General consideration of stylistic classification of the English vocabulary
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Plan

     Introduction…………………………………………………………………....3

1. General considerations of stylistic classification of the English vocabulary . ...5

2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary ……………….6

2.1 Special literary vocabulary …………………………………………………..6

2.1.1 Poetic and highly literary words …………………………………………...7

2.1.2 Archaic, obsolescent and obsolete words…………………………………..8

2.1.3 Barbarisms and Foreignisms……………………………………………….8

2.1.4Literary Coinages…… ……………………………………………………..9

2.2 Special colloquial vocabulary………………………………………………10

2.2.1 Slang………………………………………………………………………10

2.2.2 Jargonisms………………………………………………………………...11

2.2.3 Professionalisms…………………………………………………………..12

2.2.4 Dialectical words………………………………………………………….13

2.2.5 Vulgarisms………………………………………………………………...13

2.2.6 Colloquial coinages………………………………………………………..14

3. Practical part…………………………………………………………………..15

    Conclusion……. ……………………………………………………………...18

    Bibliography………………………………………………………………......19

    Appendixes

Introduction

Today nearly 600 million people around the world use the English language. Only half of these people speak English as their first language. About the same number use it as a second language. It is an official language in 44 countries. In many others it is the language of business, commerce and technology.
For one thing, many books and papers in special fields are in English. As a result, specialists in these fields often learn English. Besides, specialists from different countries use their English for international communication. English is truly a world language.

The title of our course work is « General consideration of stylistic classification of the English vocabulary». It is not the news that any prepositional content – any «idea» – can be verbalized in several different ways. So, «Good morning », «Hello», «Hi », « What's up» – have the same meaning « greeting» but differ in the manner of expression, which, in its turn, depends upon the situational conditions of the communicative act.

The object of this work is consideration of stylistic classification of the English vocabulary and slang words in the English Language.

The subject is to examine the stylistic characteristics  of the English Language, to determine its main groups and to make slang analysis of the   word «money».

The aim of this work is to show peculiarities of stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary and to examine the slang synonymic group of the word «money».

This aim is realized in the following tasks:

1. to classify the English vocabulary;

2. to give the definitions of the main groups of the English vocabulary;

3 to show the examples of each group;

4. to examine the slang  words of the synonymic group of the word  «money»? ;

Theoretical value is to define stylistic classification of the English vocabulary and the main peculiarities of the slang  words of the synonymic group of the word  «money» within the English Language.

The practical value is to analyze the slang  words of the synonymic group of the word  «money».

Methods of investigation are analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, descriptive, quantitative method, comparative.

This research work consists of introduction, a theoretical part, a practical part, the conclusion, the list of references and appendices.

1. General considerations of stylistic classification of the English vocabulary

 In accordance with the division of language into literary and colloquial, we may represent the whole of the word stock of the English language as being divided into 3 main layers: the literary layer, the neutral layer and the colloquial layer.

 The literary layer of words consists of groups accepted as legitimate members of the English vocabulary. They have no local or dialect character. The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words: 1. common literary; 2. terms and learned words; 3. poetic words; 4. archaic words; 5. barbarisms and foreign words; 6. literary coinages including nonce-words.

 The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. That means it is unrestricted in its use. It can be employed in all styles and in all spheres of human activity. It is this that makes the layer the most stable of all.

 The colloquial layer of words as qualified in most English or American dictionaries is not infrequently limited to a definite language community or confined to a special locality where it circulates. The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups: 1. common colloquial words; 2. slang; 3. jargonisms; 4. professional words; 5. dialect words; 6. vulgar words; 7. colloquial coinages.

 The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary. Other groups in the literary layer are regarded as special literary vocabulary and those in the colloquial layer are regarded as special colloquial (non-literary) vocabulary [1].

2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary

 Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used in both literary and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. It is the neutral stock of words that is so far prolific in the production of new meanings.

 Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. The term literary colloquial is used to denote the vocabulary used by educated people in the course of ordinary conversation or when writing letters to intimate friends. A good sample may be found in works by a number of authors, such as J. Galsworthy, E.M. Forster, C.P. Snow, W.S. Maugham, J.B.Priestley, and others. For a modern reader it represents the speech of the elder generations. The younger generation of writers (M. Drabble for instance) adhere to familiar colloquial. So it seems in a way to be a differentiation of generations. Familiar colloquial is more emotional and much more free and careless than literary colloquial. It is also characterised by a great number of jocular or ironical expressions and nonce-words.

 Common colloquial vocabulary overlaps into the standard English vocabulary and is therefore to be considered part of it. It borders both on the neutral vocabulary and on the special colloquial vocabulary, which falls out of the standard English altogether.

The stylistic function of the different strata of the English vocabulary depends not so much on the inner qualities of each of the groups, as on their interaction when they are opposed to one another  [1].

2.1 Special literary vocabulary

2.1.1  Poetic and highly literary words

 First of all poetic words belong to a definite style of language and perform in it their direct function. If encountered in another style of speech, they assume a new function, mainly satirical, for the two notions, poetry and prose, have been opposed to each other from time immemorial.

 Poetic language has special means of communication, i.e. rhythmical arrangement, some syntactical peculiarities and certain number of special words. The specific poetic vocabulary has a marked tendency to detach itself from the common literary word stock and assume a special significance. Poetic words claim to be, as it were, of higher rank.

 Poetic words and ser expressions make the utterance understandable only to a limited number of readers. It is mainly due to poeticisms that poetical language is sometimes called poetical jargon. [1]

2.1.2 Archaic words

 The word stock of a language is in an increasing state of change. In every period in the development of a literary language one can find words which will show more or less apparent changes in their meaning or usage, from full vigour, through a moribund state, to death, i.e. complete disappearance of the unit from the language. We’ll distinguish 3 stages in the aging process of words: 1) the beginning of the aging process when the word becomes rarely used. Such words are called obsolescent, i.e. they are in the stage of gradually passing out of general use; 2) The second group of archaic words are those that have already gone completely out of use but are still recognized by the English speaking community. These words are called obsolete. 3) The third group, which may be called archaic proper, are words which are no longer recognized in modern English, words that were in use in Old English and which have either dropped out of the language entirely or have changed in their appearance so much that they have become unrecognizable [1].

 There is another class of words which is erroneously classed as archaic, historic words. Words of this type never disappear from the language.

 Archaic words are used in historical novels, in official and diplomatic documents, in business letters, legal language, etc. Archaic words, word-forms and word combinations are also used to create an elevated effect.[1]

2.1.3 Barbarisms and foreign words

 Barbarisms are words of foreign origin which have not entirely been assimilated into the English language. They bear the appearance of a borrowing and are felt as something alien to the native tongue. The great majority of the borrowed words now form part of the rank and file of the English vocabulary. There are some words which retain their foreign appearance to greater or lesser degree. These words, which are called barbarisms, are also considered to be on the outskirts of the literary language. Most of them have corresponding English synonyms. Barbarisms are not made conspicuous in the text unless they bear a special load of stylistic information.

 Foreign words do not belong to the English vocabulary. In printed works foreign words and phrases are generally italicized to indicate their alien nature or their stylistic value. There are foreign words which fulfill a terminological function. Many foreign words and phrases have little by little entered the class of words named barbarisms and many of these barbarisms have gradually lost their foreign peculiarities, become more or less naturalized and have merged with the native English stock of words.

 Both foreign words and barbarisms are widely used in various styles of language with various aims, aims which predetermine their typical functions. One of these functions is to supply local color. Barbarisms and foreign words are used in various styles of writing, but are most often to be found in the style of belles-lettres and the publicistic style.

2.1.4 Literary coinages

 As to R. Galperin every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words or new meanings of established words. Most of them do not live long. They are coined for use at the moment of speech, and therefore possess a peculiar property – that of temporariness. The given word or meaning holds only in the given context and is meant only to “serve the occasion”. However, a word or a meaning once fixed in writing may become part and parcel of the general vocabulary irrespective of the quality of the word.

 The coining of new words generally arises with the need to designate new concepts and also with the need to express nuances of meaning called forth by a deeper understanding of the nature of the phenomenon in question. There are 2 types of newly coined words: 1) those which designate new

-born concepts, may be named terminological coinages or  terminological neologisms; 2) words coined because their creators seek expressive utterance may be named stylistic coinages or stylistic neologism.

 Neologisms are mainly coined according to the productive models for word-building in the given languages. Most of the literary coinages are built by means of affixation and word compounding.

2.2 Special colloquial vocabulary

2.2.1. Slang

 The term slang is ambiguous and obscure. There are a lot of different definitions of the term slang. The “New Oxford English Dictionary” defines slang as follows: 1) the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type…; 2) the cant or jargon of a certain class or period; 3) language of highly colloquial type considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or current words employed in some special sense [15].

“The Random House Unabridged Dictionary of the English language” – slang is

1. Very informal usage in vocabulary and idiom that is characteristically more metaphorical, playful, elliptical, vivid, and ephemeral than ordinary language;
2. (in English and some other languages) speech and writing characterized by the use of vulgar and socially taboo vocabulary and idiomatic expressions;
3. The jargon of a particular class, profession, etc.
4. The special vocabulary of thieves, vagabonds, etc;
5.  To assail with abusive language;
6. Nonstandard.[7 ]

According to “ Webster's New World College Dictionary” slang is:

1. obsolete the specialized vocabulary and idioms as of criminals and tramps, the purpose of which was to disguise from outsiders the meaning of what was said: now usually called cant;
2. the specialized vocabulary and idioms of those in the same work, way of life, etc.: now usually called shoptalk, argot, jargon;
3. highly informal speech that is outside conventional or standard usage and consists both of coined words and phrases and of new or extended meanings attached to established terms: slang develops from the attempt to find fresh and vigorous, colorful, pungent, or humorous expression, and generally either passes into disuse or comes to have a more formal status. [14]

According to Chapman (1988) there are two types or forms of slang, the primary slang and secondary slang:

 a. Primarily slang is the pristine speech of subculture members, so very natural to its speakers that it seems they might be mute without it. Of course they would not be, since we know that slang is by definition always an alternative idiom, to be chosen rather than required. Much of teenage talk, and the speech of urban street gangs, would be examples of primary slang.

Primary slang can be detected by contrast, their oral language is often rich, complex, and powerful, and they live by using it effectively. Chapman (1988) calls the specialized social vocabulary of subcultures primary slang.

The primary slang of groups is often appropriated into general slang. It strikes members of the mainstream as novel, rich, and imaginative. It suggests a way of life with greater fun and excitement than the well-regulated lives of most. Adopting the vocabulary is a way of sharing vicariously in the daring while remaining apart from what is unsafe or objectionable about the way of life in the subculture.

From the sixteen samples of lyrics, fifteen lyrics that consist of eighteen slang words and phrases were identified as primary slang. They were Yo, fuckin bitch, ain't, 'sposed, hoes, back, 'bout, dis, stole, I-L-Y, fuck ya, Crib, cryin’ up a storm,  hit, sleepin, tryna, and baby. The slang words and  phrases  are  identified as a primary slang because this kind of slang to express anger,  used as a general expression used by English people on their daily communication, or it is an alternative pronunciation used by a rapper or hip hop singer to shorten, alter, or change the sound of a word. It is not related with someone attitude or something in secret.  

b. Secondary slang is chosen not so much to fix one group as to express one’s attitudes and resourcefulness by pretending momentarily, in a little stick of guerilla theatre, to be the member of street gang or criminal or gambler or a drug user or a professional football player, and hence to express someone’s contempt, superiority, cleverness by borrowing someone else verbal dress. It is also a matter of stylistic choice rather than true identification. [3]

 In England and USA slang is regarded as the quintessence of colloquial speech and therefore stands above all the laws of grammar.

As to I.V. Arnold slang  are expressive, mostly ironical words serving to create fresh names for some things that are frequent topics of discourse. For the most part they sound somewhat vulgar, cynical and harsh, aiming to show the object of speech in the light of an off-hand contemptuous ridicule. Vivid examples can be furnished by various slang words for word head are attic, brain-pan, hat peg, nut, upper storey, compare also various synonyms for the adjective. Notions that for some reason or other are apt to excite an emotional reaction attract as a rule many synonyms: there are many slang words for food, alcohol drinks, stealing and other violations of the law, for jail, death, madness, drug use, etc. The subject of slang has caused much controversy for many years. Very different opinions have been expressed concerning its nature, its boundaries and the attitude that should be adopted towards it. The question whether it should be considered a healthful source of vocabulary development or a manifestation of vocabulary decay has been often discussed .

