Задания и оценочные средства по организации самостоятельной работы студентов по дисциплине "Английский язык" для специальности 08.02.01 Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений
методическая разработка по английскому языку

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего образования

«Псковский государственный университет»

Филиал

Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения

высшего  образования

«Псковский государственный университет»

В г. Великие Луки Псковской области

Задания и оценочные средства по организации

самостоятельной работы студентов

Список литературы:

Агабекян И.П. Английский язык. – Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2015.

Веренич Н.И. Английский язык для колледжей = English for Colleges [Электронный ресурс]: пособие для учащихся/ Веренич Н.И., Тихонова В.П.— Электрон. текстовые данные.— Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2011.— 368 c.— Режим доступа: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/28039.— ЭБС «IPRbooks», по паролю.

Шляхова В.А. Английский язык для экономистов [Электронный ресурс]: учебник для бакалавров/ Шляхова В.А., Герасина О.Н., Герасина Ю.А.— Электрон. текстовые данные.— М.: Дашков и К, 2014.— 296 c.— Режим доступа: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/24770.— ЭБС «IPRbooks», по паролю.

Шевелева С.А. Основы экономики и бизнеса [Электронный ресурс]: учебное пособие для учащихся средних профессиональных учебных заведений/ Шевелева С.А.,

Стогов В.Е.— Электрон. текстовые данные.— М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2012.— 496 c.— Режим доступа: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/34492.— ЭБС «IPRbooks», по паролю.

Изучение иностранного языка направлено на достижение следующих целей:

- развитие коммуникативной компетенции в совокупности ее составляющих, а именно:

речевая компетенция - развитие коммуникативных умений в четырех видах речевой деятельности (чтение, аудирование, говорение и письмо);

 языковая компетенция - овладение языковыми средствами (фонетическими, орфографическими, лексическими, грамматическими) в соответствии с темами и ситуациями общения; освоение знаний о языковых явлениях изучаемого языка, разных способах выражения в родном и иностранном языках;

 социокультурная, межкультурная компетенция - приобщение к культуре, традициям, реалиям стран изучаемого языка в рамках тем, сфер и ситуаций общения, отвечающих опыту, интересам, психологическим особенностям учащихся на разных этапах обучения; формирование умения представлять свою страну, ее культуру в условиях межкультурного общения;

 компенсаторная компетенция - развитие умений выходить из положения в условиях дефицита языковых средств  при получении и передаче информации;

учебно-познавательная компетенция - развитие общих и специальных учебных умений, универсальных способов деятельности; ознакомление с доступными способами приемами самостоятельного изучения языков культур, в том числе с использованием новых информационных технологий.

- развитие личности студентов посредством реализации воспитательного потенциала иностранного языка:

формирование у студентов потребности в изучении иностранных языков и овладения ими как средством общения, познания, самореализации и социальной адаптации в поликультурном мире в условиях глобализации на основе осознания важности изучения иностранного языка как средства общения и познания в современном мире;

Обучение иностранному языку на современном этапе нацелено на комплексную реализацию личностно-ориентированного и социокультурного подходов к обучению иностранному языку.

- формирование и совершенствование социокультурной компетенции направлено на:

• развитие способности ориентироваться в социокультурных аспектах жизнедеятельности людей в странах изучаемого языка;
• формирование навыков и умений искать способы выхода из ситуаций

коммуникативного сбоя из-за социокультурных помех при общении;

• формирование поведенческой адаптации к общению в иноязычной среде, понимания необходимости следовать традиционным канонам вежливости в странах изучаемого языка, проявляя уважение к традициям, ритуалам и стилю жизни представителей другого культурного сообщества;
• овладение способами представления родной культуры в инокультурной / иноязычной среде.

При изучении иностранного языка у студентов формируются и развиваются навыки информационной культуры, что предполагает усиление внимания  развитию коммуникативно-когнитивных умений в процессе изучения дисциплины. Это касается, прежде всего, следующих умений:

• самостоятельно и мотивированно организовать свою познавательную
• деятельность;
• участвовать в проектной деятельности и проведении учебно-исследовательской работы;
• осуществлять поиск нужной информации по заданной теме в иноязычных источниках различного типа;
• извлекать необходимую информацию из иноязычных источников, созданных в различных знаковых системах (текст, таблица, график, диаграмма, аудиовизуальный ряд и др.);
• переводить информацию из одной знаковой системы в другую;
• отделять основную информацию от второстепенной;
• критически оценивать достоверность полученной информации;
• передавать содержание информации адекватно поставленной цели;
• развернуто обосновывать суждения, давать определения, приводить доказательства;
• работать продуктивно и целенаправленно с текстами художественного,

публицистического и официально-делового стилей, понимать их специфику,

• адекватно воспринимать язык средств массовой информации;
• создавать материал для устных презентаций с использованием мультимедийных технологий.

Особенности организации самостоятельной работы студентов

Организация любой самостоятельной работы включает три этапа:

• первый этап - постановка перед студентами целей, задач выполнения заданий (упражнений), разъяснения и указания по их выполнению;
• второй этап - непосредственная деятельность студентов по выполнению заданий (упражнений), решению задач;
• третий этап - подведение итогов и оценка выполнения самостоятельной работы студентами.

В ходе выполнения заданий студенты должны учиться мыслить, анализировать задания, учитывать условия, ставить задачи, решать возникающие проблемы. В организации творческой деятельности студентов преподавателю могут помочь новые информационные технологии. При распределении видов заданий на самостоятельную работу рекомендуется использовать дифференцированный подход.

 Перед выполнением самостоятельной работы следует провести инструктаж по выполнению задания, который включает цель задания, его содержание, сроки выполнения, ориентировочный объем работы, основные требования к результатам работы, критерии оценки. В процессе инструктажа преподаватель предупреждает о возможных типичных ошибках, встречающихся при выполнении задания.

Самостоятельная работа может выполняться индивидуально или группами, в зависимости от цели, объема, конкретной тематики самостоятельной работы, уровня сложности, уровня умений студентов. Контроль результатов самостоятельной работы студентов может осуществляться в пределах времени, отведенного на обязательные учебные занятия по дисциплине, и может проходить в письменной или устной форме, с предоставлением продукта деятельности.

В качестве форм и методов контроля самостоятельной работы могут быть самоотчеты, контрольные работы, защита творческих работ, заслушивание сообщений студентов с последующим их обсуждением, уроки-конкурсы, устный журнал, уроки-экскурсии,  решение практических задач, ситуационный анализ, и пр.

        Самостоятельная работа студентов проводится с целью:

• систематизации и закрепления практического опыта, умений и  знаний, общих и профессиональных компетенций,  определенных в качестве основополагающих требованиями ФГОС СПО  по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» (английский);
• формирования готовности к поиску, обработке и применению информации для решения профессиональных задач;
• развития познавательных способностей и активности студентов, творческой инициативы, самостоятельности, ответственности и организованности;
• формирования самостоятельности мышления, способностей к саморазвитию, самосовершенствованию и самореализации;
• выработки навыков эффективной самостоятельной профессиональной  деятельности.

 Критериями оценки результатов самостоятельной  деятельности студентов являются:

- уровень усвоения учебного материала,

- умение использовать теоретические знания при выполнении практических задач,

- сформированность общеучебных умений,

- сформированность и четкость изложения ответов,

- оформление материала в соответствии с требованиями.

Критерии оценки:

-  «отлично» -  полностью  правильное выполнение задания, работа оформлена в соответствии с требованиями, чисто, аккуратно, без исправлений, объём работы приближен или равен максимуму от предъявленных требований;

-  «хорошо» -  выполнена большая часть заданий, есть недочеты, объём работы составляет среднее арифметическое между минимумом и максимумом от предъявленных требований;

-  «удовлетворительно» - половина заданий вызвала затруднения, много неточностей, объём работы составляет минимум от предъявленных требований.

Самостоятельная работа №1 Тема «Мое учебное заведение. Моя профессия.».

Цель: создать условия для развития умений связного рассказа о своей будущей профессии, изучить лексику.

Содержание работы: прочитать тексты по данной теме, составить рассказ о своей

специальности, будущей профессии, подготовить мультимедийную презентацию.

Задание: Прочитать, перевести текст, выписать и выучить новые лексические

единицы. Выполнить задания к тексту устно. Используя текст и фразы из заданий в качестве образца, составить рассказ и подготовить презентацию по теме «Моя профессия», представить результаты в устной форме.

Текст

My Future Profession

I study at the Yuryevets Agricultural College. I am a full-time, second year student. I study in the building department. I want to be a builder. I have chosen this profession because it is very useful, important, noble and interesting in my opinion. That is why I try to do my best to gain more knowledge in the line and working habits. The main task of a construction is to solve housing problem, in another words, to supply people with comfortable apartments and modern conveniences. Nowadays new apartments are very expensive and not many people can afford moving to new flats with improved housing conditions. The raising of all kinds of construction must meet the demands of people in apartments. To solve this problem it is necessary not only to apply new methods of construction but to produce modern building materials. The most commonly used building materials are divided into natural and artificial building materials. The main artificial building materials are cement, concrete, plastics, brick. The main natural building materials are stone, sand, lime, timber and clay.

Notes:

in my opinion – по моему мнению

that is why – поэтому

to do one’s best – делать все от кого-л. зависящее

in the line – по специальности

working habits – трудовые навыки

apartment (flat) – квартира

modern conveniences – современные удобства

nowadays – в наши дни

expensive – дорогой ( по стоимости)

afford – позволить

improved housing conditions – улучшенные жилищные условия

raising – увеличение, рост

to solve – решать (зд.чтобы решить)

to produce – производить

the most commonly used – в большинстве случаев используется

Задание 1

I. Make the plan of the text.

II. Discuss the text:

1. Where do you study?

2. What year and departments are you in?

3. What do you want to be?

4. Why have you chosen this profession?

5. What is the main task of a construction?

6. What must meet the demand of people?

7. What is necessary to do to solve a housing problem?

8. Into what groups are building materials divided?

9. What are the main natural building materials?

10. What are the main artificial building materials?

III. Say:

a) why the profession of a builder is useful;

b) what improved modern conveniences are;

c) what building materials you know;

d) how to solve housing problems of people?

6. Read the text one more time and say:

a) what building professions are mentioned in it;

b) what the main tasks have a builder, an architect, a civil engineer, a sanitary engineer;

c) why the profession of a builder is honorable;

d) what you must know to become a qualified builder or an architect.

Задание 2

I. Прочитайте следующие утверждения и расскажите, что вас ожидает в вашем профессиональном будущем (для этого поставьте глаголы в данных предложениях в простое будущее время). Переведите полученные фразы.

1) I am a builder.

2) My profession is a builder (a bricklayer, a construction site chief, a foreman).

3) I work as a builder

4) I am able to read a technical drawing

5) My aim is to provide people with flats with modern conveniences

6) My friend is a sanitary engineer. He protects the quality of water by purifying it.

7) My friend is an architect. He needs some knowledge of sculpture, design, mechanical engineering and so on and so forth.

8) I try to contribute the beauty of my native town in future.

II. Make the plan of the text and divide it into passages.

III. Retell the text and say what your future job and tasks will be like.

IV. Prepare a monologue according to one of the following themes:

1) Speak about yourself and the profession of a builder.

2) The advantages and disadvantages of a building profession.

3) Housing problem.

4) The education at the college and the future building profession.

Самостоятельная работа №2 Тема «Введение в основы перевода текстов профессиональной направленности и технической документации».

Цель: освоить навыки работы при переводе текстов профессиональной направленности,

технических текстов

Содержание работы: прочитать текст по данной теме, перевести, выписать и выучить новые лексические единицы

Задание: перевести текст, выписать и выучить новые лексические единицы

Текст

3D LASER SCANNING FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

In the last years, thanks to the advances of surveying sensors and techniques, many heritage sites could be accurately replicated in digital form with very detailed and impressive results. The actual limits are mainly related to hardware capabilities, computation time and low performance of personal computer. Often, the produced models are not visible on a normal computer and the only solution to easily visualize them is offline using rendered videos. 17 This kind of 3D representations is useful for digital conservation, divulgation purposes or virtual tourism where people can visit places otherwise closed for preservation or security reasons. But many more potentialities and possible applications are available using a 3D model. Almost 50 years ago, the Venice Charter (International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, 1964) stated: “It is essential that the principles guiding the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings should be agreed and be laid down on an international basis, with each country being responsible for applying the plan within the framework of its own culture and traditions”. But nowadays the need for a clear, rational, standardized terminology and methodology, as well as an accepted professional principle and technique for interpretation, presentation, digital documentation and presentation is still not established. Furthermore, “...Preservation of the digital heritage requires sustained efforts on the part of governments, creators, publishers, relevant industries and heritage institutions. In the face of the current digital divide, it is necessary to reinforce international cooperation and solidarity to enable all countries to ensure creation, dissemination, preservation and continued accessibility of their digital heritage” (UNESCO Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage 2003). Therefore, although we may digitally record and produce models, we also require more international collaborations and information sharing to digitally preserve and make them accessible in all the possible forms and to all the possible users and clients. But despite all these international statements, the constant pressure of international heritage organizations and the recent advances of 3D recording techniques, a systematic and targeted use of 3D surveying and modelling in the Cultural Heritage field is still not yet employed as a default approach for different reasons: 1) the idea of high costs for 3D models; 2) the difficulties in achieving good 3D models by everyone; 3) the thought that 3D is an optional process of interpretation and an additional ‘aesthetic’ factor, i.e. traditional 2D documentation is enough; 4) the difficulty of integrating 3D worlds with other more standard 2D

25 material; 5) the lack of powerful and reliable software to handle 3D data and produce standard documentation material. New technologies and new hardware are pushing to increase the quality of 3D models with the purpose of attracting new people into the 3D world. Many companies entered inside this market developing and employing software and survey systems with good potentialities and often very impressive results. Indeed the number of 3D products is huge and if one hand the cost of these technologies is slowly reducing, on the other hand it’s difficult, in particular for nonspecialists, to select the right product due to a lack of standard terminology and specifications. Furthermore, new technologies can for sure be a powerful tool to improve the classical standard of documentation and create a new methodology, however caution must be used and they have to be further studied and customized to be fully effective and useful, since even the standard bi-dimensional representations are still not problem-free. When planning a 3D surveying and modeling project, beside all the technical parameters that should be kept in mind (e.g. location, accessibility, geometric detail, budget), a very crucial thing to know is the final user of the 3D data and the final project’s goal, in order to clarify what is actually needed. Nowadays there is a large number of geomatics data acquisition tools for 18 mapping purposes and for visual Cultural Heritage digital recording. These include satellite imagery, digital aerial cameras, radar platforms, airborne and terrestrial laser scanners, UAVs, panoramic linear sensors, SRL or consumer-grade terrestrial digital cameras and GNSS/INS systems for precise positioning. Beside data acquisition systems, today new software has been developed and many automated data processing procedures are available. For what concerned new functionality for 3D data management, there are new advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and 3D repositories (e.g. BIM) while in the visualization field the rendering and animation software are now more affordable with lower costs and higher results. The continuous development of new sensors, data capture methodologies and multi-resolution 3D representations are contributing significantly to the documentation, conservation, and presentation of heritage information and to the growth of research in the Cultural Heritage field. The generation of reality-based 3D models of heritage sites and objects is nowadays performed using methodologies based on passive sensors and image data, active sensors and range data, classical surveying (e.g. total stations or GNSS), 2D maps, or an integration of the aforementioned techniques. The choice or integration depends on the required accuracy, object dimensions, location constraints, instrument’s portability and usability, surface 26 characteristics, project’s budget and final goal of the 3D survey. Identify the best approach in every situation is not an easy task but it is nowadays clear that the combination and integration of different sensors and techniques, in particular when surveying large and complex sites, is the ideal solution in order to: 1) exploit the intrinsic strengths of each technique, 2) compensate for weaknesses of individual methods, 3) derive different geometric Levels of Detail of the scene under investigation that show only the necessary information and 4) achieve more accurate and complete geometric surveying for modelling, interpretation, representation and digital conservation issues. The Stonehenge laser scan survey undertaken back in 2011 successfully demonstrates the recording, documentation and archaeological analysis application of laser scanning as well as its latent potential for deriving new data. This new survey aimed to record both the world famous prehistoric monument and ‘The Triangle’ landscape immediately surrounding it by applying a range of laser scanning systems from Leica Geosystems and Zoller und Fruhlich (Z+F) with varying specifications and data capture capabilities. In December 2013 a new visitor centre was opened at Stonehenge containing a number of displays based on the laser scan data. These included interpretation and tactile reconstructions of the henge monument and a new ‘Stand in the Stones’ virtual display that every visitor now experiences when entering the new centre. Such a project therefore demonstrates that laser scanning can successfully record heritage sites and monuments and provides a range of useable outputs encompassing traditional, modern and virtual requirements. The importance of Cultural Heritage documentation is well recognized and there is an increasing pressure at international level to preserve them also digitally with long-lasting and standard formats. Indeed 3D data are today a critical component to permanently record the shape of important objects so that, in digital form at least, they might be passed down to future generations. This concept has produced firstly a large number of projects, mainly led by research groups, which have realized very high quality and complete digital models and secondly has alerted the creation of guidelines describing standards for correct and complete 3D documentations and digital preservation.

Notes:

1. Geomatics – геоинформатика (geo+informatics);

2. Digital recording – цифровая регистрация;

3. Satellite imagery – изображение спутниковых данных;

4. Radar platform – радиолокационная установка;

5. Panoramic sensor – панорамный датчик;

6. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) – глобальная навига-

ционная спутниковая система (ГНСС);

7. INS (Inertial Navigation System) – инерциальная навигационная

система (ИНС).

Самостоятельная работа №3. Тема: Виды, свойства и функции современных

строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций

Цель: создать условия для развития умений связного рассказа, ознакомиться с различными видами строительных материалов, их свойствами и функциями

Содержание работы: используя информацию из текстов, представить рассказ по теме «Строительные материалы», подготовить мультимедийную презентацию

Задание: Подготовить рассказ и презентацию по теме «Строительные материалы», представить результаты в устной форме

Текст 1.

Construction Materials

There are many types of building materials used in construction such as Concrete, Steel, Wood and Masonry. Each material has different properties such as weight, strength, durability and cost which makes it suitable for certain types of applications. The choice of materials for construction is based on cost and effectiveness to resisting the loads and stresses acting on the structure. As a structural engineer, I work with my clients to decide on the type of materials used in each project depending on the size and use of the building.

The manufacturing of building materials is a well established and standardized industry capable of providing a reliable supply of high-quality materials for our structures.The production of structuralgrade building materials is subject to quality control procedures that involve inspection and testing according to national standards and scientific testing methods.

Building materials can generally be divided into two categories: Natural building materials such as stone and wood, and Man-made building materials such as concrete and steel. Both categories usually require a certain level of preparation or treatment before the use in a structural application. Below is the list of materials I used the most in engineering consulting projects.

There is lots more that can be covered on the topic of construction materials, but hopefully this gives you a good understanding of each of the major materials and the applications that are best suited for each of them. If you have any questions on any of these materials, feel free to leave them in the comment section below.

Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire-and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost. Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

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Modern Building Materials: Classification Natural materials. Extracted materials

Materials are solid substances of which manufactured products are made. A variety of materials are used in different products. Basic types of materials range from wood, which has been used for thousands of years, to composite materials, which are still under development.

Materials belong to two groups: (1) natural materials and (2) extracted materials. Natural materials, which include stone, wood, and wool, are used much as they occur in nature. Extracted materials, such as plastics, alloys (metal mixtures), and ceramics, are created through the processing of various natural substances. Natural materials generally are used as they are found, except for being cleaned, cut, or processed in a simple way that does not use much energy. Natural materials include stone and biological materials.

Certain types of rock are extremely strong and hard, and are therefore used as building stone. There are two types of building stone—crushed stone and dimension stone.

Biological materials are substances that develop as part of a plant or animal. Common plant materials include wood and various fibers such as cotton. Animal materials include leather and fibers such as wool.

Wood is a valuable biological material because of its strength, toughness, and low density. These properties make wood an excellent material for thousands of products, including houses, sailboats, furniture, baseball bats, and railroad ties.

Extracted materials are created through processes that expend a great deal of energy or alter the

microstructure of the substances used to make the materials. Extracted materials include ceramics, metals and their alloys, plastics, rubber, composite materials, and semiconductors.

Ceramics include such everyday materials as brick, cement, glass, and porcelain. These materials are made from mineral compounds called silicates, including clay, feldspar, silica, and talc. People have used such metals as copper, gold, iron, and silver for thousands of years to make various practical and decorative objects. Today, metals are important in all aspects of construction and manufacturing.

Plastics are synthetic materials made up primarily of long chains of molecules called polymers. There are two basic types of plastics: (1) thermosetting plastics (usual called thermosets) and (2) thermoplastics.

Rubber is made up of elastomers, polymers that stretch easily to several times their length and then return to their original shape.

Engineers may artificially combine various materials to create a new composite material. Many composite materials contain a large amount of one substance to which fibers, flakes, or layers of another substance are added.

Semiconductors are materials that conduct electricity better than insulators, but not as well as conductors, at room temperature.

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Properties of Materials

Manufacturers determine which material to use for a given product by evaluating properties (qualities) of materials. Some properties can be linked with a material's macrostructure (structure visible to the unaided eye).

Other properties are explained by a material's microstructure (structure that can be seen only through a microscope). The properties of materials are determined by their internal structure—that is, the way in which the fundamental parts of the materials are put together. At the most basic level, properties of materials are determined by chemical bonds, forces that attract atoms to one another and hold them together.

Materials scientists study how the structure of materials relates to their properties. A large part of their work involves experimentation. Scientists group the properties of materials according to various functions that must be performed by objects made of the materials. Most properties of materials fall into six groups: (1) mechanical, (2) chemical, (3)electrical, (4) magnetic, (5) thermal, (6) optical.

Mechanical properties are critical in a wide variety of structures and objects—from bridges, houses, and space vehicles to chairs and even food trays. Some of; the most important mechanical properties are (1) stiffness, (2) yield stress, (3) toughness, (4) strength, (5) creep and (6) fatigue resistance. Stiffness measures how much a material bends when first subjected to a mechanical force. Yield stress measures how much force per unit area must be exerted on a material for that material to реrmanently deform (change its shape). Toughness measures a material's resistance to cracking. The tougher a material, the greater the stress necessary to break that material near a crack. Strength measures the greatest force a material can withstand without breaking. A material's strength depends on many factors, including its toughness and its shape.

Creep is a measure of a material's resistance to gradual deformation under a constant force. Fatigue resistance measures the resistance of a material to repeated applications and withdrawals of force.

Chemical properties include catalytic properties and resistance to corrosion.

Electrical properties are important in products designed either to conduct (carry) or block the flow of electric current. Dielectric strength describes a material's response to an electric field.

Magnetic properties indicate a material's response to a magnetic field—the region around a magnet or a conductor where the force of magnetism can be felt.

Thermal properties reflect a material's response to heat. Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well a material conducts heat.

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Wood

Wood has been used as a construction material for thousands of years and if properly maintained canlast for hundred of years. It is a readily available and economically feasible natural resource with a light weight and highly machinable properties. It also provides good insulation from the cold which makes it an excellent building material for homes and residential buildings.

Wood pieces used in construction are machine-planed and sawn into certain dimensional

specifications. Dimensional lumber comes in widely available sections such as 2”x4”, 2”x6”, etc. This is commonly used in the construction of walls and floors. Believe it or not, a 2”x4” is actually 1 ½” wide x 3 ½” high. Wood that comes in larger dimensions are referred to as timber or beams and are commonly used to construct the frames of large structures such as bridges and multi-story buildings. Engineered wood is another type of wood used in construction that consist of various forms of wood glued together to form a composite material suitable for specific construction applications. Examples of engineered wood is glued laminated wood (glulam), plywood and fiberboard.

Because of its light weight, wood is not the most suitable construction material to support heavier loads and not ideal for long spans. Wood is rarely used for foundations and basement walls, as it needs to be pressure treated because of its contact with soil/moisture which can be fairly expensive. In a woodframed house, the foundations and basement walls are usually constructed with reinforced concrete.

Wood belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance. Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used

construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their

properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire-and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.

Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following-it is not fireresistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

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TIMBER.

Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is the more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere.

One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and work-ability of the material and, of course, its durability.

What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds woodwork.

