, wild versus captive, and fasting versus fed dolphins. “It’s very rich,” Davis says of dolphin blow. “There’s a lot of information in there.”

The researchers are now analyzing breath samples collected over time from the Navy dolphins to begin pinpointing which compounds indicate particular health conditions. Davis says that once these associations are fully worked out, the approach could tell researchers a great deal about a dolphin, such as its diet, activity level, environmental exposures, or illnesses. This could help scientists learn how wild dolphins are responding to environmental changes and stressors and lead to better veterinary care for captive animals.

Davis says she thinks the techniques will translate nicely to other animals. She and colleagues identified 70 chemicals in blow collected from a dying gray whale, they reported last month in Metabolites. Other researchers are looking into trying out her methods on dogs and Weddell seals.

“This really opens the door to do a broad-scale assessment of an animal’s health without having to get a blood sample,” says Hunt, who pioneered the analysis of whale blow and poop for hormones that indicate sex, maturity, reproductive state, and stress level. She hopes to be able to use some of Davis’s analytical methods to identify a wider array of compounds in whale blow. Still, she says it’s unclear how well the new approach can transfer to large, free-swimming whales. The present study required capturing several complete breaths—no problem if you have a small, stationary animal. But with large whales, Hunt usually has just a split second to snag a portion of one breath. “The whale’s rolling, there’s waves, the boat’s tipping, everything in motion,” Hunt says. “We’re going to have to do something much cruder than what she’s doing.”

Posted in Chemistry, Plants & Animals

Приложение №4

Требования к умениям и навыкам уч-ся

Критерии оценивания презентации учащегося

Приложение №5

An American Tragedy, by Theodore Dreiser

BOOK ONE

Chapter 1

Dusk — of a summer night.

And the tall walls of the commercial heart of an American city of perhaps 400,000 inhabitants — such walls as in time may linger as a mere fable.

And up the broad street, now comparatively hushed, a little band of six — a man of about fifty, short, stout, with bushy hair protruding from under a round black felt hat, a most unimportant- looking person, who carried a small portable organ such as is customarily used by street preachers and singers. And with him a woman perhaps five years his junior, taller, not so broad, but solid of frame and vigorous, very plain in face and dress, and yet not homely, leading with one hand a small boy of seven and in the other carrying a Bible and several hymn books. With these three, but walking independently behind, was a girl of fifteen, a boy of twelve and another girl of nine, all following obediently, but not too enthusiastically, in the wake of the others.

It was hot, yet with a sweet languor about it all.

Crossing at right angles the great thoroughfare on which they walked, was a second canyon-like way, threaded by throngs and vehicles and various lines of cars which clanged their bells and made such progress as they might amid swiftly moving streams of traffic. Yet the little group seemed unconscious of anything save a set purpose to make its way between the contending lines of traffic and pedestrians which flowed by them.

Having reached an intersection this side of the second principal thoroughfare — really just an alley between two tall structures — now quite bare of life of any kind, the man put down the organ, which the woman immediately opened, setting up a music rack upon which she placed a wide flat hymn book. Then handing the Bible to the man, she fell back in line with him, while the twelve-year-old boy put down a small camp-stool in front of the organ. The man — the father, as he chanced to be — looked about him with seeming wide- eyed assurance, and announced, without appearing to care whether he had any auditors or not:

“We will first sing a hymn of praise, so that any who may wish to acknowledge the Lord may join us. Will you oblige, Hester?”

At this the eldest girl, who until now had attempted to appear as unconscious and unaffected as possible, bestowed her rather slim and as yet undeveloped figure upon the camp chair and turned the leaves of the hymn book, pumping the organ while her mother observed:

“I should think it might be nice to sing twenty-seven tonight —‘How Sweet the Balm of Jesus’ Love.’”

By this time various homeward-bound individuals of diverse grades and walks of life, noticing the small group disposing itself in this fashion, hesitated for a moment to eye them askance or paused to ascertain the character of their work. This hesitancy, construed by the man apparently to constitute attention, however mobile, was seized upon by him and he began addressing them as though they were specifically here to hear him.

“Let us all sing twenty-seven, then —‘How Sweet the Balm of Jesus’ Love.’”

At this the young girl began to interpret the melody upon the organ, emitting a thin though correct strain, at the same time joining her rather high soprano with that of her mother, together with the rather dubious baritone of the father. The other children piped weakly along, the boy and girl having taken hymn books from the small pile stacked upon the organ. As they sang, this nondescript and indifferent street audience gazed, held by the peculiarity of such an unimportant-looking family publicly raising its collective voice against the vast skepticism and apathy of life. Some were interested or moved sympathetically by the rather tame and inadequate figure of the girl at the organ, others by the impractical and materially inefficient texture of the father, whose weak blue eyes and rather flabby but poorly-clothed figure bespoke more of failure than anything else. Of the group the mother alone stood out as having that force and determination which, however blind or erroneous, makes for self-preservation, if not success in life. She, more than any of the others, stood up with an ignorant, yet somehow respectable air of conviction. If you had watched her, her hymn book dropped to her side, her glance directed straight before her into space, you would have said: “Well, here is one who, whatever her defects, probably does what she believes as nearly as possible.” A kind of hard, fighting faith in the wisdom and mercy of that definite overruling and watchful power which she proclaimed, was written in her every feature and gesture.

“The love of Jesus saves me whole,
The love of God my steps control,”

she sang resonantly, if slightly nasally, between the towering walls of the adjacent buildings.

The boy moved restlessly from one foot to the other, keeping his eyes down, and for the most part only half singing. A tall and as yet slight figure, surmounted by an interesting head and face — white skin, dark hair — he seemed more keenly observant and decidedly more sensitive than most of the others — appeared indeed to resent and even to suffer from the position in which he found himself. Plainly pagan rather than religious, life interested him, although as yet he was not fully aware of this. All that could be truly said of him now was that there was no definite appeal in all this for him. He was too young, his mind much too responsive to phases of beauty and pleasure which had little, if anything, to do with the remote and cloudy romance which swayed the minds of his mother and father.

Indeed the home life of which this boy found himself a part and the various contacts, material and psychic, which thus far had been his, did not tend to convince him of the reality and force of all that his mother and father seemed so certainly to believe and say. Rather, they seemed more or less troubled in their lives, at least materially. His father was always reading the Bible and speaking in meeting at different places, especially in the “mission,” which he and his mother conducted not so far from this corner. At the same time, as he understood it, they collected money from various interested or charitably inclined business men here and there who appeared to believe in such philanthropic work. Yet the family was always “hard up,” never very well clothed, and deprived of many comforts and pleasures which seemed common enough to others. And his father and mother were constantly proclaiming the love and mercy and care of God for him and for all. Plainly there was something wrong somewhere. He could not get it all straight, but still he could not help respecting his mother, a woman whose force and earnestness, as well as her sweetness, appealed to him. Despite much mission work and family cares, she managed to be fairly cheerful, or at least sustaining, often declaring most emphatically “God will provide” or “God will show the way,” especially in times of too great stress about food or clothes. Yet apparently, in spite of this, as he and all the other children could see, God did not show any very clear way, even though there was always an extreme necessity for His favorable intervention in their affairs.

