презентация "Римское завоевание Британии"
презентация к уроку по английскому языку (9 класс) на тему

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But the Romans came with a heavy hand, And bridged and roaded and ruled the land ,… R.Kipling

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Two thousand years ago while the Celts were still living in tribes the Romans were the most powerful people in the world. Roman society differed greatly from that of the Celts. It was a slave society. The main classes were the slaves and the slave-owners. The slave-owners made up the minority of the population but they owned the land, tools, buildings and slaves. The slaves possessed neither land nor tools and were themselves the property of the slave-owners. The Romans conquered all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea.

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One of the last countries to be conquered by Rome was France, or Gaul as it was then called. The war against the Gauls , who were Celtic tribes, lasted for eight years. Julius Caesar was appointed Head of the Roman army which was sent to conquer Gaul. In the course of his campaigns Caesar reached the Channel and that was how the Romans came to see the white cliffs of the land of the British Celts.

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Video “Beginnings” Parts 2, 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlU6HG0apS4

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In 55 B.C. a Roman army of 10,000 men crossed the Channel and invaded Britain. The Celts saw their ships approaching and rushed to attack the invaders in the sea as they were landing. The Celts made a great impression on the Romans, who saw them for the first time in battle. With loud shouts they attacked the Romans in chariots and on foot and the well-armed Romans under one of the greatest generals of that time had to return to Gaul.

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In the next year, 54 B.C., Caesar again came to Britain, this time with larger forces (25,000 men). The Celts fought bravely for their independence but they were not strong enough to drive the Romans off. The Romans who had better arms and armour and were much better trained defeated the Celts in several battles. Caesar then went back to Gaul to complete his conquest on the Continent.

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Then, in the year 43 AD, the Roman Emperor Claudius sent a general with 40,000 men to conquer Britain all over again. The British fought bravely, but could not hold back the trained Roman army. Soon the whole of the south of Britain was conquered.

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Although the Romans had occupied Britain, there were many British men and women hidden away in the great forests and swamps who refused to submit. These men were fierce fighters, and they often came out of their hiding places and attacked small Roman forts. Then, when the Romans brought up reinforcements, they disappeared into the forests where the Romans could not find them.

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Video “Claudius – the Invasion of Britain” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vf0Lr7zBqCI

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The Revolt of Queen Boadicea Some of the British tribes were more warlike than others, and one of these was the tribe of Iceni . Less than twenty years after the Roman invasion, the men of the Iceni tribe revolted headed by their warlike Queen Boadicea.

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Video about Queen Boadicea Decisive Battles – Boadicca -Warrior Queen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QVppKwGz-0

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For the next three hundred and twenty-five years Britain remained a Roman province, governed by Roman Governors and protected by the Roman legions. During this time there were long periods of peace, and Britain became a civilized country of towns and villages and good roads. There were three legions of Roman soldiers in the country. The Romans built forts in many parts of the country, in which they stationed small groups of soldiers.

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Wherever the Romans went, they built roads. A network of roads connected all parts of the country. One of the chief roads was Watling Street which ran from Dover to London, then to Chester and into Wales. Along the roads new towns and villas sprang up.

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Video “What the Romans did for us” Arteries of the Empire

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The south of Britain was covered with the villas of wealthy Romans and Britons. There were large farmhouses, often with water supply and baths. These belonged to the richer Britons who were more Roman than Celt in their manners.

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Video “What the Romans Did for Us” Life of Luxury

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Hadrian’s Wall In the year 122 the Roman Emperor Hadrian came to Britain. Some years before there had been a serious rebellion in the north of Britain. Tribes of the Picts , the people who lived to the north of the Scottish border, had risen in revolt and killed the whole of the 9 th Roman legion which was stationed at York. The rebellion was crushed, but Hadrian decided that in future it should be made much more difficult for the Picts to cross the border into peaceful Britain.

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So he chose three legions of Roman soldiers – about 20,000 men – and set them the task of building a great wall running right across the country from Newcastle on the eastern shore to Carlisle on the western shore. In seven years the building of the wall was finished. Parts of this wall can still be seen.

