Учебно-методические материалы по культуроведению для 10 - 11 класса
материал по английскому языку (10, 11 класс)

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ROMAN OCCUPATION - the Roman period in British history: AD 43 - AD 410 - “ Britain” comes from the word “Pretani”, which is the Greco-Roman word for the inhabitants of Britain ; - the word was mispronounced; - the island was called “ Britannia”

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A monument to the conquest, in Walmer, Kent.

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1 . Julius Caesar came to Britain in 55BC 2. A Roman army occupied Britain in AD 43 (40.000 soldiers) REASONS: 1Celtic Britain was an important food producer; 2 the Romans could make use of British food for their enormous armies; 3 the Celts of Britain were supporting the Celts of Gaul who were the Roman’s enemy

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ROMAN OCCUPATION The Romans were determined to conquer the whole island, BUT ….. a) The Romans settled only in the present day England and Wales “Cambria” b) The Romans never went to Ireland “ Hibernia” c) The Romans could not conquer “ Caledonia” (Scotland ) and built a Hadrian’s WALL

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HADRIAN’S WALL

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THE DIVISION OF THE CELTS: 1) those who experienced the Roman rule ( the Britons in England and Wales ),( the ROMANISED CELTS) 2) those who did not experience the Roman rule ( the Gaels, the Picts, the Scots, the Irish in Ireland and Scotland)

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Statue of Boadicea(Boudicca) In AD61 Queen Boadicea(Boudicca)led a bloody revolt against the Roman occupation. It was suppressed. There is a Statue of Boadicea outside the Houses of Parliament

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THE END OF ROMAN BRITAIN 1) In AD 367 the Celts of Caledonia started attacking the Roman armies; 2) In AD 409 Rome pulled its last soldiers out of Britain as the Empire began to collapse; 3) In AD 410 Rome itself fell to raiders.

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ROMAN LIFE IN BRITAIN: !!! LANGUAGE brought the skills of reading and writing to Britain ( LATIN), BUT…. a) the Celtic peasantry remained illiterate and only Celtic –speaking; b) town-dwellers spoke Latin and Greek; c) rich landowners used Latin

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ROMAN TOWNS There were three different kinds of town in Roman Britain, Two kinds were established by Roman charter 1) colonia (sing) ( peopled by Roman settlers) 2) municupium ( sing)( the whole population was given Roman citizenship) 3) civitas (sing) ( were the old Celtic tribal capitals through which the Romans administered Celtic population in the countryside)

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ROMAN TOWNS The Romans left: about twenty large towns ( 5000 inhabitants) one hundred smaller ones Many of these towns were at first army camps. The Latin word for camp, castra , has remained part of many town names to this day: Winchester Lancaster Leicester

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of Roman Sichester Reconstruction of Roman Sichester

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Londinium - All the Roman towns were connected by roads. - They were so well-built that even survived through out the long British history and became the main roads of modern Britain. - Six of these Roman roads met in London (Londinium – 20.000 people)

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R oman road

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R oman road

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Roman countryside The face of the countryside has changed completely There appeared a number of large farms Roman farms were called “ VILLAS”.

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Roman Villas A Roman villa was originally a Roman country house built for the upper class during the Roman Em pire . T here were two kinds of villas: the villa urbana , which was a country seat that could easily be reached for a night or two, and the villa rustica , the farm-house estate permanently occupied by the servants who were in charge of the estate.

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Roman Villa Rustica Model

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REASONS FOR DISAPPEARING OF ROMAN BRITAIN: 1 The influence was largely confined to the towns. 2 In the countryside, where most people lived, farming methods had remained unchanged. 3 Celtic speech continued to be dominant in the countryside. 4 The Roman occupation had been a matter of colonial control rather than large –scale settlement.

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While the Queen appears to have a lot of power but in reality has very little, the PM appears not to have much power but in reality has a very great deal

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The PM selects the other Ministers whom he/she wishes. Most of the Ministers are chosen from the H of C, but a few must be in the House of Lords.

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The Prime Minister is usually First Lord of the Treasury, the department which deals with the money collected and spent by the Government

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The PM selects some of his leading party members of the H of C to take the chief offices in the G. and sit with him/her in the Cabinet

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The Government All politicians who run government departments The most powerful of these politicians (the MP, and the other members of the Cabinet)

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THE CABINET directs the administration controls the process of lawmaking dominates the House of Commons decides which subject shall be debated in the H of C drafts and proposes all important legislation

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*The Cabinet is a kind of “inner Government” within the Government (17-20 members) *It started in the XVIII century as an informal grouping of important ministers

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Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (the Shadow Cabinet) The Shadow Cabinet consists of a senior group of opposition who, under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition, form an alternative cabinet to that of the government, and whose members shadow or mirror the positions of each individual member of the Cabinet. It is the Shadow Cabinet's responsibility to criticize the policies and actions of the government, as well to offer an alternative program.

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Cabinet reshuffle Is a habit of the PM to change his/her Cabinet quite frequently (at least every 2 years)/ A few cabinet members are dropped, and a few new members are brought in, but mostly the existing members are shuffled around, like a pack of cards, each getting a new department to look after.

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FAMILY IDENTITY A fairly typical northern European country. Family identity is rather weak. Significant family events such as weddings, births and funerals are not automatically accompanied by large gatherings of people Fore most people, family gatherings are confined to the Christmas period

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It is unusual for adults of different generations within the family to live together. The average number of people living in each household in Britain is lower than in the European average, the proportion of people living alone is higher.

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Even the stereotypical nuclear family of a married farther and mother and their children became less common in the last quarter of the twentieth century. The proportion of children born outside marriage has risen dramatically. There is much talk in Britain of “single-parent families”. But if fact 85% of children are born to parents who are living together.

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Geographical Identity A sense of identity based on a place of birth is not strong because people are just too mobile and very few live in the same place all their lives. In some cases, there is quite a strong sense of identification with a city. ( Liverpool- Liverpudlians or Scousers ) The result of a long history as an international port . The people of Newcastle(known as Geordies) The town was far away from most other centers of population The Londoners - Cockney

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Ethnic Identity: the four nations English Welsh Scottish Irish

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CLASS The class system has survived in Britain because of its flexibility, it has never been swept away by a revolution and an awareness of class forms a major part of most people’s sense of identity. People in Britain regard it is difficult to become friends with somebody from a different “background”. Different classes have different sets of attitudes and daily habits (they eat different food, speak different topics, the enjoy different sports and pastimes) The most obvious sign comes when a person opens his or her mouth.

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1) The words "accent" and "dialect" have the same meaning. true false

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2) What does "RP" stand for? Receipt Pronunciation Received Pronunciation Regional Pronunciation Right Pronunciation

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3) What percentage of the UK population speaks with an RP accent? 1% 3% 5% 10% 50% 90%

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4) People who have been to university in Oxford or Cambridge are more likely to speak with an RP accent. true false

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5) The Cockney accent originates from: Birmingham Wales London the Midlands the Nort

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6) The word "estuary" in "Estuary English" refers to: the English Channel the Irish Sea the North Sea the River Thames the South Coast of England

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7) If someone speaks with a "glottal stop", they often omit which consonant or sound? d f h l t  th v

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8) People in the Midlands and North of the UK tend to pronounce "bath" and "path" in a similar way to people in America and Canada. true false

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9) In Scottish dialect, the statement "Ah dinnae ken" means: Here I am. I don't know. I don't think so. My name is Ken.

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10) If a Scottish person says "aye", what do they mean? goodbye hello no yes perhaps

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Barely 1 7 per cent of the adult population of Britain belongs to one of the Christian churches, and this proportion continues to decline

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There are two established or state churches in Britain: the Church of England , or Anglican Church as it is also called, and the Church of Scotland , or "Kirk".

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In 1533 the English king, Henry VIII, broke away from Rome and declared himself head of the Church in England. His reason was political: the Pope"s refusal to allow him to divorce his wife, who had failed to produce a son.

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Ever since 1534 the monarch has been Supreme Governor of the Church of England . No one may take the throne who is not a member of the Church of England. As Head of the Church of England, the monarch appoints the archbishops, bishops and deans of the Church, on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, who might well not be an Anglican.

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The most senior spiritual leaders of the Church of England are the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is "Primate of All England", and the Archbishop of York, who is "Primate of England". Both provinces are divided into dioceses, each under a bishop.

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The Church of England does not yet allow women to become vicars(2004) In 2010, for the first time in the history of the Church of England, more women than men were ordained as priests (290 women and 273 men). 20 ноября 2013 года Синод Англиканской Церкви подавляющим большинством голосов узаконил рукоположение женщин в епископы.

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17 декабря 2014 по решению, принятому в Стокпорте , епископом Англиканской Церкви стала женщина. Либби Лейн , занимавшая пост викария в епархии Честера, первой из женщин рукоположена в епископы Англиканской Церкви.

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The Church of Scotland In Scotland the Church, or Kirk, vehemently rejected the idea of bishops, following a more Calvinist Protestant tradition. Its churches are plain . The Church of Scotland is governed by its ministries (parish priests) Women are allowed to become ministries in the Presbyterian church

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The Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church only returned to Britain in 1850 . The Roman Catholic Church grew rapidly after 1850, particularly among the industrial working class. By the mid-1980s it had about 5.7 million members The senior English cleric is the Archbishop of Westminster.

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Apart from Christianity, there are at least five other religions in Britain. These are usually composed of either immigrants or the descendants of immigrants . The oldest is the Jewish community. There are also more recently established religious groups: Hindus, Sikhs , Buddhists and Muslims. The most important of these, not only on account of its size, is the Muslim community.

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In Britain, Local government authorities (generally known as “councils”)have powers because the central government has given them powers. They only exist because of the central government.

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Several times in the last 100 years , British governments have reorganized local government, abolishing some councils

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The money collected from this tax is not nearly enough to provide all the services. As a result, more than half of a local council’s incoms is ginen to it by the central government

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The relative lack of power of local government is reflected in public attitude. Less than half of the electorate normally bother to vote in local elections. Nevertheless, the average person in Britain has far more direct dealing with local government

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Counties –the oldest division of the country in England and Wales. Many are still use today for local government purposes. Parishes were originally villages centred around a local church. Today, they are the smallest unit of local government. Boroughs were originally towns that had grown large and important enough to be given their own powers, free of county control

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Local authorities can now , if they wish, have a directly elected mayor. However, people seem to be suspicious of concentrating too much power in the hands of just one person. At the end of 2008 only 10 per cent of local authorities in Britain had taken a vote on this idea – and even then, most of them had rejected it.

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Contents The British Museum The Natural History Museum The National Gallery The National Portrait Gallery The Museum of London Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) The Tate Gallery The Science Museum

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The British Museum The British Museum, consisting of the national museum of archaeology and ethnography and the national library, is the richest of its kind in the world. It was founded in 1753 by an act of Parliament. Its nucleus was founded the priceless collection of manuscripts of Sir Robert Cotton, and Sir Hans Sloane, who left his varied collections to the nation upon his death in 1753.

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To this diverse collection of manuscripts, sculpture works of art, antiquities and natural history items the extensive library was added. The sculpture of W. Shakespeare

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The museum is famous for Egyptian mummies and Elgin Marbles.

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The Natural History Museum The collections of The Natural History Museum are divided into five departments covering botanic, entomology, mineralogy, paleontology and zoology. The museum’s collections were built up round the specimens collected by Sir Hans Sloane. The continued expansion of the collections in the British Museum meant that a separate natural history museum was required. It was opened in 1881.

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The Natural History Museum One of the first things you’ll see on entering the Central Hall is the massive skeleton of Diplodocus – one of the largest creatures that ever lived.

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The National Gallery houses the national collection of Western European painting, comprising more than 2000 pictures dating from the late 13th to the early 20th century. The Gallery was founded in 1824 The National Gallery

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The national Gallery Gauguin Harvest Le Pouldu, 1890 . All great artists are represented by masterpieces: Leonardo and Raphael, Titian, Bellini, Caravaggio, Rubens, Van Eyck, Rembrandt, Hogarth, Turner, Constable, Reynolds, Monet, Degas, Manet, etc

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The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856. Today the collection constitutes a unique record of the men and women who created the history and culture of the nation. The Gallery houses over 9000 works. The National Portrait Gallery

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The collection which is arranged chronologically, begins with the Tudors and their predecessors. The collection includes such treasure as Holbein’s Cartoon of Henry VII, portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, the portrait of Shakespeare and celebrated images of Charles I, Charles II and his mistress. Portrait of a young man by Botticelly The National Portrait Gallery

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The Museum of London is the largest and most comprehensive city museum in the world. It is dedicated to the story of London and its people. Where else could you see a Roman bikini, an old Selfridges’s lift, an 18th-century debtor’s prison, as well as royal treasures? The Museum of London

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You can also see a Lord Mayor’s State Coach, stand in Roman kitchen, and Relieve the Great Fire of London, and look down on the city’s Roman Wall. The Museum of London

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Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) V&A is the finest museum of the decorative arts in the world. Its collections, housed in magnificent Victorian buildings, include sculpture, furniture, fashion and textiles, paintings, silver, glass, jewellery, books from Britain and all over the world. The Museum was opened in 1857 at Marlborough House Additional buildings were designed by Sir Aston Webb. The foundation stone was laid by Queen Victoria in 1899 and the Museum re-opened, in 1909 as the V&A.

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V&A is the finest museum of the decorative arts in the world. Its collections, housed in magnificent Victorian buildings, include sculpture, furniture, fashion and textiles, paintings, silver, glass, jewelery, books from Britain and all over the world. The Museum was opened in 1857 at Marlborough House Additional buildings were designed by Sir Aston Webb. The foundation stone was laid by Queen Victoria in 1899 and the Museum re-opened, in 1909 as the V&A. Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A)

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Painting of the Month The Tate Gallery is two national collections in one: British art from the 16th century to around 1900, and international modern art from the Impressionists until now. Opened in 1897, the Gallery was named after the sugar millionaire Sir Henry Tate who gave his Victorian paintings and paid for the building. The Tate Gallery

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The Tate Gallery Thomas Gainsborough Portrait of Henry Duke of Cumberland Van Gogh Sunflowers The British collection includes masterpieces by Hogarth, Gainsborough, Reynolds, Constable, William Blake and Turner. The Modern collection includes highlights by Monet, Pissaro and Van Gogh, Matisse, Picasso.

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The Science Museum in South Kensington doesn’t look very interesting from the outside. Its galleries are full of objects, models which demonstrate a particular subject in science of engineering. The Science Museum

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There are a lot of clocks, telescopes, cameras, steam engines, computers, domestic appliences, aeroplanes, the world’s first locomotive and George Stephenson’s Rocket. The Science Museum

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1) "Posh tea" is served from a ________ into a cup and saucer. digestive biscuit scone mug teapot moggy

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2. "Builder’s tea" is made from a _________ and is served in a mug. tea strainer tea bag flask tea caddy builder

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3. Cucumber sandwiches and scones are foods that are commonly served at __________. breakfast tea brunch supper afternoon tea coffee break

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4. In more formal situations, milk is provided in a _________ on the side when tea is served. jar jug pot bowl cow carton

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5. If you do not like drinking tea with milk, you can say that you prefer it ___________. naked black watery light soft hard

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6. When receiving guests at home, it is customary for English people to offer their guests a ________. hot drink sandwich scone crumpet back rub cat

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7. There are two pronunciations for the word "_________" in British English. Both are correct, although people disagree about which pronunciation should be used. biscuit cuppa scone saucer tea

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8. Some people in England like to _________ digestive biscuits into their tea. dunk smash strain float vomit

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9. You can ask someone if he/she wants a cup of tea in an informal situation by asking: "__________." 1) Wanna biccy ? 2) Fancy a crumpet? 3) Shall I put the kettle on? 4) Would madam like an Earl Grey? 5) Drinkateamate ?

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1) Knock, knock... What is it? Who's there? Who is it? What's there?

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2) Why was the math book sad? It had too much problem. It had too many pages. It had too many problems. It had too much trouble.

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3) What's the difference between mashed potatoes and pea soup? The colour . You can mash potatoes, but you can't mash soup. You can mash potatoes, but you can't pee soup. You can mash potatoes, but you can't mash peas.

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4) What does a banana have in common with a million dollars? They both make people happy. They both have appeal. They are both for peeling. They both smell good.

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5) Alfred: Knock, knock... Tim: Who's there? Alfred: Lettuce! Tim: Lettuce who? Alfred: ___________________! Lettuce in, it's cold out here Lettuce and tomatoes Lettucehead Iceberg lettuce

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A sense of Humour There is one personal quality which most British people cling to above all others, i t is a sense of humour . The worst shame of all for them would be regarded as a person with no sense of humour . You do not have to tell the best jokes to be humorous. Nor is there a proper time and place for humour . A mildly funny remark is appreciated in all but the most formal situations. It does not have to be especially clever. It is just an everyday way of talking. People expect it. Raising a smile or getting a laugh is a good enough reason for saying anything, even if it is something you don’t mean

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The ability to laugh at yourself and to take a joke is highly prized. The imperative to present yourself as having this quality is amazingly strong. A doctor was once asked how patients reacted to being told they had cancer. He said that, after the initial shock, their most common reaction was to make a joke out of it. Two other personal qualities which are generally highly prized in Britain: bravery in the face of misfortune ( “ stiff upper lip ”) and modesty. The quality which connects these two is the sense of humour .

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6) What do you call a computer that sings? a Linux a Mac a C64 a Dell

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7) What's the difference between ignorance and apathy? I don't know and I don't care. Nothing

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8) Why did the banana go to the hospital? He was squished. He wasn't peeling well.

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9) What is a boxer's favourite drink? orange juice punch milk

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10) How does the ocean say hello? It waves. It kisses you.

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1. Knock, knock... What is it? Who's there? Who is it? What's there? 2. Why was the math book sad? It had too much problem. It had too many pages. It had too many problems. It had too much trouble. 3. What's the difference between mashed potatoes and pea soup? The colour . You can mash potatoes, but you can't mash soup. You can mash potatoes, but you can't pee soup. You can mash potatoes, but you can't mash peas. 4. What does a banana have in common with a million dollars? They both make people happy. They both have appeal. They are both for peeling. They both smell good. 5. Alfred: Knock, knock... Tim: Who's there? Alfred: Lettuce! Tim: Lettuce who? Alfred: ___________________! Lettuce in, it's cold out here Lettuce and tomatoes Lettucehead Iceberg lettuce 6. What do you call a computer that sings? a Linux a Mac a C64 a Dell "A Dell" sounds like the famous singer "Adele." 7. What's the difference between ignorance and apathy? I don't know and I don't care. Nothing. 8. Why did the banana go to the hospital? He was squished. He wasn't peeling well . "Peeling" rhymes with "feeling." 9. What is a boxer's favourite drink? orange juice punch milk "Punch" is also what boxers do with their fists. 10. How does the ocean say hello? It waves. It kisses you. Oceans have waves, and you can wave with your hand to say bye or hello.

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Elections Republicans (GOP) Democrats nominee incumbent candidate campaign platform run for office sworn in

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Elections primary/caucus (super) delegate/ conventions poll pundits rhetoric /spin (doctor) lobby electoral college cast a ballot spin

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Elections nominee кандидат, потенциальный претендент platform = beliefs incumbent GOP compaign primary spin caucus electoral college pundits=experts rhetoric/spin (doctor) poll=survey

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Convention – a very big meeting, they vote for the nominee delegate – representative of the state swing- decide at the ballot box/pollster lobby group – a group of people ( lobbists ) give money for the compaign cast a ballot they often switch

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Like the federal government, state governments have three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor , who typically holds office for a four-year term (although in some states the term is two years). Except for Nebraska , which has unicameral legislature , all states have a bicameral legislature, with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives , the House of Delegates , Assembly or something similar. In most states, senators serve four-year terms, and members of the lower house serve two-year terms. The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution, including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government. However, state constitutions are generally more detailed.

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Mayor-council This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly all American cities. Its structure is like that of the state and national governments, with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch. The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials, sometimes with the approval of the council. He or she has the power of veto over ordinances (the laws of the city) and often is responsible for preparing the city's budget.

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The United States of America is a presidential republic. The head of state is the President..

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This country is made up of 50 states and the independent District of Columbia. Each state has its own state government and state law.

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There are three main branches of power in the USA: the legislative, the executive and the judicial.

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The legislative branch of power in the USA is the Congress. The main function of it is making law. It consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The people over 18 elect the Congress. The House of Representatives Every state is represented There are 435 members in the House of Representatives. They are elected for 2 years. Members of the House of Representatives should be not younger than 25 years old and should be citizens of the USA not less than 7 years. The Senate There are 100 members in the Senate. They should be not younger than 30 years old and should be citizens of the USA not less than 9 years. Members of the Senate are elected for 6 years.

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The executive branch of the Government power is the Administration. The President The Vice-President The Cabinet of the President This branch is responsible for initiating and administrating laws. The President is the Head of the Cabinet and he can veto a law that the Congress has passed. The President is elected every 4 years and cannot serve more than two terms. The Vice-president of the USA is the head of the Senate. Secretaries in the Cabinet are responsible for most important departments. The President appoints secretaries.

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The head of the executive branch of power is the President. The President should be not younger than 35 years old. He also should be a citizen of the USA not less than 14 years. The President is elected for 4 years by the people over 18. Donald Trump Michael Richard "Mike" Pence

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The judicial branch of the Government The main function of it is applying law. The highest court of the country is the Supreme Court . When the Congress passes a law and when this law is against the Constitution, the Supreme Court may veto this law. The President appoints federal judges. The judicial branch of power is much more powerful than in some other countries. It is involved in the system of checks and balances.

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The system of checks and balances The President The Congress The President can veto laws passed by the Congress Congress can pass laws over the President’s veto by a two-thirds majority The Supreme Court The President appoints federal judges The Court can declare Presidential acts unconstitutional The Court can declare laws unconstitutianal The Senate must approve the President’s judicial appointments

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The system of checks and balances in government was developed to ensure that no one branch of government would become too powerful. The framers of the U.S. Constitution built a system that divides power between the three branches of the U.S. government—legislative, executive and judicial—and includes various limits and controls on the powers of each branch.

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This project is done by: Eliseeva Anastasia Krivosheeva Marina Chasovskih Anastasia

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Education in the USA Americans place a high value on education. Universal access to quality education has been one of the nation’s historic goals. In 1865 education was becoming available to all.

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Education in the USA The American system of school education differs from the systems in other countries. The peculiar feature of American education is the absence of national administration. Each of the 50 states controls and directs its own school.

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Versions of schools of the USA There are state public schools, private elementary schools and private secondary schools.

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State publish school Most students attend public schools. These schools are run by the government of a city. The citizens of the city pay taxes to pay for the school buildings, teachers’ salaries and equipment and supplies for the schools. Public schools are usually large.

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Private elementary school American children start school at the age of five years. The first year at school is called kindergarten. It is required of all American children enrolled in the American education system.

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Private elementary school The second year at school is considered the first year of primary school and is referred to as first grade.

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Private secondary school Primary school most commonly consists of five years of education, referred to as first through fifth grades. Upon completion of fifth grade (the last year of primary school), American children enrolled in the American education system advance to secondary school.

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Private secondary school Secondary school most commonly consists of a total of seven years, referred to as sixth through twelfth grades. The ninth through twelfth grades are most commonly referred to as high school. Upon completion of twelfth grade, American students are awarded a certificate called the high school diploma.

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Private secondary school Foreign students who would like to attend an American high school, need to consider how the high school they select will give them access to the best colleges.

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Harvard College Harvard College was established in 1636, with the principal purpose of providing a literate ministry1 for colonial churches. It was a small institution, enrolling only 20 students in 1642 and 60 in 1660. It soon became more than a theological training school2 and established itself as a liberal arts college.

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Harvard College

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The College of William and Mary The next institution of higher learning established in the American colonies was the College of William and Mary, which opened in 1693 at Williamsburg, Virginia.

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Private and State Colleges and Universities Other colleges were founded in the next century, but all of them remained small schools for long periods.

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Private and State Colleges and Universities Private colleges and universities were established in various states. The first state university was the University of Virginia, founded in 1819.

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Private and State Colleges and Universities Higher education in the USA may be divided into two broad fields: liberal arts and professional. Each of these fields may be further subdivided into undergraduate and graduate levels.

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Private and State Colleges and Universities

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The Public Welfare System in America The majority of Americans – about 85 percent – are neither wealthy nor poor. They (1)(belong) to the broad economic category considered to be ‘middle class’. But they (2)(trouble) by the fact that poverty (3)(exist) in their land. The US (4)(know) for its wealth, its abundance of food and its opportunity for everybody to build a good life. The goal is to operate a free enterprise economy in which everyone who (5)(want) to work can find it. Despite that goal, there is always a percentage of people who want to work but who cannot find employment for which they (6)(suit). In recent years, the official figure for unemployment (7)(average) between five and seven percent .

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The public welfare system in the USA is so large that in the early and mid-1980s nearly one half of all money spent by the federal government (8)(be) for ‘social payments’ – money used to help people. The percentage (9)(double) since the 1960s, when only about 25 percent of the money spent by the federal government (10)(support) these welfare needs. In addition to federal programs, there are programs in each of the 50 states which (11)(design) to help people in need. Some people believe that increased direct expenditure by the federal government is the best means to eliminate poverty. Others say the welfare system (12)(not reward) individual initiative – it (13)(encourage) people to stay unemployed and spend, rather than save money. All of the studies and the arguments about poverty and public welfare programs show that Americans (14)(concern) about a problem that (15)(not solve) yet.

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1 believe 2 are troubled 3 exists 4 is known 5 wants 6 are suited 7 has averaged 8 was 9 has doubled 10 supported 11 are designed 12 does not reward 13 encourages 14 are concerned 15 hasn't been solved