Методическое пособие «Написание эссе: лексические средства связи
учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку (10, 11 класс) на тему

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Повторение лексических средств связи 1 Revising Linking Words and Phrases Тоисева Ирина Вадимовна ГБОУ СОШ № 27 имени И.А.Бунина Учитель высшей квалификационной категории

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Перед занятием необходимо распечатать текстовый документ «Повторение лексических средств связи 1»

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Ex. 1. Write in the gaps A – for a point which contrasts (disagrees) with the point made in the second sentence B – for a point which supports (agrees with) the point made in the second sentence C – for the point which gives the cause (the reason) for something happening Example: B - Moreover, many educational psychologists argue today that strict classroom discipline is actually disincentive to effective and efficient learning.

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Answers to exercise 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c a b a b b c c b a

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2 . Underline the words and phrases in each sentence. Write them in an appropriate column Introducing contrast Introducing a supportive argument Introducing a result Show answers

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Answers to exercise 2 Introducing contrast Introducing a supportive argument Introducing a result However On the other hand Despite this In addition Apart from that What’s more Lastly As a result In consequence Thus

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3. For each sentence decide what kind of point the writer makes in the next sentence. Write in the gaps of the printed out word document 4. Underline the words or phrases which helped you to make a decision A – for a point which contrasts (disagrees) with the point made in the previous sentence B – for a point which supports (agrees with) the point made in the previous sentence C - for a point which gives the effect (the result) of the point made in the previous sentence D - for a point which is the writer’s own opinion E - for a point which is someone else’s opinion F – for a conclusion G – for an example

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Answers to exercise 3 and 4. Words or phrases to be underlined: On the one hand, Secondly, For instance, To sum up, According to, Therefore, To my mind 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a b g f e c d

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5. Put in the correct order Find exercise 5 in the printed out word document Here is an essay giving an opinion on mobile phones at school. The sentences are in the wrong order. Rewrite the text in your notebook, putting the sentences into the correct order. Pay attention to the words and phrases in bold. The first sentence has been done for you.

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Answers to exercise 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a c e b f d g i h j

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6. Look at the words and phrases in the table, and write a letter from the list of purposes in the table (the next slide) a. Expressing contrast b. Introducing a further point in a list of points c. Expressing results d. Presenting two opposing points of view e. Introducing a final point in a list of points f. Expressing someone else’s opinion g. Introducing the first point in a list of points h. Introducing a conclusion i . Expressing your opinion j. Giving examples k. Presenting two (dis)advantages together l. Talking about reasons

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6 . Fill in the purpose column of the table Purpose Discursive words and phrases First, Firstly, First of all, To start with, To begin with Second( ly ), Third( ly ), Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, What is more, Apart from that Finally, Lastly, Last but not least Not only … but also On the one hand … on the other hand For this reason, Because of this, As, Since, Due to (the fact that) Therefore, Thus, As a result However, but, although, though, even though, in spite of, despite, nevertheless, yet, despite the fact that For example, for instance, such as, like, namely In my opinion, as I see it, to my mind, I believe (that), I feel very strongly that, I am inclined to believe that, Some people believe that, According to, it is said that, It is believed that To conclude, in conclusion, to sum up, all in all, in summary, all things considered, Taking everything into account Show answers

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Answers to exercise 6

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Homework Замените выделенные средства связи полученного текста (упражнение 5) на синонимичные, используя таблицу в упражнении № 6

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Additional exercise 1 Rewrite the sentences below using the word given, make any necessary changes. Examples: 1. We left late. We still got there in time. ALTHOUGH : Although we left late, we got there in time. 2. The south is hot and dry. The north gets a lot of rain WHEREAS : The south is hot and dry whereas the north gets a lot of rain. 3. The dress was expensive. She bought it. HOWEVER : The dress was expensive. However she bought it. 4. We had many problems. We still enjoyed the trip. DESPITE\ IN SPITE OF : Despite (in spite of) all the problems, we still enjoyed the trip.

