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консультация по английскому языку (6 класс)
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Great Britain
Great Britain forms the greater part of the British Isles, which lie off the north-west coast of mainland Europe. Great Britain is in fact the biggest of the groupof islands which lies between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The totalarea is 242,534-sq. km. «Great Britain` is a geographical expression but the«United Kingdom» is a political expression. The full name is the United Kingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The population of the United Kingdom is 57 mln people. Thelargest and the most populated part of the United Kingdom is England. Its population is 47. 837 mlnpeople and its capital is London. Scotland is the most northern part of the island of Great Britain. Itspopulation is over 5 mln people. The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh.
Famous people
Charles Dickens
Four of the best English writers of the 19th century: Dickens, Thackeray,Charlotte Bronte and Elisabeth Gaskell were called by Karl Marx the «GloriousSchool of English Novelists». Marx said that these writers had done more toshow social and political truths to the world than all the politicians, journalistsand moralists put together. They gave a picture of the English upper classeswith all their selfishness and pride, their ignorance and greed.
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England.He was the fifth child and second son of Robert Waring Darwin and SusannahWedgwood. Darwin was the British naturalist who became famous for histheories of evolution and natural selection. Like several scientists before him,Darwin believed all the life on earth evolved (developed gradually) over millionsof years from a few common ancestors.
Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer.
His first role was on the sitcom Growing Pains, but his breakthrough film performance came in ThisBoy’s Life. This was quickly followed by What’s Eating Gilbert Grape; his performance as thementally handicapped brother of Gilbert (Johnny Depp) brought him nominations for the GoldenGlobe and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. DiCaprio has also been nominated for twoBAFTAs, three SAGs, and seven Golden Globes. He is a Golden Globe and a Silver Bear winner.
He gained fame for his role as Jack Dawson in Titanic, and has starred in many other successfulfilms including Romeo + Juliet, Catch Me If You Can, and Blood Diamond, for which he wasnominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Another Academy Award nomination came forhis role as Howard Hughes in The Aviator, directed by Martin Scorsese. He has also worked withScorsese in Gangs of New York, The Departed and Shutter Island.
DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles, California, the only child of a former legal secretary, and anunderground comic artist and producer of comic books. His parents divorced when he was a yearold and he lived mostly with his mother, although his father was around intermittently. During hischildhood, DiCaprio was interested in baseball cards, comic books, and frequently visited museumswith his father.
DiCaprio’s career began with his appearing in several commercials and educational films. He gothis break on television in 1990 when he was cast in the short-lived series based on the movieParenthood. His debut film role was Critters 3, a B-grade horror film, which later went straight tovideo.
His breakthrough came in 1992, when he beat out hundreds of other boys for the role of Toby Wolffin This Boy’s Life, co-starring Robert De Niro and Ellen Barkin. The move from «star» to«superstar» came when DiCaprio played Jack Dawson in the 1997 blockbuster Titanic, hispopularity skyrocketed, with the media dubbing it «Leo-mania».
In 2002, DiCaprio starred in Gangs of New York (directed by Martin Scorsese) and Catch Me If YouCan (directed by Steven Spielberg). Both films were very well received by critics. DiCapriocontinued his run with Scorsese in the 2006 film The Departed as Billy Costigan, a smartundercover cop in Boston. His next film was Blood Diamond, released in December 2006.
In 2010, DiCaprio starred in Shutter Island directed by Martin Scorsese, which is based on thenovel of the same name by Dennis Lehane.
Australia
Australia, or the Commonwealth of Australia, as it is officially called, is situated on the island continent. It also occupies the Island of Tasmania and some minor islands round the coast of the continent.
It is a highly developed industrial-agrarian country. Its area is about 8 million km2. It is the only state in the world that occupies the territory of a whole continent.
The capital of Australia is Canberra, which became the capital only in 1927.
From 1787 to 1867 Australia was a place where criminals were sent from Britain. That is why the official language of Australia is English.
Almost one half of Australian territory is occupied by deserts and semideserts. For quite a long period of time it was thought to be useless for economic development. But it is rich in coal, iron ore, bauxites, uranium, lead and many other mineral resources.
For almost a century the production and export of sheep wool was the basis of the economy of the country. Now the most important industries are oil, chemical, ore mining, radioelectronics, and food industry. The country exports agricultural products and raw materials.
As for the nature, the commonest trees of Australia are the eucalyptus and the Australian acacia or mimosa, the national emblem of the country. Such unusual animals as a kangaroo or a koala-bear originate from Australia.