It has been repeatedly stated by many authors that after a slang word has been used in speech for a certain period of time, people get accustomed to it and it ceases to produce that shocking effect for the sake of which it has been originally coined. The most vital among slang words are then accepted into literary vocabulary. The examples are bagger, buff,  bushpig, cock-roach, dog ,double-bagger ,monet, monster, mud duck,bet, bore, chap, donkey, fun, humbug, mob, odd, pinch, shabby, sham, snob, trip, also some words from the American slang: graft, hitch-hiker, sawbones, etc. [2].

2.2.2. Jargonisms

Jargon is a recognized term for a group of words that exist in almost every language and whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. Jargonisms are generally old words with entirely new meanings imposed on them. Most of the jargonisms of any language are absolutely incomprehensible to those outside the social group which has invented them. They may be defined as a code within a code. Jargonisms are social in character. In England and in the USA almost any social group of people has its own jargon. There is a common jargon and special professional jargons. Jargonisms do not always remain on the outskirts of the literary language. Many words entered the standard vocabulary.

Sometimes people use jargon to appear more important or smarter than others or even to confuse people. This is because jargon is usually associated with the medical or legal profession. It can be used within sports or casual groups as well.

Following are some examples of jargon in various groups.

• In the medical field, “agonal” is a term to signify a major, negative change in a patient’s condition. BP means blood pressure, FX means fracture, and JT is a joint. Nothing by mouth is NPO, intramuscular is IM, and potassium is K.
• Examples of business slang include: “Bang for the buck” is getting a lot for your money, “due diligence” is doing research before purchasing or investing in a business, and “sweat equity” is receiving equity or ownership in the business instead of a salary.
• Police jargon would include “suspect” as a person whom the police think may have committed a crime, “10-4” means” OK”, or “got it”, “Code Eight” means an officer needs help immediately, “Code Eleven” means you are on the scene, and “FTP” means failure to pay a fine.
• The military has its own jargon, too. TDY is temporary duty, AWOL is absent without leave, SQDN is a squadron, SAM is surface to air missile, PCS is permanent change of station, and LES is leave and earning statement.
• Even politics has jargon that is used. Examples of jargon are “left wing” which refers to a liberal, progressive viewpoint, “getting on a soapbox” is making a speech in public, and “back benches” are non-executive members of the party.
• Lastly, the internet is full of jargon. BTW is by the way, CYA is see you around, FAQ is frequently asked questions, HTH is hope this helps, and MOTD is message of the day. [1]

2.2.3 Professionalisms

 Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work or at home. Professional words name anew already existing concepts, tools or instruments, and have the typical properties of a special code. Their main feature is technicality. They are monosemantic.

 Professionalisms do not aim at secrecy. They fulfill a socially useful function in communication, facilitating a quick and adequate grasp of the message. Professionalisms are used in emotive prose to depict the natural speech of a character. The skilful use of a professional word will show not only the vocation of a character, but also his education, breeding, environment and sometimes even his psychology [1].

2.2.4 Dialectal words

 Dialectal words are those which in the process of integration of the English national language remained beyond its literary boundaries, and their use is generally confined to a definite locality. There sometimes is confusion between the terms dialectal, slang and vernacular. All these groups when used in emotive prose are meant to characterize the speaker as a person of a certain locality, breeding, education, etc.

 Some dialectal words are universally accepted as recognized units of the standard colloquial English. Of quite a different nature are dialectal words which are easily recognized as corruptions of standard English words. Dialectal words are only to be found in the style of emotive prose, very rarely in other styles. And even here their use is confined to the function of characterizing personalities through their speech [1].

2.2.5 Vulgar words

  The term vulgarism is rather misleading. Webster’s “New International Dictionary” defines vulgarism as “a vulgar phrase or expression, or one used only in colloquial, or, esp. in unrefined or low, speech”. I.R.Galperin defines vulgarisms as expletives or swear-words and obscene words and expressions.

 There are different degrees of vulgar words. Some of them, the obscene ones, are called “four-letter” words. A lesser degree of vulgarity is presented by expletives and they sometimes appear in euphemistic spelling.

 The function of vulgarisms is almost the same as that of interjections, that is to express strong emotions. They are not to be found in any style of speech except emotive prose, and here only in the direct speech of the characters.

2.2.6 Colloquial coinages

 Colloquial coinages (nonce-words) are spontaneous and elusive. Most of them disappear from the language leaving no trace in it. Some nonce-words and meanings may acquire legitimacy and thus become facts of the language, while on the other hand they may be classified as literary or colloquial according to which of the meanings is being dealt with.

 When a nonce-word comes into general use and is fixed in dictionaries, it is classified as a neologism for a very short period of time. This shows the objective reality of contemporary life. Technical progress is so rapid that it builds new notions and concepts which in their turn require new words to signify them. Nonce-coinage appears in all spheres of life [1].

3. Practical part

The material for my practical investigation is a synonymic group of words based on the dominant money the main semantic group of slang words   . When it comes to places, there are villages named Penny Bridge (Cumbria), Shillingford (Devon and Oxfordshire), and Pound Bank (Worcestershire). Scotland's smallest county, Clackmannanshire, has a village named Dollar. The map shows it's near Dollarbank, Dollarbeg and the Burn of Sorrow.

The following British places have money names:

PENNY: Penny Bridge, Cumbria; Pennyfuir, Argyll & Bute; Pennyghael, Argyll & Bute; Pennyglen, South Ayrshire; Pennygown, Argyll & Bute; Pennymoor, Devon.

SHILLING: Shillingford, Devon; Shillingford, Oxfordshire; Shillingford St George, Devon; Shillingstone, Dorset; Shillington, Bedfordshire.

POUND: Pound Bank, Worcestershire; Pound Green, East Sussex; Pound Hill, West Sussex; Poundffald, Swansea; Poundgate, East Sussex; Poundisford Park, Somerset; Poundland, South Ayrshire; Poundon, Buckinghamshire; Poundsbridge, Kent; Poundsgate, Devon; Poundstock, Cornwall.

DOLLAR: Dollar, Clackmannanshire; Dollar Law, Scottish Borders; Dollarbeg, Clackmannanshire.

In the United States, three towns or villages are named Greenback, three are called Dollar, four Buck, and three Bucks (which is the name of counties in both the U.K. and U.S.) If you live in any of those places, you're really in the money. [7].

• The 1920s and 1930s were particularly rich in American slang terms for money, some of which are still in use today. Some terms referred to money's use in purchasing food: bacon (as in bring home), bread, dough, and so on. (One term for counterfeit money was sourdough.) Other terms referred to the green colour of American bills: cabbage, lettuce, kale, folding green, long green.
• Rhino was a term first used in 1670. Jack derives from jackpot, originally referring to the large amounts of money you could win playing a jacks-or-better poker game. Some slang money terms: mazuma, moolah, oscar, pap, plaster, rivets, scratch, spondulicks.
• Other slang terms for a dollar include ace, bean (as in bean counter), boffo (abbreviation of box office, referring to money collected at theatres), bone, buck, bullet, case note, clam, coconut, fish, frogskin, lizard, peso, rock, scrip, simoleon, and yellowback [6].

The heavy dollar coin was once known as an iron man, plug, sinker, or wagon wheel.

 "Fiver" may be used for an Australian five-dollar note, a British five-pound note, a Canadian five-dollar bill, a five-Euro banknote or a United States five-dollar bill.

Other more general terms for money, not specifically linked to actual banknotes:

- Monetary units larger than 1 dollar are often referred to by the names of their coin counterparts: $5 is a "nickel", $10 is a "dime", and $25 is a "quarter".

- One hundred dollars is known in some circles as a "yard".

- A million dollars is sometimes called a "rock", popularized by several TV shows and movies, most recently The Sopranos. (ex., "This wedding is costing me half a rock.") [7].

There are a lot of «Slang Money terms» specific to certain social, ethnic, economic and geographic strata include "bread" (an allusion to the importance of money), "buck", "cabbage", "clam", "milk", "dosh", "dough", "shillings", "frogskins", "duckets", "greenbacks", "scrilla", "loot", "bones", lettuce ,kale, sourdough,"coin", "folding stuff", "honk", "lolly", "lucre", "filthy lucre", " moolah", "mopuses", "paper", "scratch", "shrapnel" (used to describe having large amounts of coins that are all low value), "readies",  bone,  bullet, case, note,  coconut, fish,  peso, rock, scrip, simoleon, and honey.

We analyzed the most frequently used Slang  Money  words there are 40 of them and we can see that 14 words referred to food. The results you can see in the Table 1

Table1

As a result 35% of Slang Money words referred to food.

Money as foodstuffs – bread,  cabbage,  clam,  milk,  dough,  bones,  lettuce,  kale,  greenbacks,  sourdough,  bone,  honey,  coconut,  fish,  cheese, chips, chuck,  feed, gingerbread, salt, turkey, sugar,  juice,  mazoo,  moola, peanuts, pudding, lolly 

Big sum of money - yard, rock, bundle, gravy, loot, megabucks, package, pot, stake, roll, pile, fortune earth big bucks, bomb [British], boodle, bundle, earth, fortune, king's ransom, megabucks, mint, packet [chiefly British], pile, pot; abundance, means, opulence, riches, treasure, wealth;

Bankroll, capital, finances, funds, roll, wad, wallet

Not big (little) sum of money-  chump, change, dibs, dime, mite, peanuts, pittance, shoestring; petty cash, crumb, shorts, hay, jit, tin, swindle.

Geographical words

Banknote-  dead presidents , folding money, paper money, scrip, cashier's check, check, draft, money order, note, promissory note, bill, dollar, greenback.

Coins- quarter, dime, nickel, coinage, specie dust, pelf, gold, iron man, plug, sinker, wagon or wheel.

Bankroll-  capital, finances, funds, roll, wad, wallet, resources, wherewithal.

Conclusion

In accordance with the division of language into literary and colloquial, we may represent the whole of the word stock of the English language as being divided into 3 main layers: the literary layer, the neutral layer and the colloquial layer.

 The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words: 1. common literary; 2. terms and learned words; 3. poetic words; 4. archaic words; 5. barbarisms and foreign words; 6. literary coinages including nonce-words.

 The aspect of the neutral layer can be employed in all styles and in all spheres of human activity. It is this that makes the layer the most stable of all.

 The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups: 1. common colloquial words; 2. slang; 3. jargonisms; 4. professional words; 5. dialect words; 6. vulgar words; 7. colloquial coinages.

 The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary. Other groups in the literary layer are regarded as special literary vocabulary and those in the colloquial layer are regarded as special colloquial (non-literary) vocabulary.

As to Webster´s English Dictionary Slang is a non-standard vocabulary composed of words and senses characterized primary by connotations of extreme informality and usually a currency not limited to a particular region and composed typically of coinages or arbitrarily changed words, clipped or shortened forms, extravagant, forced or facetious figures of speech, or verbal novelties usually experiencing quick popularity and relatively rapid decline into disuse.

In this work I examine   slang  words of the synonymic group of the word  «money » and  prove  that most of them  referred to food.

5. Bibliography

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     национального периода. Авто-реф. докт. Дис. ... канд. филол. наук. Л., 1980.

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10 Slang Euphemisms for 'Money'- электронный ресурс                        http://www.fun-with-words.com/money_words.html

11. Slang terms for money -   электронный ресурс   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang_terms_for_money

12. Partridge E.A. Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. – London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.

 13. Webster´s English Dictionary электронный ресурс. - Режим доступа: http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~hallgren/wget.cgi?derivation

14. Webster's New World College Dictionary электронный ресурс- http://www.yourdictionary.com/slang 

15 Oxford English Dictionary. Second Edition электронный ресурс - Oxford University Press 2009.

16. Мюллер. В.К. «Англо – Русский словарь» 12-е издание. М. Русский язык медиа. 2005.

17. Example Articles & Resources - электронный ресурс http://examples.yourdictionary.com

18. Collins Paperback Thesaurus. Harper Collins Publishers, major new edition 1997.