Электронный проект "Наше открытие Великобритании"
проект по английскому языку (10 класс) на тему

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Проект по английскому языку. Выполнили учащиеся 10 класса МБОУ СОШ №24 города Смоленска. 2014 – 2015. Учитель Сизова И.Е. OUR DISCOVERY OF BRITAIN

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WHETHER YOU’RE EXPLORING THE PAST AT BRITAIN’S MANY CASTLES, TAKING IN THE SPLENDOUR OF EDINBURGH TATTOO OR ENJOYING PRIVILEGED ACCESS TO SOME OF BRITAIN’S MOST MAGNIFICENT GARDENS, HERITAGE TOURING WILL TURN YOUR BREAK INTO A VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY.

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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, situated in Lothian on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. It is the second most populous city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom.The population in 2013 was 487,500. Edinburgh lies at the heart of a Larger urban zone with a population of 778,000.

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History The earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area is from Cramond where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp-site dated to c. 8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have been found on Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, Craiglockhart Hill and the Pentland Hills. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, they discovered a Celtic Britonnic tribe whose name they recorded as the Votadini . At some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin , who were presumably descendants of the Votadini , built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin . Although its exact location has not been identified, it seems more than likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock or Arthur's Seat or Calton Hill. In 638 AD the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria , and around this time control of Lothianpassed to the Angles. Their influence continued for the next three centuries until around 950 AD, when, during the reign of Indulf , son of Constantine II, the " burh " (fortress), named in the 10th-century Pictish Chronicle as " oppidum Eden", fell to the Scots and thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. Edinburgh Castle

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The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, though the precise date is unknown. By the middle of the 14th century, the French chronicler Jean Froissart was describing it as the capital of Scotland (c.1365), and James III (1451–88) referred to it in the 15th century as "the principal burgh of our kingdom". Despite the destruction caused by an English assault in 1544, the town slowly recovered, and was at the centre of events in the 16th-century Scottish Reformation and 17th-century Wars of the Covenant.

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THE OLD TOWN IS A STRIKING CONTRAST TO NEW TOWN WITH ITS WHITE AND BEAUTIFUL STREETS. PRINCESS STREET IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL STREET OF THE NEW TOWN. IT IS EDINBURGH’S POPULAR SHOPPING CENTRE. PRINCESS STREET LIES BETWEEN THE NEW TOWN AND THE OLD TOWN. THE MODERN TOWN IS ON THE LOWER SIDE, THE OLD ONE – ON THE HIGHER. THEY LOOK AT EACH OTHER ACROSS THE VALLEY UNDER SCOTLAND’S BLUE SKY.

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THE WALTER SCOTT MONUMENT ON PRINCESS STREET. NEW TOWN IS CHARACTERISED BY GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE. PRINCESS STREET MARKS THE DIVISION BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW.

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Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburg , Scotland from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. From the 15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison.

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Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The most notable exceptions are St Margaret's Chapel from the early 12th century, which is regarded as the oldest building in Edinburgh, the Royal Palace and the early-16th-century Great Hall, although the interiors have been much altered from the mid-Victorian period onwards. The castle also houses the Scottish regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative. Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction.

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The castle is in the care of Historic Scotland and is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction, with over 1.2 million visitors in 2011. As the backdrop to the Edinburgh Military Tattoo during the annual Edinburgh International Festival the castle has become a recognisable symbol of Edinburgh and of Scotland.

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EDINBURGH CASTLE IS SCOTLAND’S SYMBOL OF POWER, PROTECTION AND MAJESTY. IT STANDS HIGH ON AN EXTINCT VOLCANO WITH PANORAMIC VIEWS OF ONE OF EUROPE’S FINEST CAPITAL CITIES.

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St. Paul's Cathedral in London is the seat of the Bishop of London and a major London landmark. It is located on Ludgate Hill in the financial district known as the City of London.

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The present St. Paul's Cathedral, which was built between 1675 and 1710, is the fourth cathedral to occupy the site, which was sacred even before Christianity arrived. The cathedral's immediate predecessor was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

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The cathedral enjoyed by visitors today was designed by court architect Sir Christopher Wren. Wren's original, grander plan met with considerable resistance from the conservative Dean and Chapter. The present building reflects a compromise, but still reflects the grandeur of Wren's design.

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ST PAUL’S CATHEDRAL IS THE SECOND LARGEST CATHEDRAL DOME IN THE WORLD. ONLY ST PAUL’S IN ROME IS BIGGER. WHY NOT PAY ST PAUL’S A VISIT? ONE FEATURE YOU WILL FIND INTERESTING IS THE WHISPERING GALLERY, WHERE YOU CAN WHISPER AT ONE WALL, AND THEN HEAR WHAT YOU WHISPERED ON THE OPPOSITE WALL 107 FEET AWAY!

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Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space of London's West End in the City of Westminster, built in 1819 to connect Regent Street with Piccadilly. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning "circle", is a round open space at a street junction.

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Shaftesbury Memorial and the statue of Anteros Tourists sitting on the steps of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain At the southwestern side of the Circus, moved after World War II from its original position in the centre, stands the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain, erected in 1892–1893 to commemorate the philanthropic works of Lord Shaftesbury, who was a famous Victorian politician and philanthropist. The subject of the Memorial is the Greek god Anteros and is sometimes given the name The Angel of Christian Charity and is popularly mistaken for Eros.

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LIFE DOESN’T STOP IN PICCADILLY CIRCUS UNTIL LATE AT NIGHT OR EVEN EARLY IN THE MORNING. IT IS THE CENTRE OF HIGHT LIFE IN THE WEST END. THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR MEETING POINTS OF LONDON, PROBABLY SECOND ONLY TO TRAFALGAR SQUARE. IT IS ACTUALLY QUITE SMALL, AND MOST PEOPLE ARE RATHER DISAPPOINTED WHEN THEY SEE IT FOR THE FIRST TIME BECAUSE THEY HAD IMAGINED IT WOULD BE MUCH BIGGER.

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The Tower of London is one of the most imposing and popular of London's historical sites . It comprises not one , but 20 towers . The oldest of which , the White Tower , dates back to the llth century and the time of William the Conqueror . Nowadays a lot of tourists visit the Tower of London , because of the Tower's evil reputation as a prison .

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The Tower is famous as home of the Crown Jewels . Today they can be viewed in their new jewel house . They include the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother which contains the celebrated Indian diamond .

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Of course, no visit to the Tower would be complete without seeing the ravens; huge black birds who are an official part of the Tower community. Legend states that if the ravens were to leave the Tower the Crown will fall, and Britain with it.

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A YEOMAN WARDER IN EVERYDAY UNDRESS UNIFORM. THE YEOMEN WARDERS OF THE TOWER WILL GLADLY ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. NOW THEY WORK AS GUIDES.

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TOWER BRIDGE IS A SYMBOL OF LONDON. It was built in 1894

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Consideration of a draft of a new bridge lasted for 8 years, after which, finally, the municipality has approved the project of the architect Horace Jones, who proposed to build a drawbridge in the Gothic style. The creation of this project, Johns inspired by the Dutch drawbridges, draped over the channels. Bridge Jones had one peculiarity: the adjustable suspension bridge was to be the counterweight and not to restrict the movement of pedestrians.

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For this purpose had been arranged in the gallery between towers of the bridge at the height of 44 meters. With the help of elevators inside the towers people raised in the gallery, located at a height of 34 meters above the carriageway, and could freely cross the bridge even during the crossing of the courts. In addition, it was decided to use unusual methods of construction, combining steel construction with stone walls (in the towers were used granite and Portland stone).

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THE MOST FAMOUS BRIDGE IN LONDON WAS BUILT IN VICTORIAN TIMES AND STILL LOOKS BEAUTIFUL; ITS WEIGHT IS ABOUT 1.000 TONS.

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Big Ben is one of London's best-known landmarks, and looks most spectacular at night when the clock faces are illuminated.

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Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, and is generally extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower as well.

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It is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. The clock first ticked on 31 May 1859.

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THE TOWER IS OFFICIALLY KNOWN AS THE ELIZABETH TOWER, RENAMED AS SUCH TO CELEBRATE THE DIAMOND JUBILEE OF ELIZABETH II (PRIOR TO BEING RENAMED IN 2012 IT WAS KNOWN SIMPLY AS “CLOCK TOWER”).

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Buckingham Palace

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London is one of the few places in the world where you can visit a real royal place. Buckingham Palace is where Queen Elizabeth II lives much of her time.

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When the Queen is in the residence, you can see the Royal Standard flag above the palace. When she is away, the Union Jack flies instead .

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Buckingham Palace was originally a grand house built by the Dukes of Buckingham for his wife. George IV began transforming it into a palace in 1826

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Buckingham Palace is enormous. There are 600 rooms, 78 bathrooms, a cinema, a swimming pool and even a post office. The Ballroom is the largest room. It is used for important banquets, at which 160 guests are seated at a long horseshoe-shaped table.

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The balcony of Buckingham Palace is one of the most famous balconies in the world. The members of the Royal Family appear on the balcony on special occasions to great the people.

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When the Queen is on holiday in summer, the Palace opens to the public. You can visit it and see a lot of interesting things.

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The royal wedding party pose for a photographer in the Throne Room at Buckingham Palace.

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There is a beautiful park-like garden around the palace. It is home to 30 different kinds of birds and more than 350 different wild flowers.

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There are always crowds of people waiting patiently outside Buckingham Palace. They come to see the ceremony of Changing the Guard.

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WITH ITS ARCHITECTURALLY DEFINED PROFILE, BUCKINGHAM PALACE IS ONE OF LONDON’S MOST POPULAR HISTORICAL BUILDINGS.

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Trafalgar Square is a public space and tourist attraction in central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. It is situated in the City of Westminster. At its centre is Nelson's Column, which is guarded by four lion statues at its base. There are a number of commemorative statues and sculptures in the square, while one plinth, left empty since it was built in 1840, The Fourth Plinth, has been host to contemporary art since 1999. The square is also used for political demonstrations and community gatherings, such as the celebration of New Year's Eve.

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The name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars over France and Spain which took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar in Los caños de meca , a town in the municipality of Vejer de la Frontera (in the municipality of Barbate since 1940), Cádiz, Spain. The original name was to have been "King William the Fourth's Square", but George Ledwell Taylor suggested the name "Trafalgar Square“

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TRAFALGAR SQUARE IS A LANDMARK IN CENTRAL LONDON ENJOYED BY LONDONERS AND ALL VISITORS ALIKE.

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Royal Parks of London

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Hyde Park

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Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in central London. It is famous for its Speakers’ Corner. The park has become a traditional location for mass demonstrations . One of the main sights of the park is the lake Serpentine.

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Green Park

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The Green Park is a park in the City of Westminster, central London. It lies between London's Hyde Park and St. James's Park. You can find Canada Memorial and the Constance Fund Fountain .

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St. James’s Park

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It is the oldest of the Royal Parks of London. The park was named after a leper hospital dedicated to St. James the Less. The park has a small lake, St. James's Park Lake, with two islands, West Island, and Duck Island, which is named for the lake's collection of waterfowl .

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Regent’s Park

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Regent’s park contains Regent's College and the London Zoo. It provides wide range of facilities and amenities including gardens, a lake with a heronry, waterfowl and a boating area, sports pitches, and children's playgrounds.

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The Open Air Theatre is located in the park. There is Regent's College with several of institutes of higher education . Nine villas were built in the park.

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Kensington Gardens

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Kensington Gardens are the private gardens of Kensington Palace. You can see the Albert Memorial , the Serpentine Gallery, and Speke's monument . The park also contains the Elfin Oak . The park is also famous for the statue of Peter Pan , the character of the book „Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens“ which is written by J. M. Barrie .

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HYDE PARK IS THE LARGEST AND THE MOST POPULAR OF THE LONDON’S PARKS.

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The British Museum The British Museum is a museum in London dedicated to human history and culture. Its permanent collection, numbering some 8 million works, is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence and originates from all continents, The British Museum was established in 1753 on the basis of three collections - the collection of well-known British physician and naturalist of Hans Sloan, the collection of count Robert Harley, as well as the library of the antiquarian Robert cotton, which became the basis of the British library. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury .

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THE BRITISH MUSEUM IS THE BEST-KNOWN NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOGRAPHY.

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THE COLLECTIONS OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM CONTAIN THE ANTIQUITIES OF EGYPT … …AND GREECE.

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The London E ye is a giant ferris wheel on the south bank of the river T hames in L ondon. Also known as the millennium wheel, its official name was originally the B ritish А irways L ondon Eye, then the merlin entertainments L ondon Eye, between J anuary 2011 and August 2014, the EDF energy L ondon Eye and is now called the L ondon Eye. The L ondon Eye adjoins the western end of jubilee gardens (previously the site of the former dome of discovery), on the south bank of the river T hames between W estminster Bridge and H ungerford Bridge, in the L ondon borough of L ambeth.

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The entire structure is 135 metres (443 ft) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 120 metres (394 ft). When erected in 1999 it was the world's tallest f erris wheel. Its height was surpassed by the 160 m (520 ft) Star of N anchang in 2006, the 165 m (541 ft) S ingapore flyer in 2008, and the 167.6 m (550 ft) High R oller ( L as V egas) in 2014. Supported by an a-frame on one side only, unlike the taller N anchang and S ingapore wheels, the Eye is described by its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel". The High Roller The Star of Nanchang

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It is currently Europe's tallest f erris wheel and offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was superseded by the 245-metre (804 ft)observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard, which opened to the public on 1 February 2013.It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over 3.5 million visitors annually and has made many appearances in popular.

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THE EYE HAS DONE FOR LONDON WHAT THE EIFFEL TOWER DID FOR PARIS, WHICH IS TO GIVE IT A SYMBOL AND TO LET PEOPLE CLIMB ABOVE THE CITY AND LOOK BACK DOWN ON IT. NOT JUST SPECIALISTS OR RICH PEOPLE, BUT EVERYBODY. THAT’S THE BEAUTY OF IT; IT IS PUBLIC AND ACCESSIBLE, AND IT IS IN A GREAT POSITION AT THE HEART OF LONDON.

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Stonehenge is perhaps the most famous prehistoric monument in the world. It’s in the English county of Wiltshire .

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The Stonehenge that we see today is the final stage that was completed about 3500 years ago.

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Neither the druids nor the Celts built Stonehenge. Stonehenge was built long before the Celts arrived in Britain. But the traditional meeting place of the Druids could have been Stonehenge.

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People continue to wonder just why Stonehenge was built as a giant astronomical observatory. In truth, it's fair to say that we're as much in the dark as we've always been.

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ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS SITES IN THE WORLD, STONEHENGE IS THE REMAINS OF A RING OF STANDING STONES SET WITHIN EARTHWORKS.

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THE HISTORY OF ROMAN BATH, OR THE MAJESTY OF ROYAL WINDSOR. THE ROLLING HILLS OF THE COSTWOLDS, OR THE HERITAGE OF STRATFORD-UPON-AVON. PEACE OR RELAXATION IN THE NEW FOREST, OR THE DIVERSE CULTURE SHOPS OF LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM. WHEREVERYOU LOOK IN BRITAIN, YOU’LL FIND EXPERIENCES TO INSPIRE AND EXCITE YOU. COME BACK FOR A LITTLE DROP OF MAGIC…