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Video “What the Romans Did for Us” The Edge of the Empire

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The Romans established a Romano-British culture across the southern half of Britain. The most obvious characteristic of Roman Britain was its towns, which were the basis of Roman administration and civilisation . Many grew out of Celtic settlements, military camps or market centres . The Romans left about twenty large towns of about 5,000 inhabitants, and almost one hundred smaller ones. York, Gloucester, Lincoln and London became the chief Roman towns. The town of Bath became famous for its hot springs.

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The towns grew up as markets and centres of administration. In most towns there were market-places and plenty of shops where merchants sold their goods. The houses were built of stone, plastered and painted, with roofs made of large red tiles. The rich merchants and officials had luxurious houses with many rooms, mosaic floors and central heating. Every Roman town had a drainage system and a good supply of pure water. Temples and public baths could be found in most towns. The Roman towns were military stations surrounded by walls for defense which were guarded by the Roman warriors.

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Video “Building Britain”

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The Fall of the Roman Empire In the 3 rd -4 th centuries the power of the Roman Empire gradually weakened. Roman control of Britain came to an end as the empire began to collapse. The Roman legions found it more and more difficult to stop the raiders from crossing Hadrian’s wall. The same was happening on the European mainland as Germanic groups, Saxons and Francs, began to raid the coast of Gaul.

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In AD 409 Rome pulled its last soldiers out of Britain and the Romano-British, the Romanised Celts, were left to fight alone against the Scots, the Irish and Saxon raiders from Germany. The following year Rome itself fell to raiders.

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Traces of the Roman rule in Britain There are many things in Britain to remind the people of the Romans: the wells which the Romans dug give water today; the chief Roman roads are still among the highways of modern England; long stretches of Hadrian’s Wall, the ruins of public baths and parts of the Roman bridges have remained to this day.

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Many words of Modern English have come from Latin. The words which the Romans left behind them in the language are for the most part the names of the things which they taught the Celts: the word ‘street’ came from the Latin strata which means “road”; ‘port’ from the Latin portus ; ‘wall’ from vallum ;

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The names of many modern English towns are of Latin origin. The Roman towns were strongly fortified and called castra which means ‘camp’. Any English town today with a name ending in “ chester ”, “ cester ”, or “caster” was once a Roman camp or town: Chester, Winchester, Manchester, Gloucester, Doncaster , Lancaster etc.

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The Roman way of life influenced only the south-eastern part of the country. At the same time the Celts who lived in the country far away from the Roman towns and villas kept to their customs and Roman influence on them was insignificant. In the remoter western parts of the country and especially in the North, which the Roman did not manage to conquer, the old tribal life went on, and villages of native tribes still living under the primitive system, were predominant.

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Review How many times did Julius Caesar come to Britain? When was it? What did he do the first and the second time? When did the Romans come and stay in Britain? What facts show that the Romans were practical people?

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How did the Britons fight against the Romans? Why was it difficult for the Romans to crush them? Who was Boadicea? How many men did she gather in her army? Why was Suetonius sure that he would win a victory in spite of the fact that Boadicea’s men greatly outnumbered his army? What advantages did his army have over the army of the Iceni queen?

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Why did it seem natural for many Britons to be ruled by Roman Governors? How many Roman soldiers were constantly stationed in Britain? Why did the Romans build forts in many parts of the country? What kind of country did Britain gradually become under Roman rule? What reminds us of the Roman rule when we look at a modern map of England? What kind of houses did wealthy Romans and Britons live in?

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When did Emperor Hadrian come to Britain? Who were the Picts ? What fact gave Emperor Hadrian the idea to build the famous wall? How long did it take to build Hadrian’s Wall? How long was it? How thick? How high? Was it built of stone, earth or wood? How far apart were the towers and signal turrets?

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How long did the Romans stay in Britain? What town was their capital? How do we know from the name of a town that it was built in Roman times?

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Video “The Roman Invasions of Britain” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyxCycfwKVE