Материалы по подготовке к ГИА и ЕГЭ. Словообразование.
консультация по английскому языку (9, 10, 11 класс) на тему

Префикс

Значение

Соответствие русской приставке

Примеры

anti-

отрицание

анти- противо-

fascist - antifascist

co-

между, взаимно

со-

existence – co-existence

counter-

контр-

attack - counterattack

ex-

бывший

экс-

champion - ex-champion

en-

делать

rich - enrich

inter-

между, среди, взаимно

national - international

mis-

неправильно, неверно

to understand –

to misunderstand

over-

сверх, чрезмерно

пере-

to load – to overload

post-

после (противоположен по значению префиксу pre-)

war – postwar

pre-

перед, ранее

до-

historic - prehistoric

re-

снова, заново, вновь.

пере-

to read – to reread

sub-

под

division - subdivision

ultra-

ультра-, сверх

short - ultrashort

under-

недостаточно (противоположен по значению префиксу over-)

to pay - to underpay

Суффикс

Значение

Примеры

-age

а) действие, условие или резуль- тат;

б) количественное значение или значение собирательности;

в) место действия, место жительства

to marry – marriage

acre - acreage

herb – herbage

to harbour - harbourage

-ance

-ence

процесс, состояние или свойство

important – importance

different - difference

-dom

абстрактные и собирательные существительные, обозначающие:

а) общественный статус или яв- ление;

б) состояние

king - kingdom

free - freedom

-ее

лицо, на которое направлено действие

to address - addressee

-er,

-or

действующее лицо

to sell – seller

to visit - visitor

-ery,

-ary,

-ry

а) место;

б) действие, род занятия или деятельности; поведение или связанное с ним качество;

в) состояние или положение

to bind – bindery

to rob – robbery

chemist – chemistry

slave - slavery

-hood

а) состояние, общественное поло- жение;

б) качества, свойства;

в) совокупность людей или семей-ные отношения

child - childhood

saint - sainthood

brother - brotherhood

-ian

национальная принадлежность

Russia - Russian

-ician

лицо по роду работы, занятий

mathematics - mathematician

-ion,

-ation,

-tion,

-sion,

-ssion

а) действие, процесс, состояние;

б) абстрактное понятие; свойство, качество

to transform – transformation

to accommodate - accomo-dation

-ism

отвлеченные имена существитель- ные

Marx - Marxism

-ist

профессия, принадлежность к партии, религии, философскому течению

to type - typist

Marxist

-ment

a) действие, процесс, состояние;

б) результат действия или продукт деятельности

to move – movement

to improve – improvement

-ness

качество или состояние

hарру - happiness

-ship

а) положение человека в обществе; звание, должность, титул;

б) умение, мастерство, искусство; занятие;

с) чувство, отношение к чему-либо;

д) абстрактные понятия

captain – captainship

draftsman – draftsmanship

comrade – comradeship

citizen - citizenship

-ute,

-ture

а) процесс, состояние; свойства; абстрактное понятие;

б) сфера деятельности; офици-альное учреждение и его функции

to depart – departure

portrait – portraiture

-y

абстрактные и собирательные существительные

soldier - soldiery

dis- excite -y

un- appoint -ship

im- honest -ment 

patient -ness

success -ion

direct -full

kind -less

profit

help

friend

luck

like

More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet (1)________ from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone (2)________ in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, if there are no holes in it. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air (3)____________ . The air needs (4)________ and care. Man is beginning to understand that his (5)_________ is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth.

RADIATE

LAY

POLLUTE

PROTECT

ENVIRON

(1)__________ are proud of their Constitution. It was written more than 200 years ago and it is still working! But the people of the United states can change the Constitution. Changes in the Constitution are called (2)___________. The first ten of them are called the Bill of Rights. They were made in 1791. The Bill of Rights guarantees to people of the USA very important rights and (3)__________. Soon after the Civil War (1861-1865) there were three important amendments. The 13th amendment ended (4)_________ , the 14th amendment made all Black people (5)__________ of the United States, the 15th amendment gave Blacks the right to vote.

AMERICA

AMEND

FREE

SLAVE

CITY

Lord Byron (1788-1824) didn’t live a long life. He was an aristocrat and a fashionable man. But he loved (1)_________ and a simple country life. His (2)_________ attracted Britain and all Europe. He brought to his (3)_________ romanticism of his times. He was talented and handsome, noble and brave. (4)_________ admired him. In 1812 he became famous after the (5)__________of his autobiographic poem “Childe Harold”.

FREE

PERSONAL

POET

LONDON

PUBLIC

I always wanted to be a great (1)_________. I had the dreams of discovering a new drug that would save the lives of hundreds of people. Unfortunately I was never good at (2)_________ at school and the teacher used to be very cross with me. After a while I decided I would become an (3)_________ and design an amazing new (4)_________ which would become a household name. A few weeks later I had a brilliant idea for a pen that would write upside down. To my (5)_________ a friend of mine pointed out that it was not a new (6)________.

SCIENCE

SHEMIST

INVENT

PRODUCE

DISAPPOINT

DISCOVER

The trade union (1) _____________ has a long and important history in Britain, but since 1980 the influence of trade unions has declined dramatically.

Trade union (2)_____________ has fallen because of changes in the structure of (3)______ , including

(4)__________, the shift away from manufacturing, the rise in smaller firms, the increase in part-time employment, and the constructing out of work. The Conservative government restricted unions’ (5)___________ to launch strikes and made unions legally responsible for the actions of(6)____________; this has considerably reduced union power and substantially decreased the number of strikes, called (7)____________.

MOVE

MEMBER

EMPLOY

PRIVATIZE

ABLE

STRIKE

STOP

Суффикс

Значение

Примеры

-able

а) возможность осуществления;

б) обладание некоторым качест-вом

to change – changeable

to comfort - comfortable

-al

подобие, сходство, обладание некоторым сходством

addition - additional

-an,

-ian

-ean

принадлежность к какой-нибудь народности, родовому клану; идеологическому течению, науч-ной школе и т. п

Arab - Arabian

-ant,

-ent

cоответствующие существитель-ные имеют суффиксы –ant и -ent

importance – important

difference - different

-ar

обладание чем-то, сходство с чем-то

circle - circular

-ary

-ery

качество

diet - dietary

-en

сделанный из чего-либо

wood - wooden

-er

сравнительная степень прилага-тельных

big - bigger

-ern

прилагательные, образованные от названий сторон света

east - eastern

-ese

национальность или язык

China – Chinese

-est

превосходная степень прилага-тельных

tall – the tallest

-ic,

состав, структура чего-либо, отношение к чему-либо

drama - dramatic

-ish

а) национальная принадлежность;

б) слабая степень качества (соответствует русским суффиксам –оват, еват)

Scotland – Scottish

red - reddish

-ive

относящийся к, принадлежащий, связанный с

nature - native

-ful

наличие качества

beauty - beautiful

-less

отсутствие качества

hope - hopeless

-ous

обладающий данным свойством, признаком, характеристикой в значительной степени

danger - dangerous

-y

качество

stone - stony

un- patient -able

dis- history -al

non- honest -ant

in- west -ern

il- marvel -y

ir- happy -less

im- national -ous

pre- conscious -ful

post- act -ish

inter- war -ive

legal -ic

regular -ern

capable

beauty

hope

boy

sun

rain

skill

home

care

comfort

brown

interest

usual

help

All my classmates say that I’m (1)________. I enjoy wearing (2)________ clothes. I like to look smart and (3)________. We can’t go through life with the same hairstyle or make-up. It’s very (4)_________ to follow fashion. I hate when people dress alike, because they buy clothes in “chain” stores. I prefer hand-made or design clothes. My classmates say that I’m (5)________, but it’s not a sin, is it? Sometimes I turn up in something really (6)_________. When you are up with fashion you feel you are individual.

TREND

STYLE

ATTRACT

IMPORTANCE

MATERIALIST

EXTRAVAGANCE

For (1)_________ people, the ‘Far East” is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the sub-tropical south, and including the large island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. Siberia is usually divided into Western and Eastern, the former is (2)________ and low-lying and rich in oil, the latter is (3)________and rich in minerals, gold and diamonds.

The twenty million people who live in this region are mostly Russians and Ukrainians by origin. Besides there live other people. They all call themselves (4)_______ and speak of Russia as beginning west of the Urals.

RUSSIA

MARSH

MOUNTAIN

SIBERIA

Water pollution is a serious (1)________ problem today.

“Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink,” said the sailor from Coleridge’s poem describing to a friend how awful it was to be without drinking water on a ship in the middle of the ocean. It is strange to think that the water around his ship was probably quite safe to drink. It

was (2)________ - but not polluted. The sea waters today are much more (3)_________ . Many seas are used for dumping (4)________ and nuclear waste.

ECOLOGY

SALT

DANGER

INDUSTRY

The United States is a large country with many (1)__________ natural wonders. It goes from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific, and from cold, snowy (2)__________ Alaska to (3)_________ Florida in the southeast. Also, it has many kinds of land – (4)________ coasts, dry empty deserts, (5)__________ rivers, wide plains and grasslands, lakes of all sizes, high mountains, great forests, sunny beaches and lands of (6)__________ winter. More than 250 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still a lot of open space and (7)_______ scenery outside the cities. Americans have tried to save many of the most (8)__________ wild areas of the United States. There are a lot of parks, forests and wildlands where you can enjoy the beauty and power of wild America. The Grand Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Yellow-stone are among the most (9)________.

DIFFER

NORTH

SUN

ROCK

POWER

END

NATURE

BEAUTY

FAME

Alan Alexander Milne, the youngest of the family’s three sons, went to Westminster School at the age of 11 and then went on to Cambridge to become a (1)__________ .

But he never did. Instead he became (2)_________ of the university journal “Granta” in which he published some of his light (3)_________ poems. Then he went to London hoping to earn his living as a (4)_______. By and by London magazines began to publish his (5)________ works, and in 1905 he published his first book, a shilling paper-back (6)_________ of humorous essays. Aged only 24 he was given a post of (7)________ editor of the (8)__________ magazine “Punch”.

MATHEMATICS

EDIT

HUMOUR

WRITE

WIT

COLLECT

ASSIST

FAME

The Olympic Games are an (1)___________ sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The (2)_________ Greek games took place every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were brought to an end in the early (3)__________ era. The Olympic games were renewed in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth years, except during World War I and World War II. Perhaps the main (4)_________ between ancient and modern Olympics is that for the ancient Greeks the Games were a way of saluting their gods, when the modern Games are a manner of saluting the (5)________ talents of people of all nation. The original Olympics included (6)__________ in music, oratory, and theatre (7)_________ as well. The modern Games haven’t got them, but they represent a lot more sports than before. For two weeks and a half any international conflicts must be stopped and replaced with friendly competitions. This is the noble idea on which the modern Olympic (8)________ is based.

NATION

ORIGIN

CHRIST

DIFFER

ATHLETE

COMPETE

PERFORM

MOVE

The people of the United States are a (1)________ of many (2)________. Every American schoolchild learns that the United States is the big “melting pot” of countries. In a melting pot (3)________ metals are melted together to make a new metal. The United States is like a melting pot for people. In the past, people from many different (4)_________ countries came to the US and made one country out of many. These different people brought to their new land a (5)________ mixture of customs and traditions. The Germans brought Christmas trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day (6)__________, the Scots brought Hallowe’en.

MIX

NATION

DIFFER

EUROPE

WONDER

CELEBRATE

Isn’t it (1)_________ to discover new places? Travel has always been a part of people’s (2)__________. It teaches people about art and culture. It teachers them to be understanding. You can also improve your knowledge of foreign languages. What is more, (3)________ is the basis of the biggest (4)________ in the world. Tourists spend a lot of money. Rich countries can sell cars and computers. But what can poor countries sell? Their (5)________ beaches and their wonderful countryside.

WONDER

EDUCATE

TOUR

BUSY

BEAUTY

There are amateur cricket clubs all over England, but there is a big (1)_________ between the amateur and the (2)_________ cricketer. The amateur cannot get money for the game. The professional (3)_________ is in a much (4)__________ class. He has to learn many kinds of skills. He has to be an athlete, to run fast and jump and turn like a gymnast. He must be (5)___________, and must not let other (6)_____________ be (7)__________ with him.

DIFFER

PROFESSION

CRICKET

HIGH

PATIENCE

PLAY

HONEST

This museum is the world’s (1)_______ museum of (2)_________ arts. It houses many of the world’s (3)_________ treasures. Here you’ll find the national collection of (4)_________, furniture, music instruments, textiles and dress, ceramics and glass, silver and (5)_________ from European and non-western countries.________

FINE

DECORATE

GREAT

SCULPT

JEWEL

Action films? What a bore! Criminals, shooting, (1)________. Nothing else. I agree that such films have the right to exist. They have some positive features. They are dynamic, (2)________ and full of special effects. But they are (3)_________. I can’t believe one man can win over the Mafia. Some people watch (4)_________ to cool off and such films are good for them. But other people can get sick and (5)________ especially teenagers. There are (6)_________ ways to cool off, I think.

EXPLOSIVE

DRAMA

REAL

VIOLENT

NERVE

GOOD

Суффикс

Значение

Примеры

-ate

делать, осуществлять

active - activate

-en

действие, придающее качество, выраженное в основе глагола

sharp – to sharpen

-fy,

-ify

делать, осуществлять, превращать

simple - simplify

-ize(AE)

-ise(BE)

вести себя подобно, проводить ту или иную политику или производить действие

private - privatize

Like many modern developed countries, The United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II, Britain has worked to (1)_________ the mix of private and public enterprises in order to (2)_________ the country’s economy and (3)_________ the economic well-being of its citizens. After World War II the government (4)__________, or took over, a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has (5)________ a number of these industries, selling them to private firms.

EQUAL

MAXIMUM

SURE

NATION

PRIVATE

Суффикс

Значение

Примеры

-ly

наречие с тем же качеством, что и слово, от которого оно образовано

bad - badly

-wards

-ward

направление или направленность

after – afterwards

home - homeward

Суффикс

Значение

Примеры

-teen

числительные от 13 до 19

six - sixteen

-ty

десятки

six- sixty

-th

порядковые числительные

six- sixth

The individual states all have (1)________ forms of government with a senate and a house. There is only one (2)_________, Nebraska, which has only one (3)________ body of 49 senators. All have (4)________ branches headed by state governors and (5)_________ court systems. Each state has its own constitution. But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that interfere with the laws of the other states. The Us Constitution determines federal(6)__________.

All other (7)__________ belong to the states and to the local (8)__________ .

REPUBLIC

ECEPT

LEGISLATE

EXECUTE

DEPEND

RESPONSIBLE

AUTOMATICAL

COMMUNE

Bike (1)_________ appeared in Russia with the (2)___________ of Moscow motorbike club ‘Night Wolves’. (3)__________ it was founded on May 31,1989. But the core of it appeared in the early 80s. A (4)__________ in Russia prefers a heavy bike like Harley Davidson and a leather jacket. The club is so (5)________ not only in Russia but also all over the world that the first Russian Bike Show, which took place in 1995, attracted a lot of guests from abroad.

CULTURE

APPEAR

OFFICIAL

BIKE

FAME

Football (soccer) is the (1)________ sport, and British club teams are often (2)________ in Europe. But British football today has a bad fame at home and abroad, because of the (3)_________ of some groups of fans who get drunk and fight with each other. Most British fans (4)_________ violence and help the police to put an end to it.

NATION

SUCCESS

VIOLENT

LIKE

In Britain people (1)________ pay compliments on the things they like about the people they are talking to. They also expect to hear “Thank you!” in response to a compliment. Besides, they add something to keep the (2)________ going.

In Britain people usually do not (3)_________ with compliments. Sometimes they pay a compliment in return. Too many compliments may be interpreted as (4)_______. But not enough compliments may be interpreted as a sign of (5)_________.

USUAL

CONVERSE

AGREE

SINCERE

LIKE

Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an (1)__________ industry, employing thousands of people. Most (2)__________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather. Tourists (3)_________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities. Perhaps the least visited places in England are old (4)_________ towns. But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the (5)_________ of Britain.

The (6)_________ of the past is to be still seen in their old streets.

IMPORTANCE

VISIT

USUAL

INDUSTRY

REAL

GREAT

un- fit -ality

ex- act -ity

re member -ty

over- popular -ation

dis- love -ition

use -(t)ion

cruel -ance

happy -er

collect -ship

develop -ment 

organize -ness

agree

explain

protect

perform

champion

appear

The English language is (1)________ growing and changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to (2)_______ the dictionary every day, which is (3)________. But people have a lot of (4)________ about the growing and (5)________of the language, its (6)_________ .

Scholars have (7)________ ideas of how any new (8)________ contributes to the process of new words (9)________. When people are faced with a new (10)________ and they do not have a word for its (11)________, they sometimes make up one. But no one makes a formal (12)________ about it.

CONSTANT

WRITE

POSSIBLE

INFORM

DEVELOP

EXPAND

VARY

DISCOVER

ADOPT

SITUATE

DESCRIBE

DECIDE

Key: 1 constantly, 2 rewrite, 3 impossible, 4 information, 5 development, 6 expansion, 7 various, 8 discovery, 9 adoption, 10 situation, 11 description, 12 decision.

,

10. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы. Назовите часть речи.

Brotherhood, helpless, boredom, unequal, drinkable, golden, leader, Japanese, secondary, anti-fascist, similar, peacemaker, surgery, furniture, comical, convenient, acceptable, achievement, anonymous, academician, Georgian, disarmament, witty, hysterical, Buddhism, co-existence, scientific, materialist, radiant, rootless, international, measurement, underground, creature, dirty, agrarian, absoluteness, yellowy, inventor, technical, various, tactless, comradeship, creature, reddish.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – существительными и прилагательными.

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