Australia is one of the most unusual and exotic countries of the world. A significant feature of modern Australian society is the representation of a lot of cultures drawn from many lands by its people.
Historically part of the British Empire and now a member of a Commonwealth of Nations, it is a relatively prosperous and independent nation.
The USA
The United States of America is one of the greatest countries in the world.
It is situated on the North American continent and is washed by three oceans: the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Arctic.
The USA borders only on two countries — Canada and Mexico.
This great country has a lot of mountains, rivers, lakes. The main mountains are the Appalachians and the Cordilleras. The longest rivers are the Mississippi and the Missouri.
The climate of the country is varied. In the southern part it is subtropical while the northern part has very cold weather in winter.
America has fifty states and one federal District of Columbia where the capital of the country is situated.
The capital of the USA is Washington. It stands on the Potomac river in the eastern part of the country.
The main cities are located on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. New-York is the largest city of the country. Other large cities are San-Francisco, Los-Angeles, Detroit, Chicago, Phoenix and Dallas.
The USA is a country of highly developed industry and agriculture. The main industrial centres are Chicago and Detroit, with their greatest automobile company “General Motors”. There are many farms with various agricultural products. Grain, fruit and vegetables are grown on numerous fields especially in the South.
The USA is a country with great holidays, customs and traditions. It is one of the most beautiful and interesting countries in the world.
My favourite writers — Мои любимые писатели
I’m fond of reading. Usually I borrow books from the library, but I have a lot of them at home, too. Ilike to read books about the history of our country, about famous people and the life of mycontemporaries abroad. Literature means much in my life. It helps to form the character and theworld outlook, to understand life better. There are some names in Russian and foreign literaturesthat are very dear to me. In Russian literature I value Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883)highly. For me he is a real intellectual and aristocrat, a man of culture, devoted to literature, musicand painting. Though he lived abroad for a long time he didn’t stop to be a Russian writer for amoment. He created a number of national characters in his books. The image of urgency’s woman,deeply feeling, faithful and tender is an ideal of a Russian woman for me. It doesn’t lose its charmeven today. Turgenev’s descriptions of nature are delightful too. Take for example his «ByezhinPrairie», «Torrents of spring» etc. Turgenev’s prose is very poetic. His style is perfect; his dialoguesare easy-read, interesting, life-like, and yet always significant. One may think that Turgenev is toobalanced, too poetic for the new age, but one must admit that these are the qualities we badly lacktoday. Of the present day writers and poets I like Eugene Evtushenko, Valentin Rasputin, ValentinPikul, Boris Vasilyev, Tatyana Tolstaya, Andrei Dementyev. Their books are very humane andrealistic. They assert high moral principles into life. And this is very important nowadays. Myfavourite foreign writer is O’Henry. In childhood I was deeply impressed by his story «The Last Leaf.Since». Since then I bear in my heart the image of a young girl suffering from incurable illness andher friends doing everything they can to give her hope and bring back to life. The author penetratesdeeply into a person’s soul and reveals its best qualities. He obviously sympathises with commonpeople, describes their feelings to other people, their warm-heartedness and kindness.
My Favourite Writer (I. Turgenev) — Мой любимый
I’m fond of reading. Usually I borrow books from the library, but I have a lot of them at home, too. Ilike to read books about famous people and detective stories. Literature means much in my life. Ithelps to form the character and to understand life better.
There are some names in Russian and Foreign literature that are very dear to me.
In Russian literature I highly appreciate Ivan Sergiyovych Turgenev. For me he is a real intellectualand aristocrat, a man of culture, devoted to literature, music and art. Though he lived abroad for along time he didn’t stop to be a Russian writer-for a moment. He created a number of nationalcharacters in his books. The image of Turgenev s woman, deeply feeling, faithful and tender is anideal of a Russian woman for me. It doesn’t lose its charm even today.
Of the present day writers and poets I like Eugenij Evtushenko, Valentin Rasputin, Valentin Pikul,Boris Vasyljev. Their works are very human and realistic. They assert high moral principles in life.
And this is very important nowadays. My favourite writer is O’Henry, too. In my childhood I wasdeeply impressed by his story «The Last Leaf». Since then I bear in my heart the image of a younggirl suffering from the incurable illness, and her friends doing all they can to give her hope and bringback to life.
My Favourite Writer (A. Marinina) — Мой любимый
Reading is one of my hobbies, and that’s why I try to use every spare minute to read. I like differentkinds of literature.
I like Russian and foreign, classic and modern literature. I usually read different books: love stories,detective stories or historical novels.
I want to tell you about my favourite writer, it is Alexandra Marinina. She is considered to be aRussian Queen of detective prose. The works of this author are really interesting.
In all books there are the same characters and starting a new book you meet old friends. Theauthor used to work as an investigator and she knows how to arouse the readers interest and at thesame time writes the facts that could take place.
Many detective novels by Marinina are translated into foreign languages and foreign readers cancompare our writer with Agatha Christie. When I got acquainted with these books I was greatlyimpressed by the wit and humour.
The main character, a slender and weak woman, doesn’t need to fight with the criminals using judoor something like that. She is very clever and intelligent. Her brain works as a good computer.
All the actions and characters are described so vividly that I had a feeling of our possible meetingwhen I visited Moscow last summer. Unfortunately I don’t have complete works by Marinina, it’simpossible, she’s still writing. But I always recommend my friends to read these books.
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Scotland
Part of the United Kingdom
Scotland is an integral part of the United Kingdom. It occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Scotland is a very small country. It’s about 274 miles long. The river Tweed and the Cheviot Hills form Scotland’s border with England. The Northwest Channel separates Scotland from Northern Ireland in the south-west. In the north and in the west the country is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The eastern coast is washed by the North Sea, which separates Scotland from the mainland of Europe. It should also be mentioned that Scotland includes over 790 islands. The population of the country is about 5 million people.
Main industrial cities
The country’s main industrial cities are Glasgow, which is the largest one in Scotland, and Edinburgh, the capital of the country. Edinburgh is also one of the largest financial centres of Europe. Scottish waters of the North Atlantic and the North Sea contain the largest oil reserves in the European Union. That is why Aberdeen has been given the title of Europe’s oil capital.
The capital of the country
Scottish towns are quite different from English ones. The capital of the country is one of the most attractive cities in Scotland. In spite of being a busy modern city, Edinburgh is famous for its history. There are nine hills in Edinburgh. On the highest hill one can see Edinburgh Castle, which was the home of Scotland’s royal family until 1603. The road which begins at the castle and goes eastwards is called Royal Mile, at the end of which there is the Palace of Hollyroodhouse.
Scottish culture
As for Scottish culture, music is its significant aspect. A famous traditional instrument is the Great Highland Bagpipe. Sport is another important element of Scottish culture. Highland games, or Scottish Olympics, as they are called, are held in the country every year.
Famous people
Charlotte Bronte
Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816 in a small English town. Charlotte and her sisters, Emily andAnn, had a very hard life, from early childhood they knew poverty and very hard work.
Charlotte received her education at an orphanage (which she described in her novel Jane Eyre).After that she worked as a governess and a teacher. The works of Charlotte Bronte, together withCharles Dickens, William Thackery and Elisabeth Gaskell are considered to belong to the fineschool of English realism of the first half of the 19th century.
In her works she wrote about the society she lived in and criticized it. Her first novel The Professorwas published only after Charlottte’s death. The best novel Jane Eyre, published in 1847, is partlybiographical. In 1849 the novel Shirley was published. The story is about the Luddits, workers whodid not understand that the real enemy of the working class were the capitalists and aristocrats.They thought that machinery, which they destroyed, was their enemy.
The last novel Vilette came out in 1853.
Charlotte Bronte died from tuberculosis in 1855.
The three Bronte sisters are well known writers and their books are published in many countries.
Isaac Levitan
Isaac Ilyich Levitan, the great Russian artist, became the first painter of the Russian scenery, whorevealed all its beauty. He is a real poet of the Russian countryside. He continued and developedthe traditions of painters of the Russian realistic school — Savrasov, Polenov, Serov. Levitan foundsignificant meaning and poetry in what would seem the most everyday subjects.
He is a very individual sort of painter. You can’t but appreciate his paintings, because there issomething in his landscapes that reflects our own moods.
He deeply felt what he wished to express and his brush transferred these feelings to the canvas. Itis interesting to note that a master of landscape, he never introduced figures into it. Though if youlook at the Autumn Day in Sokolniki — everything seems to bring out the loneliness of the figure inthe centre: the trees losing their leaves, the remote, indifferent sky, the path going off into thedistance. But the fact is that it was not Levitan who painted the figure. It was Checkov’s brotherNicolai who did it.
His travels over the Volga region influenced Levitan’s art, the impression made on him by the greatRussian river was unforgettable. For his life and painting he chose Plyoss — a small beautiful townon the Volga. His paintings Evening, Golden Plyoss, After Rain reflect his love for nature.
Last summer I visited Plyoss and saw the places where the great pictures were painted. Manypeople admire his pictures Deep Waters, Evening Bells, Springtime, The Last Snow and, of course,his famous Golden Autumn. All his paintings are very emotional, lyrical and realistic.
In the closing years of his life Levitan made several journeys abroad to France, Italy and Germanywhere he painted a number of landscapes, although his best works of the period were devoted toRussia. He was only 40 when he died in 1900.
Levitan’s influence on the painters of lyrical landscapes was great. Levitan’s feeling for nature, hisgreat love for his native land, his ability to reveal and depict the poetry of the Russian land havewon his paintings the love and gratitude of people.
Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) was born on the 24 May 1819. Queen Victoria was a strong queen.You can see her monument in front of the Buckingham Palace. Queen Victoria ascended the thronein 1837 and reigned until her death in 1901. She ruled for the longest period in the English history,for 64 years. Victoria married a German, Prince Albert, but he died at the age of 42 in 1861. Thatwas a great tragedy for Queen Victoria. She left London and never lived in the city where she hadbeen so happy with her husband and nine children (5 daughters and 4 sons). But there are placesin London that reminds us of their love. One of them is the Royal Albert Hall — a very large concerthall where the best musicians of the world perform classical music. In front of the Albert Hall thereis a monument to Prince Albert built by Queen Victoria. Another place is the Victoria and AlbertMuseum (V&A) with its rich collections of paintings and other works of art. The family life of QueenVictoria touched people’s hearts. But this is not only reason why Queen Victoria became verypopular. During her reign Britain became a rich industrial country with a developed trade, an empirewith a lot of colonies.
Though Victoria ascended the throne at a time when the United Kingdom was already anestablished constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers, she stillserved as a very important symbolic figure of her time. The Victorian era represented the height ofthe Industrial Revolution, a period of significant social, economic, and technological progress in theUnited Kingdom. Victoria’s reign was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire; during thisperiod it reached its zenith, becoming the foremost global power of the time.
England
England is often subdivided into three parts: the South, the Midlands and theNorth.
The South.
The landscape is varied. The climate is warmer than in otherareas. There are hundreds of miles of sea coast which vary from flat or stonybeaches to high rocky cliffs. The mild and sunny climate makes the south coastpopular with holiday-makers. Some coastal resorts are famous, Brighton amongthem. Somerset, Devon and Cornwall are rural countries with hidden fishinghamlets and Britain`s warmest weather in winter. There are high and deep wooded valleys. Inland,the landscape is gentle and green; it`s famous for it`s quite beauty of its countryside. One of themost beautiful countries in the South of England is certainly Kent. It is known as the gardens ofEngland, because it is famous for its fruit and vegetables. In general, the Southis wealthier than other areas of Britain. Work of all kinds is provided on the land.British Aerospace has factories building aeroplanes in several parts of theSouth. Lots of people are involved in service industries including financial,business and government services, computer services and information system.There are science-based companies and research organizations.
The Midlands.
The Midlands Region has much farming land, but this part of the country is better known as anindustrial area. Birmingham which is often called `the big heart of England`, is the most importantcity of the Midlands. It is the second largest city in the United Kingdom. Birmingham is famous forengineering, especially car production. Derby is another engineering centre. Rolls Royce makes aero engines and cars there. The West Midlands, Anotherindustrialized area where there are many collieries and steelworks, is known asthe Black smoke and blackened buildings there. In contrast, the Midlands regionhas some beautiful picturesque countryside in the Peak District with its NationalPark.
The North.
The weather is considerably colder. There is almost alwayssnow in winter. This is a region of great natural beauty although industry of some kind has existedhere for hundreds of years. There is a great contrast in the North between the beautiful open, hillycountryside and the industrial towns and mining villages.
In parts of the North — in Yorkshireparticularly — there are gentle wooded valleys and green pastures and excellent farming land.West Yorkshire is very good country for ship-farming, and it has long beenBritain`s most important area for the wool industry. Some famous industrialcities in the North are Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds and Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Sport in Great Britain
Sport plays such a large part in British life that many idioms in the English language have comefrom the world of sport.
For example, «that’s not cricket» means «that’s not fair» and «to play thegame» means «to be fair». The most popular sport in England is football. A lot of people supporttheir local clubs at matches on Saturday afternoons or watch the matches on television.