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Additional exercise 1 a . She still won the game. She had a bad knee. (although) b. He had no money. He still seemed very happy. (despite) c. The hotel was wonderful. We did not like the town itself. (However) d. He worked hard at school. His classmates were lazy. (whereas) e. He decided to take the job. It is not really what he wanted. (however) f. He went to school today. He felt unwell. (despite) g. He did not pass his exam. I gave him help. (in spite of) h. John is careful. Alice makes many mistakes (whereas) i . She is a good teacher. I do not agree with a lot of her methods. (Although) j. I liked the film very much. My friends thought it was a fairly stupid one. (whereas). Sample answers

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Sample answers to additional exercise 2 a. She still won the game, although she had a bad knee. b. Despite having no money, he still seemed very happy. c. The hotel was wonderful. However, we did not like the town itself. d. He worked hard at school, whereas his classmates were lazy. e. He decided to take the job. However, it is not really what he wanted. f. Despite feeling unwell, he went to school today. g. He did not pass his exam, in spite of the help I gave him. h. John is careful, whereas Alice makes many mistakes. i . Although I do not agree with a lot of her methods, she is a good teacher. j. I liked the film very much, whereas my friends thought it was a fairly stupid one.

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Additional exercise 2 Underline the most suitable word or phrase in this text Owning a car is very beneficial. 1. First of all\ Personally\ As a result you can go wherever you want. You don’t have to depend on public transport and 2. besides this\ as a result\however you feel more independent. 3. In contrast\In my view\ Besides this, you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. 4. To sum up\ On the other hand\ Thus there can be problems, especially if you live in the city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items 5. as \ such as\ owing to petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. 6. Finally\ As \ However , most people feel the benefits of owing a car outweigh the possible drawbacks. 7. For\ As well as this\ Consequently most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. 8. For example\ Personally\ In comparison , I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, 9. thus, for example, since they are noisy and dirty. 10. In comparison\ Moreover\ Personally, the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. (From First Certificate Language Practice by M.Vince , Macmillan, 2003) Answers

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Answers to additional exercise 2 Owning a car is very beneficial. 1. First of all \ Personally\ As a result you can go wherever you want. You don’t have to depend on public transport and 2. besides this\ as a result \ however you feel more independent. 3. In contrast\In my view\ Besides this , you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. 4. To sum up\ On the other hand \ Thus there can be problems, especially if you live in the city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items 5. as\ such as \ owing to petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. 6. Finally\ As \ However , most people feel the benefits of owing a car outweigh the possible drawbacks. 7. For\ As well as this\ Consequently most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. 8. For example\ Personally \ In comparison, I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, 9. thus, for example, since they are noisy and dirty. 10. In comparison\ Moreover \ Personally, the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. (From First Certificate Language Practice by M.Vince , Macmillan, 2003, p.186)

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Bibliography 1. Мария Вербицкая, Малколм Манн, Стив Тейлор- Ноулз , Учебное пособие для подготовки к ЕГЭ по английскому языку: чтение и письмо, Макмиллан, 2010. 2. Michael Vince with Paul Emmerson , First Certificate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary, Macmillan, 2003 3. Stuart Redman, English Vocabulary in use, Pre-intermediate and intermediate, CUP, 2009

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Повторение лексических средств связи 2 Revising Linking Words and Phrases Тоисева Ирина Вадимовна ГБОУ СОШ № 27 имени И.А.Бунина

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1.What is the purpose of each sentence? ( Установите соответствие между высказываниями 1 – 7 и указанными целями a - g ) a . Introducing the topic e. Presenting a disadvantage b. Giving opinion f. presenting two opposing points of view c. Giving an example g. presenting a conclusion d. Presenting an advantage 1. Many factories still allow pollutants, such as toxic waste, to flow into our rivers. 2. Animal protection is an important part of the work of the World Wildlife Fund. 3. To sum up, Rainforest Realities failed to present the true reality of the tragedy that is taking place in South America. 4. I would argue that toxic waste is responsible for polluting many rivers. 5. Firstly, planting trees and creating parks would definitely benefit big cities. 6. Finally, the minister for the environment highlighted that introducing a recycling scheme would demand serious expenses. 7. Secondly, although organic farming is becoming more and more popular, there will be a demand for GM foods to solve global food problem. Show answers

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Answers to exercise 1 sentence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 purpose c a g b d e f

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2. Read the paragraph and put the sentences in the correct order. Underline the words which have helped you to decide. a. They emit greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming and climate change. b. Firstly it is practical as it is cheap to set up and maintain. c. Above all, they are kind to our planet, because they do not damage the environment. d. Wind power could be this alternative form of energy. e. One cannot deny the fact that traditional methods of electricity generation are harmful for the environment. f. Therefore, we are desperately in need of a new form of energy, which will be capable of generating enough power. g. What is more, wind turbines make hardly any noise and they are not unpleasant to look at, not as ugly as nuclear power stations. Show answers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Answers to exercise 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e a f d b g c

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Look at the words and phrases in the table, and write a letter from the list of purposes in the table (the next slide) a. Expressing contrast b. Introducing a further point in a list of points c. Expressing results d. Presenting two opposing points of view e. Introducing a final point in a list of points f. Expressing someone else’s opinion g. Introducing the first point in a list of points h. Introducing a conclusion i . Expressing your opinion j. Giving examples k. Presenting two (dis)advantages together l. Talking about reasons

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3. Fill in the purpose column of the table Purpose Discursive words and phrases First, Firstly, First of all, To start with, To begin with Second( ly ), Third( ly ), Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, What is more, Apart from that Finally, Lastly, Last but not least Not only … but also On the one hand … on the other hand For this reason, Because of this, As, Since, Due to (the fact that) Therefore, Thus, As a result However, but, although, though, even though, in spite of, despite, nevertheless, yet, despite the fact that For example, for instance, such as, like, namely In my opinion, as I see it, to my mind, I believe (that), I feel very strongly that, I am inclined to believe that, Some people believe that, According to, it is said that, It is believed that To conclude, in conclusion, to sum up, all in all, in summary, all things considered, Taking everything into account Show answers

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Answers to exercise 3

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Study the model essay and underline or highlight all the discursive words and phrases. Replace them with the words from the table. It is widely believed that the environment is one of the biggest problems facing society today. The effects of a growing population, rising temperatures and massive pollution should worry us all. However, the question states that many Russians are basically indifferent to what happens to the environment. Unfortunately, I would agree that some Russians have little interest in the environment. Firstly, if you go to a town in Europe you will notice a great difference in people’s attitude to the environment. For example, you will find rubbish bins with sections for recycling different things. At the same time it is very hard to find this kind of thing here and heaps of unsorted rubbish are an extremely common sight. Still it could be argued that Russia has an amazing natural environment and many people, young and old, like going to the countryside, whether nearby or further away in truly wild places like Kamchatka. Surely this must show that Russians do care about what is around them and want to keep it beautiful. While there is some truth in this argument, unfortunately too few people in our country take practical steps to save the environment. Perhaps we are spoilt by living in such a big country with a relatively small population. Of course, those who live in densely populated countries like Japan and England worry more about the environment because it is easier to spoil everything. In conclusion, I have to agree that most Russians just ignore environmental problems. Although we enjoy the natural beauty around us, in contrast to other nations, we do not do much to protect it. (Adapted from: Exam Success, CUP, 2013) Show answers

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The answer to the previous task. Rewrite the essay using the words from the table. It is widely believed that the environment is one of the biggest problems facing society today. The effects of a growing population, rising temperatures and massive pollution should worry us all. However , the question states that many Russians are basically indifferent to what happens to the environment. Unfortunately, I would agree that some Russians have little interest in the environment. Firstly , if you go to a town in Europe you will notice a great difference in people’s attitude to the environment. For example , you will find rubbish bins with sections for recycling different things. At the same time it is very hard to find this kind of thing here and heaps of unsorted rubbish are an extremely common sight. Still it could be argued that Russia has an amazing natural environment and many people, young and old, like going to the countryside, whether nearby or further away in truly wild places like Kamchatka. Surely this must show that Russians do care about what is around them and want to keep it beautiful. While there is some truth in this argument , unfortunately too few people in our country take practical steps to save the environment. Perhaps we are spoilt by living in such a big country with a relatively small population. Of course, those who live in densely populated countries like Japan and England worry more about the environment because it is easier to spoil everything. In conclusion , I have to agree that most Russians just ignore environmental problems. Although we enjoy the natural beauty around us, in contrast to other nations, we do not do much to protect it. (Adapted from: Exam Success, CUP, 2013) Sample answer

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Sample answer Many people believe that the environment is one of the biggest problems facing society today. The effects of a growing population, rising temperatures and massive pollution should worry us all. Yet , the question states that many Russians are basically indifferent to what happens to the environment. Unfortunately, I feel very strongly that some Russians have little interest in the environment. To begin with , if you go to a town in Europe you will notice a great difference in people’s attitude to the environment. Namely , you will find rubbish bins with sections for recycling different things. However , it is very hard to find this kind of thing here and heaps of unsorted rubbish are an extremely common sight. Nevertheless , it is believed that Russia has an amazing natural environment and many people, young and old, like going to the countryside, whether nearby or further away in truly wild places like Kamchatka. Surely this must show that Russians do care about what is around them and want to keep it beautiful. Although there is some truth in this argument, unfortunately too few people in our country take practical steps to save the environment. Perhaps we are spoilt by living in such a big country with a relatively small population. Of course, those who live in densely populated countries like Japan and England worry more about the environment since it is easier to spoil everything. All things considered , I have to agree that most Russians just ignore environmental problems. Despite the fact that we enjoy the natural beauty around us, apart from other nations, we do not do much to protect it. (Adapted from: Exam Success, CUP, 2013)

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Additional exercise 1 Rewrite the sentences below using the word given, make any necessary changes. a. She still won the game. She had a bad knee. (although) b. He had no money. He still seemed very happy. (despite) c. The hotel was wonderful. We did not like the town itself. (However) d. He worked hard at school. His classmates were lazy. (whereas) e. He decided to take the job. It is not really what he wanted. (however) f. He went to school today. He felt unwell. (despite) g. He did not pass his exam. I gave him help. (in spite of) h. John is careful. Alice makes many mistakes (whereas) i . She is a good teacher. I do not agree with a lot of her methods. (Although) j. I liked the film very much. My friends thought it was a fairly stupid one. (whereas). Sample answers

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Sample answers a. She still won the game, although she had a bad knee. b. Despite having no money, he still seemed very happy. c. The hotel was wonderful. However, we did not like the town itself. d. He worked hard at school, whereas his classmates were lazy. e. He decided to take the job. However, it is not really what he wanted. f. Despite feeling unwell, he went to school today. g. He did not pass his exam, in spite of the help I gave him. h. John is careful, whereas Alice makes many mistakes. i . Although I do not agree with a lot of her methods, she is a good teacher. j. I liked the film very much, whereas my friends thought it was a fairly stupid one.

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Additional exercise 2 Underline the most suitable word or phrase in this text Owning a car is very beneficial. 1. First of all\ Personally\ As a result you can go wherever you want. You don’t have to depend on public transport and 2. besides this\ as a result\however you feel more independent. 3. In contrast\In my view\ Besides this, you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. 4. To sum up\ On the other hand\ Thus there can be problems, especially if you live in the city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items 5. as \ such as\ owing to petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. 6. Finally\ As \ However , most people feel the benefits of owing a car outweigh the possible drawbacks. 7. For\ As well as this\ Consequently most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. 8. For example\ Personally\ In comparison , I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, 9. thus, for example, since they are noisy and dirty. 10. In comparison\ Moreover\ Personally, the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. (From First Certificate Language Practice by M.Vince , Macmillan, 2003) Answers

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Sample answers Owning a car is very beneficial. 1. First of all \ Personally\ As a result you can go wherever you want. You don’t have to depend on public transport and 2. besides this\ as a result \ however you feel more independent. 3. In contrast\In my view\ Besides this , you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. 4. To sum up\ On the other hand \ Thus there can be problems, especially if you live in the city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items 5. as\ such as \ owing to petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. 6. Finally\ As \ However , most people feel the benefits of owing a car outweigh the possible drawbacks. 7. For\ As well as this\ Consequently most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. 8. For example\ Personally \ In comparison, I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, 9. thus, for example, since they are noisy and dirty. 10. In comparison\ Moreover \ Personally, the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. (From First Certificate Language Practice by M.Vince , Macmillan, 2003, p.186)

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Bibliography 1. Мария Вербицкая, Малколм Манн, Стив Тейлор- Ноулз , Учебное пособие для подготовки к ЕГЭ по английскому языку: чтение и письмо, Макмиллан, 2010. 2. Michael Vince with Paul Emmerson , First Certificate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary, Macmillan, 2003 3. Wayne Rimmer , Olga Vinogradova , Ludmila Kozhevnikova , Exam Success Подготовка к ЕГЭ по английскому языку, CUP, 2013