To-night, walking up the great street with his sisters and brother, he wished that they need not do this any more, or at least that he need not be a part of it. Other boys did not do such things, and besides, somehow it seemed shabby and even degrading. On more than one occasion, before he had been taken on the street in this fashion, other boys had called to him and made fun of his father, because he was always publicly emphasizing his religious beliefs or convictions. Thus in one neighborhood in which they had lived, when he was but a child of seven, his father, having always preluded every conversation with “Praise the Lord,” he heard boys call “Here comes old Praise-the-Lord Griffiths.” Or they would call out after him “Hey, you’re the fellow whose sister plays the organ. Is there anything else she can play?”

“What does he always want to go around saying, ‘Praise the Lord’ for? Other people don’t do it.”

It was that old mass yearning for a likeness in all things that troubled them, and him. Neither his father nor his mother was like other people, because they were always making so much of religion, and now at last they were making a business of it.

On this night in this great street with its cars and crowds and tall buildings, he felt ashamed, dragged out of normal life, to be made a show and jest of. The handsome automobiles that sped by, the loitering pedestrians moving off to what interests and comforts he could only surmise; the gay pairs of young people, laughing and jesting and the “kids” staring, all troubled him with a sense of something different, better, more beautiful than his, or rather their life.

And now units of this vagrom and unstable street throng, which was forever shifting and changing about them, seemed to sense the psychologic error of all this in so far as these children were concerned, for they would nudge one another, the more sophisticated and indifferent lifting an eyebrow and smiling contemptuously, the more sympathetic or experienced commenting on the useless presence of these children.

“I see these people around here nearly every night now — two or three times a week, anyhow,” this from a young clerk who had just met his girl and was escorting her toward a restaurant. “They’re just working some religious dodge or other, I guess.”

“That oldest boy don’t wanta be here. He feels outa place, I can see that. It ain’t right to make a kid like that come out unless he wants to. He can’t understand all this stuff, anyhow.” This from an idler and loafer of about forty, one of those odd hangers- on about the commercial heart of a city, addressing a pausing and seemingly amiable stranger.

“Yeh, I guess that’s so,” the other assented, taking in the peculiar cast of the boy’s head and face. In view of the uneasy and self-conscious expression upon the face whenever it was lifted, one might have intelligently suggested that it was a little unkind as well as idle to thus publicly force upon a temperament as yet unfitted to absorb their import, religious and psychic services best suited to reflective temperaments of maturer years.

Yet so it was.

As for the remainder of the family, both the youngest girl and boy were too small to really understand much of what it was all about or to care. The eldest girl at the organ appeared not so much to mind, as to enjoy the attention and comment her presence and singing evoked, for more than once, not only strangers, but her mother and father, had assured her that she had an appealing and compelling voice, which was only partially true. It was not a good voice. They did not really understand music. Physically, she was of a pale, emasculate and unimportant structure, with no real mental force or depth, and was easily made to feel that this was an excellent field in which to distinguish herself and attract a little attention. As for the parents, they were determined upon spiritualizing the world as much as possible, and, once the hymn was concluded, the father launched into one of those hackneyed descriptions of the delights of a release, via self-realization of the mercy of God and the love of Christ and the will of God toward sinners, from the burdensome cares of an evil conscience.

“All men are sinners in the light of the Lord,” he declared. “Unless they repent, unless they accept Christ, His love and forgiveness of them, they can never know the happiness of being spiritually whole and clean. Oh, my friends! If you could but know the peace and content that comes with the knowledge, the inward understanding, that Christ lived and died for you and that He walks with you every day and hour, by light and by dark, at dawn and at dusk, to keep and strengthen you for the tasks and cares of the world that are ever before you. Oh, the snares and pitfalls that beset us all! And then the soothing realization that Christ is ever with us, to counsel, to aid, to hearten, to bind up our wounds and make us whole! Oh, the peace, the satisfaction, the comfort, the glory of that!”

“Amen!” asseverated his wife, and the daughter, Hester, or Esta, as she was called by the family, moved by the need of as much public support as possible for all of them — echoed it after her.

Clyde, the eldest boy, and the two younger children merely gazed at the ground, or occasionally at their father, with a feeling that possibly it was all true and important, yet somehow not as significant or inviting as some of the other things which life held. They heard so much of this, and to their young and eager minds life was made for something more than street and mission hall protestations of this sort.

Finally, after a second hymn and an address by Mrs. Griffiths, during which she took occasion to refer to the mission work jointly conducted by them in a near-by street, and their services to the cause of Christ in general, a third hymn was indulged in, and then some tracts describing the mission rescue work being distributed, such voluntary gifts as were forthcoming were taken up by Asa — the father. The small organ was closed, the camp chair folded up and given to Clyde, the Bible and hymn books picked up by Mrs. Griffiths, and with the organ supported by a leather strap passed over the shoulder of Griffiths, senior, the missionward march was taken up.

During all this time Clyde was saying to himself that he did not wish to do this any more, that he and his parents looked foolish and less than normal —“cheap” was the word he would have used if he could have brought himself to express his full measure of resentment at being compelled to participate in this way — and that he would not do it any more if he could help. What good did it do them to have him along? His life should not be like this. Other boys did not have to do as he did. He meditated now more determinedly than ever a rebellion by which he would rid himself of the need of going out in this way. Let his elder sister go if she chose; she liked it. His younger sister and brother might be too young to care. But he —

“They seemed a little more attentive than usual to-night, I thought,” commented Griffiths to his wife as they walked along, the seductive quality of the summer evening air softening him into a more generous interpretation of the customary indifferent spirit of the passer-by.

“Yes; twenty-seven took tracts to-night as against eighteen on Thursday.”

“The love of Christ must eventually prevail,” comforted the father, as much to hearten himself as his wife. “The pleasures and cares of the world hold a very great many, but when sorrow overtakes them, then some of these seeds will take root.”

“I am sure of it. That is the thought which always keeps me up. Sorrow and the weight of sin eventually bring some of them to see the error of their way.”

They now entered into the narrow side street from which they had emerged and walking as many as a dozen doors from the corner, entered the door of a yellow single-story wooden building, the large window and the two glass panes in the central door of which had been painted a gray-white. Across both windows and the smaller panels in the double door had been painted: “The Door of Hope. Bethel Independent Mission. Meetings Every Wednesday and Saturday night, 8 to 10. Sundays at 11, 3 and 8. Everybody Welcome.” Under this legend on each window were printed the words: “God is Love,” and below this again, in smaller type: “How Long Since You Wrote to Mother?”

The small company entered the yellow unprepossessing door and disappeared.

Chapter 2

That such a family, thus cursorily presented, might have a different and somewhat peculiar history could well be anticipated, and it would be true. Indeed, this one presented one of those anomalies of psychic and social reflex and motivation such as would tax the skill of not only the psychologist but the chemist and physicist as well, to unravel. To begin with, Asa Griffiths, the father, was one of those poorly integrated and correlated organisms, the product of an environment and a religious theory, but with no guiding or mental insight of his own, yet sensitive and therefore highly emotional and without any practical sense whatsoever. Indeed it would be hard to make clear just how life appealed to him, or what the true hue of his emotional responses was. On the other hand, as has been indicated, his wife was of a firmer texture but with scarcely any truer or more practical insight into anything.

The history of this man and his wife is of no particular interest here save as it affected their boy of twelve, Clyde Griffiths. This youth, aside from a certain emotionalism and exotic sense of romance which characterized him, and which he took more from his father than from his mother, brought a more vivid and intelligent imagination to things, and was constantly thinking of how he might better himself, if he had a chance; places to which he might go, things he might see, and how differently he might live, if only this, that and the other things were true. The principal thing that troubled Clyde up to his fifteenth year, and for long after in retrospect, was that the calling or profession of his parents was the shabby thing that it appeared to be in the eyes of others. For so often throughout his youth in different cities in which his parents had conducted a mission or spoken on the streets — Grand Rapids, Detroit, Milwaukee, Chicago, lastly Kansas City — it had been obvious that people, at least the boys and girls he encountered, looked down upon him and his brothers and sisters for being the children of such parents. On several occasions, and much against the mood of his parents, who never countenanced such exhibitions of temper, he had stopped to fight with one or another of these boys. But always, beaten or victorious, he had been conscious of the fact that the work his parents did was not satisfactory to others — shabby, trivial. And always he was thinking of what he would do, once he reached the place where he could get away.

For Clyde’s parents had proved impractical in the matter of the future of their children. They did not understand the importance or the essential necessity for some form of practical or professional training for each and every one of their young ones. Instead, being wrapped up in the notion of evangelizing the world, they had neglected to keep their children in school in any one place. They had moved here and there, sometimes in the very midst of an advantageous school season, because of a larger and better religious field in which to work. And there were times, when, the work proving highly unprofitable and Asa being unable to make much money at the two things he most understood — gardening and canvassing for one invention or another — they were quite without sufficient food or decent clothes, and the children could not go to school. In the face of such situations as these, whatever the children might think, Asa and his wife remained as optimistic as ever, or they insisted to themselves that they were, and had unwavering faith in the Lord and His intention to provide.

The combination home and mission which this family occupied was dreary enough in most of its phases to discourage the average youth or girl of any spirit. It consisted in its entirety of one long store floor in an old and decidedly colorless and inartistic wooden building which was situated in that part of Kansas City which lies north of Independence Boulevard and west of Troost Avenue, the exact street or place being called Bickel, a very short thoroughfare opening off Missouri Avenue, a somewhat more lengthy but no less nondescript highway. And the entire neighborhood in which it stood was very faintly and yet not agreeably redolent of a commercial life which had long since moved farther south, if not west. It was some five blocks from the spot on which twice a week the open air meetings of these religious enthusiasts and proselytizers were held.

And it was the ground floor of this building, looking out into Bickel Street at the front and some dreary back yards of equally dreary frame houses, which was divided at the front into a hall forty by twenty-five feet in size, in which had been placed some sixty collapsible wood chairs, a lectern, a map of Palestine or the Holy Land, and for wall decorations some twenty-five printed but unframed mottoes which read in part:

“WINE IS A MOCKER, STRONG DRINK IS RAGING AND WHOSOEVER IS DECEIVED THEREBY IS NOT WISE.”

“TAKE HOLD OF SHIELD AND BUCKLER, AND STAND UP FOR MINE HELP.” PSALMS 35:2.

“AND YE, MY FLOCK, THE FLOCK OF MY PASTURE, are men, AND I AM YOUR GOD, SAITH THE LORD GOD.” EZEKIEL 34:31.

“O GOD, THOU KNOWEST MY FOOLISHNESS, AND MY SINS ARE NOT HID FROM THEE.” PSALMS 69:5.

“IF YE HAVE FAITH AS A GRAIN OF MUSTARD SEED, YE SHALL SAY UNTO THIS MOUNTAIN, REMOVE HENCE TO YONDER PLACE; AND IT SHALL MOVE; AND NOTHING SHALL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO YOU.” MATTHEW 17:20.

“FOR THE DAY OF THE LORD IS NEAR.” OBADIAH 15.

“FOR THERE SHALL BE NO REWARD TO THE EVIL MAN.” PROVERBS 24:20.

“LOOK, THEN, NOT UPON THE WINE WHEN IT IS RED: IT BITETH LIKE A SERPENT, AND STINGETH LIKE AN ADDER.” PROVERBS 23:31,32.

These mighty adjurations were as silver and gold plates set in a wall of dross.

The rear forty feet of this very commonplace floor was intricately and yet neatly divided into three small bedrooms, a living room which overlooked the backyard and wooden fences of yards no better than those at the back; also, a combination kitchen and dining room exactly ten feet square, and a store room for mission tracts, hymnals, boxes, trunks and whatever else of non-immediate use, but of assumed value, which the family owned. This particular small room lay immediately to the rear of the mission hall itself, and into it before or after speaking or at such times as a conference seemed important, both Mr. and Mrs. Griffiths were wont to retire — also at times to meditate or pray.

How often had Clyde and his sisters and younger brother seen his mother or father, or both, in conference with some derelict or semi-repentant soul who had come for advice or aid, most usually for aid. And here at times, when his mother’s and father’s financial difficulties were greatest, they were to be found thinking, or as Asa Griffiths was wont helplessly to say at times, “praying their way out,” a rather ineffectual way, as Clyde began to think later.

And the whole neighborhood was so dreary and run-down that he hated the thought of living in it, let alone being part of a work that required constant appeals for aid, as well as constant prayer and thanksgiving to sustain it.

Mrs. Elvira Griffiths before she had married Asa had been nothing but an ignorant farm girl, brought up without much thought of religion of any kind. But having fallen in love with him, she had become inoculated with the virus of Evangelism and proselytizing which dominated him, and had followed him gladly and enthusiastically in all of his ventures and through all of his vagaries. Being rather flattered by the knowledge that she could speak and sing, her ability to sway and persuade and control people with the “word of God,” as she saw it, she had become more or less pleased with herself on this account and so persuaded to continue.

Occasionally a small band of people followed the preachers to their mission, or learning of its existence through their street work, appeared there later — those odd and mentally disturbed or distrait souls who are to be found in every place. And it had been Clyde’s compulsory duty throughout the years when he could not act for himself to be in attendance at these various meetings. And always he had been more irritated than favorably influenced by the types of men and women who came here — mostly men — down-and-out laborers, loafers, drunkards, wastrels, the botched and helpless who seemed to drift in, because they had no other place to go. And they were always testifying as to how God or Christ or Divine Grace had rescued them from this or that predicament — never how they had rescued any one else. And always his father and mother were saying “Amen” and “Glory to God,” and singing hymns and afterward taking up a collection for the legitimate expenses of the hall — collections which, as he surmised, were little enough — barely enough to keep the various missions they had conducted in existence.

The one thing that really interested him in connection with his parents was the existence somewhere in the east — in a small city called Lycurgus, near Utica he understood — of an uncle, a brother of his father’s, who was plainly different from all this. That uncle — Samuel Griffiths by name — was rich. In one way and another, from casual remarks dropped by his parents, Clyde had heard references to certain things this particular uncle might do for a person, if he but would; references to the fact that he was a shrewd, hard business man; that he had a great house and a large factory in Lycurgus for the manufacture of collars and shirts, which employed not less than three hundred people; that he had a son who must be about Clyde’s age, and several daughters, two at least, all of whom must be, as Clyde imagined, living in luxury in Lycurgus. News of all this had apparently been brought west in some way by people who knew Asa and his father and brother. As Clyde pictured this uncle, he must be a kind of Croesus, living in ease and luxury there in the east, while here in the west — Kansas City — he and his parents and his brother and sisters were living in the same wretched and hum-drum, hand-to-mouth state that had always characterized their lives.

But for this — apart from anything he might do for himself, as he early began to see — there was no remedy. For at fifteen, and even a little earlier, Clyde began to understand that his education, as well as his sisters’ and brother’s, had been sadly neglected. And it would be rather hard for him to overcome this handicap, seeing that other boys and girls with more money and better homes were being trained for special kinds of work. How was one to get a start under such circumstances? Already when, at the age of thirteen, fourteen and fifteen, he began looking in the papers, which, being too worldly, had never been admitted to his home, he found that mostly skilled help was wanted, or boys to learn trades in which at the moment he was not very much interested. For true to the standard of the American youth, or the general American attitude toward life, he felt himself above the type of labor which was purely manual. What! Run a machine, lay bricks, learn to be a carpenter, or a plasterer, or plumber, when boys no better than himself were clerks and druggists’ assistants and bookkeepers and assistants in banks and real estate offices and such! Wasn’t it menial, as miserable as the life he had thus far been leading, to wear old clothes and get up so early in the morning and do all the commonplace things such people had to do?

For Clyde was as vain and proud as he was poor. He was one of those interesting individuals who looked upon himself as a thing apart — never quite wholly and indissolubly merged with the family of which he was a member, and never with any profound obligations to those who had been responsible for his coming into the world. On the contrary, he was inclined to study his parents, not too sharply or bitterly, but with a very fair grasp of their qualities and capabilities. And yet, with so much judgment in that direction, he was never quite able — at least not until he had reached his sixteenth year — to formulate any policy in regard to himself, and then only in a rather fumbling and tentative way.

Incidentally by that time the sex lure or appeal had begun to manifest itself and he was already intensely interested and troubled by the beauty of the opposite sex, its attractions for him and his attraction for it. And, naturally and coincidentally, the matter of his clothes and his physical appearance had begun to trouble him not a little — how he looked and how other boys looked. It was painful to him now to think that his clothes were not right; that he was not as handsome as he might be, not as interesting. What a wretched thing it was to be born poor and not to have any one to do anything for you and not to be able to do so very much for yourself!

Casual examination of himself in mirrors whenever he found them tended rather to assure him that he was not so bad-looking — a straight, well-cut nose, high white forehead, wavy, glossy, black hair, eyes that were black and rather melancholy at times. And yet the fact that his family was the unhappy thing that it was, that he had never had any real friends, and could not have any, as he saw it, because of the work and connection of his parents, was now tending more and more to induce a kind of mental depression or melancholia which promised not so well for his future. It served to make him rebellious and hence lethargic at times. Because of his parents, and in spite of his looks, which were really agreeable and more appealing than most, he was inclined to misinterpret the interested looks which were cast at him occasionally by young girls in very different walks of life from him — the contemptuous and yet rather inviting way in which they looked to see if he were interested or disinterested, brave or cowardly.

And yet, before he had ever earned any money at all, he had always told himself that if only he had a better collar, a nicer shirt, finer shoes, a good suit, a swell overcoat like some boys had! Oh, the fine clothes, the handsome homes, the watches, rings, pins that some boys sported; the dandies many youths of his years already were! Some parents of boys of his years actually gave them cars of their own to ride in. They were to be seen upon the principal streets of Kansas City flitting to and fro like flies. And pretty girls with them. And he had nothing. And he never had had.

And yet the world was so full of so many things to do — so many people were so happy and so successful. What was he to do? Which way to turn? What one thing to take up and master — something that would get him somewhere. He could not say. He did not know exactly. And these peculiar parents were in no way sufficiently equipped to advise him.

Chapter 4

The effect of this particular conclusion was to cause Clyde to think harder than ever about himself. And the principal result of his thinking was that he must do something for himself and soon. Up to this time the best he had been able to do was to work at such odd jobs as befall all boys between their twelfth and fifteenth years: assisting a man who had a paper route during the summer months of one year, working in the basement of a five-and-ten-cent store all one summer long, and on Saturdays, for a period during the winter, opening boxes and unpacking goods, for which he received the munificent sum of five dollars a week, a sum which at the time seemed almost a fortune. He felt himself rich and, in the face of the opposition of his parents, who were opposed to the theater and motion pictures also, as being not only worldly, but sinful, he could occasionally go to one or another of those — in the gallery — a form of diversion which he had to conceal from his parents. Yet that did not deter him. He felt that he had a right to go with his own money; also to take his younger brother Frank, who was glad enough to go with him and say nothing.

Later in the same year, wishing to get out of school because he already felt himself very much belated in the race, he secured a place as an assistant to a soda water clerk in one of the cheaper drug stores of the city, which adjoined a theater and enjoyed not a little patronage of this sort. A sign —“Boy Wanted”— since it was directly on his way to school, first interested him. Later, in conversation with the young man whose assistant he was to be, and from whom he was to learn the trade, assuming that he was sufficiently willing and facile, he gathered that if he mastered this art, he might make as much as fifteen and even eighteen dollars a week. It was rumored that Stroud’s at the corner of 14th and Baltimore streets paid that much to two of their clerks. The particular store to which he was applying paid only twelve, the standard salary of most places.

But to acquire this art, as he was now informed, required time and the friendly help of an expert. If he wished to come here and work for five to begin with — well, six, then, since his face fell — he might soon expect to know a great deal about the art of mixing sweet drinks and decorating a large variety of ice creams with liquid sweets, thus turning them into sundaes. For the time being apprenticeship meant washing and polishing all the machinery and implements of this particular counter, to say nothing of opening and sweeping out the store at so early an hour as seven-thirty, dusting, and delivering such orders as the owner of this drug store chose to send out by him. At such idle moments as his immediate superior — a Mr. Sieberling — twenty, dashing, self-confident, talkative, was too busy to fill all the orders, he might be called upon to mix such minor drinks — lemonades, Coca–Colas and the like — as the trade demanded.

Yet this interesting position, after due consultation with his mother, he decided to take. For one thing, it would provide him, as he suspected, with all the ice-cream sodas he desired, free — an advantage not to be disregarded. In the next place, as he saw it at the time, it was an open door to a trade — something which he lacked. Further, and not at all disadvantageously as he saw it, this store required his presence at night as late as twelve o’clock, with certain hours off during the day to compensate for this. And this took him out of his home at night — out of the ten- o’clock-boy class at last. They could not ask him to attend any meetings save on Sunday, and not even then, since he was supposed to work Sunday afternoons and evenings.

Next, the clerk who manipulated this particular soda fountain, quite regularly received passes from the manager of the theater next door, and into the lobby of which one door to the drug store gave — a most fascinating connection to Clyde. It seemed so interesting to be working for a drug store thus intimately connected with a theater.

And best of all, as Clyde now found to his pleasure, and yet despair at times, the place was visited, just before and after the show on matinee days, by bevies of girls, single and en suite, who sat at the counter and giggled and chattered and gave their hair and their complexions last perfecting touches before the mirror. And Clyde, callow and inexperienced in the ways of the world, and those of the opposite sex, was never weary of observing the beauty, the daring, the self-sufficiency and the sweetness of these, as he saw them. For the first time in his life, while he busied himself with washing glasses, filling the ice-cream and syrup containers, arranging the lemons and oranges in the trays, he had an almost uninterrupted opportunity of studying these girls at close range. The wonder of them! For the most part, they were so well-dressed and smart-looking — the rings, pins, furs, delightful hats, pretty shoes they wore. And so often he overheard them discussing such interesting things — parties, dances, dinners, the shows they had seen, the places in or near Kansas City to which they were soon going, the difference between the styles of this year and last, the fascination of certain actors and actresses — principally actors — who were now playing or soon coming to the city. And to this day, in his own home he had heard nothing of all this.

And very often one or another of these young beauties was accompanied by some male in evening suit, dress shirt, high hat, bow tie, white kid gloves and patent leather shoes, a costume which at that time Clyde felt to be the last word in all true distinction, beauty, gallantry and bliss. To be able to wear such a suit with such ease and air! To be able to talk to a girl after the manner and with the sang-froid of some of these gallants! what a true measure of achievement! No good-looking girl, as it then appeared to him, would have anything to do with him if he did not possess this standard of equipment. It was plainly necessary — the thing. And once he did attain it — was able to wear such clothes as these — well, then was he not well set upon the path that leads to all the blisses? All the joys of life would then most certainly be spread before him. The friendly smiles! The secret handclasps, maybe — an arm about the waist of some one or another — a kiss — a promise of marriage — and then, and then!

And all this as a revealing flash after all the years of walking through the streets with his father and mother to public prayer meeting, the sitting in chapel and listening to queer and nondescript individuals — depressing and disconcerting people — telling how Christ had saved them and what God had done for them. You bet he would get out of that now. He would work and save his money and be somebody. Decidedly this simple and yet idyllic compound of the commonplace had all the luster and wonder of a spiritual transfiguration, the true mirage of the lost and thirsting and seeking victim of the desert.

However, the trouble with this particular position, as time speedily proved, was that much as it might teach him of mixing drinks and how to eventually earn twelve dollars a week, it was no immediate solvent for the yearnings and ambitions that were already gnawing at his vitals. For Albert Sieberling, his immediate superior, was determined to keep as much of his knowledge, as well as the most pleasant parts of the tasks, to himself. And further he was quite at one with the druggist for whom they worked in thinking that Clyde, in addition to assisting him about the fountain, should run such errands as the druggist desired, which kept Clyde industriously employed for nearly all the hours he was on duty.

Consequently there was no immediate result to all this. Clyde could see no way to dressing better than he did. Worse, he was haunted by the fact that he had very little money and very few contacts and connections — so few that, outside his own home, he was lonely and not so very much less than lonely there. The flight of Esta had thrown a chill over the religious work there, and because, as yet, she had not returned — the family, as he now heard, was thinking of breaking up here and moving, for want of a better idea, to Denver, Colorado. But Clyde, by now, was convinced that he did not wish to accompany them. What was the good of it, he asked himself? There would be just another mission there, the same as this one.

He had always lived at home — in the rooms at the rear of the mission in Bickel Street, but he hated it. And since his eleventh year, during all of which time his family had been residing in Kansas City, he had been ashamed to bring boy friends to or near it. For that reason he had always avoided boy friends, and had walked and played very much alone — or with his brother and sisters.

But now that he was sixteen and old enough to make his own way, he ought to be getting out of this. And yet he was earning almost nothing — not enough to live on, if he were alone — and he had not as yet developed sufficient skill or courage to get anything better.

Nevertheless when his parents began to talk of moving to Denver, and suggested that he might secure work out there, never assuming for a moment that he would not want to go he began to throw out hints to the effect that it might he better if he did not. He liked Kansas City. What was the use of changing? He had a job now and he might get something better. But his parents, bethinking themselves of Esta and the fate that had overtaken her, were not a little dubious as to the outcome of such early adventuring on his part alone. Once they were away, where would he live? With whom? What sort of influence would enter his life, who would be at hand to aid and council and guide him in the straight and narrow path, as they had done? It was something to think about.

But spurred by this imminence of Denver, which now daily seemed to be drawing nearer, and the fact that not long after this Mr. Sieberling, owing to his too obvious gallantries in connection with the fair sex, lost his place in the drug store, and Clyde came by a new and bony and chill superior who did not seem to want him as an assistant, he decided to quit — not at once, but rather to see, on such errands as took him out of the store, if he could not find something else. Incidentally in so doing, looking here and there, he one day thought he would speak to the manager of the fountain which was connected with the leading drug store in the principal hotel of the city — the latter a great twelve-story affair, which represented, as he saw it, the quintessence of luxury and ease. Its windows were always so heavily curtained; the main entrance (he had never ventured to look beyond that) was a splendiferous combination of a glass and iron awning, coupled with a marble corridor lined with palms. Often he had passed here, wondering with boyish curiosity what the nature of the life of such a place might be. Before its doors, so many taxis and automobiles were always in waiting.

To-day, being driven by the necessity of doing something for himself, he entered the drug store which occupied the principal corner, facing 14th Street at Baltimore, and finding a girl cashier in a small glass cage near the door, asked of her who was in charge of the soda fountain. Interested by his tentative and uncertain manner, as well as his deep and rather appealing eyes, and instinctively judging that he was looking for something to do, she observed: “Why, Mr. Secor, there, the manager of the store.” She nodded in the direction of a short, meticulously dressed man of about thirty-five, who was arranging an especial display of toilet novelties on the top of a glass case. Clyde approached him, and being still very dubious as to how one went about getting anything in life, and finding him engrossed in what he was doing, stood first on one foot and then on the other, until at last, sensing some one was hovering about for something, the man turned: “Well?” he queried.

“You don’t happen to need a soda fountain helper, do you?” Clyde cast at him a glance that said as plain as anything could, “If you have any such place, I wish you would please give it to me. I need it.”

“No, no, no,” replied this individual, who was blond and vigorous and by nature a little irritable and contentious. He was about to turn away, but seeing a flicker of disappointment and depression pass over Clyde’s face, he turned and added, “Ever work in a place like this before?”

“No place as fine as this. No, sir,” replied Clyde, rather fancifully moved by all that was about him. “I’m working now down at Mr. Klinkle’s store at 7th and Brooklyn, but it isn’t anything like this one and I’d like to get something better if I could.”

“Uh,” went on his interviewer, rather pleased by the innocent tribute to the superiority of his store. “Well, that’s reasonable enough. But there isn’t anything here right now that I could offer you. We don’t make many changes. But if you’d like to be a bell- boy, I can tell you where you might get a place. They’re looking for an extra boy in the hotel inside there right now. The captain of the boys was telling me he was in need of one. I should think that would be as good as helping about a soda fountain, any day.”

Then seeing Clyde’s face suddenly brighten, he added: “But you mustn’t say that I sent you, because I don’t know you. Just ask for Mr. Squires inside there, under the stairs, and he can tell you all about it.”

At the mere mention of work in connection with so imposing an institution as the Green–Davidson, and the possibility of his getting it, Clyde first stared, felt himself tremble the least bit with excitement, then thanking his advisor for his kindness, went direct to a green-marbled doorway which opened from the rear of this drug-store into the lobby of the hotel. Once through it, he beheld a lobby, the like of which, for all his years but because of the timorous poverty that had restrained him from exploring such a world, was more arresting, quite, than anything he had seen before. It was all so lavish. Under his feet was a checkered black-and- white marble floor. Above him a coppered and stained and gilded ceiling. And supporting this, a veritable forest of black marble columns as highly polished as the floor — glassy smooth. And between the columns which ranged away toward three separate entrances, one right, one left and one directly forward toward Dalrymple Avenue — were lamps, statuary, rugs, palms, chairs, divans, tete-a-tetes — a prodigal display. In short it was compact, of all that gauche luxury of appointment which, as some one once sarcastically remarked, was intended to supply “exclusiveness to the masses.” Indeed, for an essential hotel in a great and successful American commercial city, it was almost too luxurious. Its rooms and hall and lobbies and restaurants were entirely too richly furnished, without the saving grace of either simplicity or necessity.

As Clyde stood, gazing about the lobby, he saw a large company of people — some women and children, but principally men as he could see — either walking or standing about and talking or idling in the chairs, side by side or alone. And in heavily draped and richly furnished alcoves where were writing-tables, newspaper files, a telegraph office, a haberdasher’s shop, and a florist’s stand, were other groups. There was a convention of dentists in the city, not a few of whom, with their wives and children, were gathered here; but to Clyde, who was not aware of this nor of the methods and meanings of conventions, this was the ordinary, everyday appearance of this hotel.

He gazed about in awe and amazement, then remembering the name of Squires, he began to look for him in his office “under the stairs.” To his right was a grand double-winged black-and-white staircase which swung in two separate flights and with wide, generous curves from the main floor to the one above. And between these great flights was evidently the office of the hotel, for there were many clerks there. But behind the nearest flight, and close to the wall through which he had come, was a tall desk, at which stood a young man of about his own age in a maroon uniform bright with many brass buttons. And on his head was a small, round, pill-box cap, which was cocked jauntily over one ear. He was busy making entries with a lead pencil in a book which lay open before him. Various other boys about his own age, and uniformed as he was, were seated upon a long bench near him, or were to be seen darting here and there, sometimes, returning to this one with a slip of paper or a key or note of some kind, and then seating themselves upon the bench to await another call apparently, which seemed to come swiftly enough. A telephone upon the small desk at which stood the uniformed youth was almost constantly buzzing, and after ascertaining what was wanted, this youth struck a small bell before him, or called “front,” to which the first boy on the bench, responded. Once called, they went hurrying up one or the other stairs or toward one of the several entrances or elevators, and almost invariably were to be seen escorting individuals whose bags and suitcases and overcoats and golf sticks they carried. There were others who disappeared and returned, carrying drinks on trays or some package or other, which they were taking to one of the rooms above. Plainly this was the work that he should be called upon to do, assuming that he would be so fortunate as to connect himself with such an institution as this.

And it was all so brisk and enlivening that he wished that he might be so fortunate as to secure a position here. But would he be? And where was Mr. Squires? He approached the youth at the small desk: “Do you know where I will find Mr. Squires?” he asked.

“Here he comes now,” replied the youth, looking up and examining Clyde with keen, gray eyes.

Clyde gazed in the direction indicated, and saw approaching a brisk and dapper and decidedly sophisticated-looking person of perhaps twenty-nine or thirty years of age. He was so very slender, keen, hatchet-faced and well-dressed that Clyde was not only impressed but overawed at once — a very shrewd and cunning-looking person. His nose was so long and thin, his eyes so sharp, his lips thin, and chin pointed.

“Did you see that tall, gray-haired man with the Scotch plaid shawl who went through here just now?” he paused to say to his assistant at the desk. The assistant nodded. “Well, they tell me that’s the Earl of Landreil. He just came in this morning with fourteen trunks and four servants. Can you beat it! He’s somebody in Scotland. That isn’t the name he travels under, though, I hear. He’s registered as Mr. Blunt. Can you beat that English stuff? They can certainly lay on the class, eh?”

“You said it!” replied his assistant deferentially.

He turned for the first time, glimpsing Clyde, but paying no attention to him. His assistant came to Clyde’s aid.

“That young fella there is waiting to see you,” he explained.

“You want to see me?” queried the captain of the bellhops, turning to Clyde, and observing his none-too-good clothes, at the same time making a comprehensive study of him.

“The gentleman in the drug store,” began Clyde, who did not quite like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to present himself as agreeably as possible, “was saying — that is, he said that I might ask you if there was any chance here for me as a bell- boy. I’m working now at Klinkle’s drug store at 7th and Brooklyn, as a helper, but I’d like to get out of that and he said you might — that is — he thought you had a place open now.” Clyde was so flustered and disturbed by the cool, examining eyes of the man before him that he could scarcely get his breath properly, and swallowed hard.

For the first time in his life, it occurred to him that if he wanted to get on he ought to insinuate himself into the good graces of people — do or say something that would make them like him. So now he contrived an eager, ingratiating smile, which he bestowed on Mr. Squires, and added: “If you’d like to give me a chance, I’d try very hard and I’d be very willing.”

The man before him merely looked at him coldly, but being the soul of craft and self-acquisitiveness in a petty way, and rather liking anybody who had the skill and the will to be diplomatic, he now put aside an impulse to shake his head negatively, and observed: “But you haven’t had any training in this work.”

“No, sir, but couldn’t I pick it up pretty quick if I tried hard?”

“Well, let me see,” observed the head of the bell-hops, scratching his head dubiously. “I haven’t any time to talk to you now. Come around Monday afternoon. I’ll see you then.” He turned on his heel and walked away.

Clyde, left alone in this fashion, and not knowing just what it meant, stared, wondering. Was it really true that he had been invited to come back on Monday? Could it be possible that — He turned and hurried out, thrilling from head to toe. The idea! He had asked this man for a place in the very finest hotel in Kansas City and he had asked him to come back and see him on Monday. Gee! what would that mean? Could it be possible that he would be admitted to such a grand world as this — and that so speedily? Could it really be?

Приложение № 6

This letter must make its way to Emma’s feelings. She was obliged, in spite of her previous determination to the contrary, to do it all the justice that Mrs. Weston foretold. As soon as she came to her own name, it was irresistible; every line relating to herself was interesting, and almost every line agreeable; and when this charm ceased, the subject could still maintain itself, by the natural return of her former regard for the writer, and the very strong attraction which any picture of love must have for her at that moment. She never stopt till she had gone through the whole; and though it was impossible not to feel that he had been wrong, yet he had been less wrong than she had supposed—and he had suffered, and was very sorry—and he was so grateful to Mrs. Weston, and so much in love with Miss Fairfax, and she was so happy herself, that there was no being severe; and could he have entered the room, she must have shaken hands with him as heartily as ever.

She thought so well of the letter, that when Mr. Knightley came again, she desired him to read it. She was sure of Mrs. Weston’s wishing it to be communicated; especially to one, who, like Mr. Knightley, had seen so much to blame in his conduct.

“I shall be very glad to look it over,” said he; “but it seems long. I will take it home with me at night.”

But that would not do. Mr. Weston was to call in the evening, and she must return it by him.

“I would rather be talking to you,” he replied; “but as it seems a matter of justice, it shall be done.”

He began—stopping, however, almost directly to say, “Had I been offered the sight of one of this gentleman’s letters to his mother-in-law a few months ago, Emma, it would not have been taken with such indifference.”

He proceeded a little farther, reading to himself; and then, with a smile, observed, “Humph!—a fine complimentary opening:—But it is his way. One man’s style must not be the rule of another’s. We will not be severe.”

“It will be natural for me,” he added shortly afterwards, “to speak my opinion aloud as I read. By doing it, I shall feel that I am near you. It will not be so great a loss of time: but if you dislike it——“

“Not at all. I should wish it.”

Mr. Knightley returned to his reading with greater alacrity.

“He trifles here,” said he, “as to the temptation. He knows he is wrong, and has nothing rational to urge.—Bad.—He ought not to have formed the engagement.—‘His father’s disposition:’—he is unjust, however, to his father. Mr. Weston’s sanguine temper was a blessing on all his upright and honourable exertions; but Mr. Weston earned every present comfort before he endeavoured to gain it.—Very true; he did not come till Miss Fairfax was here.”

“And I have not forgotten,” said Emma, “how sure you were that he might have come sooner if he would. You pass it over very handsomely—but you were perfectly right.”

“I was not quite impartial in my judgment, Emma:—but yet, I think—had you not been in the case—I should still have distrusted him.”

When he came to Miss Woodhouse, he was obliged to read the whole of it aloud—all that related to her, with a smile; a look; a shake of the head; a word or two of assent, or disapprobation; or merely of love, as the subject required; concluding, however, seriously, and, after steady reflection, thus—

“Very bad—though it might have been worse.—Playing a most dangerous game. Too much indebted to the event for his acquittal.—No judge of his own manners by you.—Always deceived in fact by his own wishes, and regardless of little besides his own convenience.—Fancying you to have fathomed his secret. Natural enough!—his own mind full of intrigue, that he should suspect it in others.—Mystery; Finesse—how they pervert the understanding! My Emma, does not every thing serve to prove more and more the beauty of truth and sincerity in all our dealings with each other?”

Emma agreed to it, and with a blush of sensibility on Harriet’s account, which she could not give any sincere explanation of.

“You had better go on,” said she.

He did so, but very soon stopt again to say, “the pianoforte! Ah! That was the act of a very, very young man, one too young to consider whether the inconvenience of it might not very much exceed the pleasure. A boyish scheme, indeed!—I cannot comprehend a man’s wishing to give a woman any proof of affection which he knows she would rather dispense with; and he did know that she would have prevented the instrument’s coming if she could.”

After this, he made some progress without any pause. Frank Churchill’s confession of having behaved shamefully was the first thing to call for more than a word in passing.

“I perfectly agree with you, sir,”—was then his remark. “You did behave very shamefully. You never wrote a truer line.” And having gone through what immediately followed of the basis of their disagreement, and his persisting to act in direct opposition to Jane Fairfax’s sense of right, he made a fuller pause to say, “This is very bad.—He had induced her to place herself, for his sake, in a situation of extreme difficulty and uneasiness, and it should have been his first object to prevent her from suffering unnecessarily.—She must have had much more to contend with, in carrying on the correspondence, than he could. He should have respected even unreasonable scruples, had there been such; but her’s were all reasonable. We must look to her one fault, and remember that she had done a wrong thing in consenting to the engagement, to bear that she should have been in such a state of punishment.”

Emma knew that he was now getting to the Box-Hill party, and grew uncomfortable. Her own eighbor had been so very improper! She was deeply ashamed, and a little afraid of his next look. It was all read, however, steadily, attentively, and without the smallest remark; and, excepting one momentary glance at her, instantly withdrawn, in the fear of giving pain—no remembrance of Box-Hill seemed to exist.

“There is no saying much for the delicacy of our good friends, the Eltons,” was his next observation.—“His feelings are natural.—What! Actually resolve to break with him entirely!—She felt the engagement to be a source of repentance and misery to each—she dissolved it.—What a view this gives of her sense of his eighbor!—Well, he must be a most extraordinary——“

“Nay, nay, read on.—You will find how very much he suffers.”

“I hope he does,” replied Mr. Knightley coolly, and resuming the letter. ‘”Smallridge!’—What does this mean? What is all this?”

“She had engaged to go as governess to Mrs. Smallridge’s children—a dear friend of Mrs. Elton’s—a eighbor of Maple Grove; and, by the bye, I wonder how Mrs. Elton bears the disappointment.”

“Say nothing, my dear Emma, while you oblige me to read—not even of Mrs. Elton. Only one page more. I shall soon have done. What a letter the man writes!”

“I wish you would read it with a kinder spirit towards him.”

“Well, there is feeling here.—He does seem to have suffered in finding her ill.—Certainly, I can have no doubt of his being fond of her. ‘Dearer, much dearer than ever.’ I hope he may long continue to feel all the value of such a reconciliation.—He is a very liberal thanker, with his thousands and tens of thousands.—‘Happier than I deserve.’ Come, he knows himself there. ‘Miss Woodhouse calls me the child of good fortune.’—Those were Miss Woodhouse’s words, were they?—And a fine ending—and there is the letter. The child of good fortune! That was your name for him, was it?”

“You do not appear so well satisfied with his letter as I am; but still you must, at least I hope you must, think the better of him for it. I hope it does him some service with you.”

“Yes, certainly it does. He has had great faults, faults of inconsideration and thoughtlessness; and I am very much of his opinion in thinking him likely to be happier than he deserves: but still as he is, beyond a doubt, really attached to Miss Fairfax, and will soon, it may be hoped, have the advantage of being constantly with her, I am very ready to believe his character will improve, and acquire from her’s the steadiness and delicacy of principle that it wants. And now, let me talk to you of something else. I have another person’s interest at present so much at heart, that I cannot think any longer about Frank Churchill. Ever since I left you this morning, Emma, my mind has been hard at work on one subject.”

The subject followed; it was in plain, unaffected, gentleman-like English, such as Mr. Knightley used even to the woman he was in love with, how to be able to ask her to marry him, without attacking the happiness of her father. Emma’s answer was ready at the first word. “While her dear father lived, any change of condition must be impossible for her. She could never quit him.” Part only of this answer, however, was admitted. The impossibility of her quitting her father, Mr. Knightley felt as strongly as herself; but the inadmissibility of any other change, he could not agree to. He had been thinking it over most deeply, most intently; he had at first hoped to induce Mr. Woodhouse to remove with her to Donwell; he had wanted to believe it feasible, but his knowledge of Mr. Woodhouse would not suffer him to deceive himself long; and now he confessed his persuasion, that such a transplantation would be a risk of her father’s comfort, perhaps even of his life, which must not be hazarded. Mr. Woodhouse taken from Hartfield!—No, he felt that it ought not to be attempted. But the plan which had arisen on the sacrifice of this, he trusted his dearest Emma would not find in any respect objectionable; it was, that he should be received at Hartfield; that so long as her father’s happiness—in other words his life—required Hartfield to continue her home, it should be his likewise.

Of their all removing to Donwell, Emma had already had her own passing thoughts. Like him, she had tried the scheme and rejected it; but such an alternative as this had not occurred to her. She was sensible of all the affection it evinced. She felt that, in quitting Donwell, he must be sacrificing a great deal of independence of hours and habits; that in living constantly with her father, and in no house of his own, there would be much, very much, to be borne with. She promised to think of it, and advised him to think of it more; but he was fully convinced, that no reflection could alter his wishes or his opinion on the subject. He had given it, he could assure her, very long and calm consideration; he had been walking away from William Larkins the whole morning, to have his thoughts to himself.

“Ah! There is one difficulty unprovided for,” cried Emma. “I am sure William Larkins will not like it. You must get his consent before you ask mine.”

She promised, however, to think of it; and pretty nearly promised, moreover, to think of it, with the intention of finding it a very good scheme.

It is remarkable, that Emma, in the many, very many, points of view in which she was now beginning to consider Donwell Abbey, was never struck with any sense of injury to her nephew Henry, whose rights as heir expectant had formerly been so tenaciously regarded. Think she must of the possible difference to the poor little boy; and yet she only gave herself a saucy conscious smile about it, and found amusement in detecting the real cause of that violent dislike of Mr. Knightley’s marrying Jane Fairfax, or any body else, which at the time she had wholly imputed to the amiable solicitude of the sister and the aunt.

This proposal of his, this plan of marrying and continuing at Hartfield—the more she contemplated it, the more pleasing it became. His evils seemed to lessen, her own advantages to increase, their mutual good to outweigh every drawback. Such a companion for herself in the periods of anxiety and cheerlessness before her!—Such a partner in all those duties and cares to which time must be giving increase of melancholy!

She would have been too happy but for poor Harriet; but every blessing of her own seemed to involve and advance the sufferings of her friend, who must now be even excluded from Hartfield. The delightful family-party which Emma was securing for herself, poor Harriet must, in mere charitable caution, be kept at a distance from. She would be a loser in every way. Emma could not deplore her future absence as any deduction from her own enjoyment. In such a party, Harriet would be rather a dead weight than otherwise; but for the poor girl herself, it seemed a peculiarly cruel necessity that was to be placing her in such a state of unmerited punishment.

In time, of course, Mr. Knightley would be forgotten, that is, supplanted; but this could not be expected to happen very early. Mr. Knightley himself would be doing nothing to assist the cure;—not like Mr. Elton. Mr. Knightley, always so kind, so feeling, so truly considerate for every body, would never deserve to be less worshipped than now; and it really was too much to hope even of Harriet, that she could be in love with more than three men in one year.

Приложение №7

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

by Jane Austen

CHAPTER 17

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Elizabeth related to Jane the next day what had passed between Mr. Wickham and herself. Jane listened with astonishment and concern; she knew not how to believe that Mr. Darcy could be so unworthy of Mr. Bingley's regard; and yet, it was not in her nature to question the veracity of a young man of such amiable appearance as Wickham. The possibility of his having endured such unkindness, was enough to interest all her tender feelings; and nothing remained therefore to be done, but to think well of them both, to defend the conduct of each, and throw into the account of accident or mistake whatever could not be otherwise explained.

"They have both," said she, "been deceived, I dare say, in some way or other, of which we can form no idea. Interested people have perhaps misrepresented each to the other. It is, in short, impossible for us to conjecture the causes or circumstances which may have alienated them, without actual blame on either side."

"Very true, indeed; and now, my dear Jane, what have you got to say on behalf of the interested people who have probably been concerned in the business? Do clear them too, or we shall be obliged to think ill of somebody."

"Laugh as much as you choose, but you will not laugh me out of my opinion. My dearest Lizzy, do but consider in what a disgraceful light it places Mr. Darcy, to be treating his father's favourite in such a manner, one whom his father had promised to provide for. It is impossible. No man of common humanity, no man who had any value for his character, could be capable of it. Can his most intimate friends be so excessively deceived in him? Oh! no."

"I can much more easily believe Mr. Bingley's being imposed on, than that Mr. Wickham should invent such a history of himself as he gave me last night; names, facts, everything mentioned without ceremony. If it be not so, let Mr. Darcy contradict it. Besides, there was truth in his looks."

"It is difficult indeed — it is distressing. One does not know what to think."

"I beg your pardon; one knows exactly what to think."

But Jane could think with certainty on only one point — that Mr. Bingley, if he had been imposed on, would have much to suffer when the affair became public.

The two young ladies were summoned from the shrubbery, where this conversation passed, by the arrival of the very persons of whom they had been speaking; Mr. Bingley and his sisters came to give their personal invitation for the long-expected ball at Netherfield, which was fixed for the following Tuesday. The two ladies were delighted to see their dear friend again, called it an age since they had met, and repeatedly asked what she had been doing with herself since their separation. To the rest of the family they paid little attention; avoiding Mrs. Bennet as much as possible, saying not much to Elizabeth, and nothing at all to the others. They were soon gone again, rising from their seats with an activity which took their brother by surprise, and hurrying off as if eager to escape from Mrs. Bennet's civilities.

The prospect of the Netherfield ball was extremely agreeable to every female of the family. Mrs. Bennet chose to consider it as given in compliment to her eldest daughter, and was particularly flattered by receiving the invitation from Mr. Bingley himself, instead of a ceremonious card. Jane pictured to herself a happy evening in the society of her two friends, and the attentions of her brother; and Elizabeth thought with pleasure of dancing a great deal with Mr. Wickham, and of seeing a confirmation of everything in Mr. Darcy's look and behaviour. The happiness anticipated by Catherine and Lydia depended less on any single event, or any particular person, for though they each, like Elizabeth, meant to dance half the evening with Mr. Wickham, he was by no means the only partner who could satisfy them, and a ball was, at any rate, a ball. And even Mary could assure her family that she had no disinclination for it.

"While I can have my mornings to myself," said she, "it is enough — I think it is no sacrifice to join occasionally in evening engagements. Society has claims on us all; and I profess myself one of those who consider intervals of recreation and amusement as desirable for everybody."

Elizabeth's spirits were so high on this occasion, that though she did not often speak unnecessarily to Mr. Collins, she could not help asking him whether he intended to accept Mr. Bingley's invitation, and if he did, whether he would think it proper to join in the evening's amusement; and she was rather surprised to find that he entertained no scruple whatever on that head, and was very far from dreading a rebuke either from the Archbishop, or Lady Catherine de Bourgh, by venturing to dance.

"I am by no means of the opinion, I assure you," said he, "that a ball of this kind, given by a young man of character, to respectable people, can have any evil tendency; and I am so far from objecting to dancing myself, that I shall hope to be honoured with the hands of all my fair cousins in the course of the evening; and I take this opportunity of soliciting yours, Miss Elizabeth, for the two first dances especially, a preference which I trust my cousin Jane will attribute to the right cause, and not to any disrespect for her."

Elizabeth felt herself completely taken in. She had fully proposed being engaged by Mr. Wickham for those very dances; and to have Mr. Collins instead! her liveliness had never been worse timed. There was no help for it, however. Mr. Wickham's happiness and her own were perforce delayed a little longer, and Mr. Collins's proposal accepted with as good a grace as she could. She was not the better pleased with his gallantry from the idea it suggested of something more. It now first struck her, that she was selected from among her sisters as worthy of being mistress of Hunsford Parsonage, and of assisting to form a quadrille table at Rosings, in the absence of more eligible visitors. The idea soon reached to conviction, as she observed his increasing civilities toward herself, and heard his frequent attempt at a compliment on her wit and vivacity; and though more astonished than gratified herself by this effect of her charms, it was not long before her mother gave her to understand that the probability of their marriage was extremely agreeable to her. Elizabeth, however, did not choose to take the hint, being well aware that a serious dispute must be the consequence of any reply. Mr. Collins might never make the offer, and till he did, it was useless to quarrel about him.

If there had not been a Netherfield ball to prepare for and talk of, the younger Miss Bennets would have been in a very pitiable state at this time, for from the day of the invitation, to the day of the ball, there was such a succession of rain as prevented their walking to Meryton once. No aunt, no officers, no news could be sought after — the very shoe-roses for Netherfield were got by proxy. Even Elizabeth might have found some trial of her patience in weather which totally suspended the improvement of her acquaintance with Mr. Wickham; and nothing less than a dance on Tuesday, could have made such a Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday endurable to Kitty and Lydia.

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