Thefootball league in England and Wales has four divisions. Each division contains twenty teams.There are two main prizes each season. The football league championship is won by the team thatis top of the first division. The final of this competition takes place every May at the famousWembley stadium, in London. Some of the best-known clubs in England are Manchester United,Liverpool and Arsenal. But many clubs have problems with money at the moment. Some peoplesay that the league is too big and that the players get paid too much. Others say that television ismaking the crowds stay at home.
Sport has for a long time been a very important part of a child’s education in Britain, not just — asyou may think to develop physical abilities, but also to provide a certain kind of moral education.Team games encourage such social qualities as enthusiasm, cooperation, loyalty andunselfishness.
Sports in Russia
Sport has always been popular in our country. There are different sporting societies and clubs in Russia. Many of them take part in different international tournaments and are known all over the world. A great number of world records have been set by Russian sportsmen: gymnasts, weightlifters, tennis players, swimmers, figure skaters, runners, high jumpers. Our sportsmen take part in the Olympic Games and always win a lot of gold, silver and bronze medals.
Millions of people watch figure skating competitions, hockey and football matches, car races, tennis tournaments and other sports events. Certainly watching sports events and going in for sports are two different things.
In the past it was never admitted that professional sport existed in our country. The official point of view was that our sport was totally amateur. Now everybody knows that sport can be a profession and a business.
But sport can be fun as well. Besides, it helps to stay in good shape, to keep fit and to be healthy.
Doing sports is becoming more and more popular. Some people do it occasionally — swimming in summer, skiing or skating in winter — but many people go in for sports on a more regular basis. They try to find time to go to a swimming pool or a gym at least once a week for aerobics or yoga classes, body building or just work-out on a treadmill. Some people jog every morning, some play tennis.
For those who can afford it there are clubs where they give lessons of scuba diving or riding. In spring and summer young people put on their rollerskates and skate in the streets and parks.
The United States of America
The USA is the most powerful and highly developed country of the world. It is situated in the centralpart of the North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and itseastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
The USA is separated from Canada in the north by the 49th parallel and the Great Lakes, and fromMexico in the south by a line following the Rio Grande River and continuing across the highlands tothe Pacific Ocean. The total area of the USA is over 9 million square kilometres.
The continental part of the USA consists of the highland regions and two lowland regions. Thehighland regions are the Appalachia mountains in the east and the Cordillera in the west.
Between the Cordillera and the Appalachian Montains are the central lowlands which are called theprairie, and eastern lowlands called the Mississi ppi valley.
The principal rivers of the USA are the Mississippi, the longest river in the world (7,330 km) and theHudson river. The climate of the USA differs greatly from one part of the country to another. Thecoldest climate is in the northern part, where there is heavy snow in winter and the temperaturemay go down to 40 degrees below zero.
The south has a subtropical climate, with temperature ashigh as 49 degrees in summer.
The population of the United States of America is about 250 million people, who are calledAmericans. Most of the people live in towns and the population of the countryside is becomingsmaller and smaller.
For many decades the USA has been the place where lots of people sought refuge frompersecution for political or religious beliefs. That’s why in America there are representatives ofpractically all racial and national groups. There are about 25 million Negroes in the country and alittle over half a million Indians.
The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia. Washington is abeautiful administrative city with practically no industry.
The USA is a highly developed industrial state. Its agriculture is also highly mechanized.
There are coal-mines in the Cordillera Mountains, in the Kansas City region. Iron is mined near theGreat Lakes. The USA has rich oil-fields in California, Texas and some other regions. It occupiesone of the first places among the countries of the world for production of coal, iron and oil.
The USA has a highly developed motor-ear industry. It would be no exaggeration to say that carshave become the symbol of American way of life. The vehicles produced at such companies asFord and the General Motors are known world-wide.
The motor-car industry is concentrated in andaround Detroit. Ship-building is developed along the Atlantic coast and in San Francisco. The textileindustry is to be found in the north-east and in the south of the country.
The USA has a highly developed railway system. It also has the best network of roads in the world.They are called highways.
The USA is a federal country of 50 states and the District of Columbia. The political life of thecountry has always been dominated by the two major parties: the Democratic party and theRepublican party. At an election time they contest presidency and the majority of seats in theCongress. The Congress is the highest legislative body of the country. It consists of two chambers— the House of Representatives and the Senate.
The President, elected by the whole nation for four years, is head of the state and the Government.
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