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PLASTICS

Plastics are man-made materials that can be shaped into any form. They are one of the most useful materials ever created. Engineers have developed plastics that are as rigid as steel or as soft as cotton. They can make plastics that are any color of the rainbow - or as clear and colorless as crystal. Plastics can be rubbery or rigid, and they can be shaped into an endless variety of objects. Plastic products often have a useful life of many years. But why are the chemists so enthusiastic about plastics? Plastics are rapidly becoming important synthetic materials because of their great variety, strength, durability and lightness. A synthetic product must necessarily be both better and cheaper in order to justify its manufacture. This is essentially true of the various plastics when compared to the material they are to replace.

Since plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material together with good insulating properties, and are fireproof as well, it is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add color and attractiveness to modern homes and offices. Engineers have created hundreds of different plastics, each with its own properties. They have developed plastics that can replace metals, natural fibers, paper, wood and stone, and glass and ceramics. For example, plastic siding does not dent as easily as that made of aluminum.

Plastic pipes are lightweight and easy to cut and join. Moreover, they do not corrode like metal pipes. Plastic wall tiles, bathtubs, and sinks are less fragile, cheaper and easier to install than ceramic ones. Plastics are also used to make insulating foam that blocks the flow of heat and sound. Foamed plastics have very low compressive and tensile strength. They can be used between two layers of a hard surface material, such as a metal or plywood, to create a laminated sandwich panel with high stiffness.

Laminated panels are used as floors, partitions and exterior walls in building.

Nowadays, builders are using plastics in almost any part of a building from the foundation to the final coat of paint.

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METALS.

From the History of Metals.

Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.

In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material. Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been build in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS

All metals, with the exception of mercury (ртуть), are hard-and fire-resistant. The common properties of metals being hardness and high fire-resistance, they are widely used in modern construction.

Metals are divided into two main groups: ferrous and non-ferrous. Iron, steel and their various alloys belong to the group of ferrous metals, while the main component of non-ferrous metals is not iron.

All metals have some common properties: they can be pulled, forged, and melted. They are also good conductors of electricity.

Ferrous metals are commonly used for construction of supporting members. Steel and other ferrous metals serve as reinforcement in ferroconcrete constructions.

As to non-ferrous metals, their advantage is their being light. Metals possess high resistance.

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METALS

Iron and steel are the world's cheapest and most useful metals. These hard, durable metals are used in making thousands of products, from paper clips to automobiles.

The word iron can refer to both an element and a number of alloys of iron and other metallic elements. As an element, iron is one of the most common chemical substances, but it is never found in pure form. Almost all iron occurs in ores, though some meteorites also contain iron. The properties of any kind of iron depend largely on the chemical composition of the alloy. Heating and shaping the metal can greatly change its physical properties.

Manufactures use iron alloys in the manufacture of so-called iron products.

Cast iron is any iron alloy that contains from 2 to 4 per cent carbon and from 1 to 3 per cent silicon. Because of its high carbon content, solid cast iron cannot be shaped, no matter how hot it is heated. This kind of iron is made into useful objects by pouring the liquid metal into molds and letting it harden. Cast iron's hardness, low cost, and ability to absorb shocks make it an important construction material.

Steel is produced by refining iron and alloying it with other metals. Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.

Aluminum is the oldest and best known light metal. It is the most plentiful metallic element in the earth's crust and the third most common of all the elements, after oxygen and silicon. But unlike some other metals, such as gold and silver, aluminum is always chemically combined with other elements. Aluminum, with its alloys, has such valuable properties as light weight, strength, corrosion resistance, electrical conduction, heat conduction, light and heat reflection.

The world construction industry uses more aluminum than any other metal except iron and steel. It is very suitable for framing members in building and prefabricated housing, for window frames and for the skin of the building in curtain-wall construction. Aluminum is also used in such items as utters, panels, residential roofing, tubes for electric wires.

Steel

Steel is one of the strongest building materials available with excellent strength capacity in both tension and compression. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, it is ideal for structural framework of tall buildings and large industrial facilities. Structural steel is available in standard shapes such are angles, I beams and C-channels. These shapes can be welded together or connected using high strength bolts to build structures capable of resisting large forces and deformations.

Steel is a relatively expensive building material so it is the structural engineer’s responsibility to choose economic sizes and shapes according to the actual loads on the building to avoid overdesign. Because of the the higher cost of steel, I often get questions from our clients asking if there is a way to reduce the weight and size of some of steel members in the structure. This can be done if the loads can be reduced on the members and/or additional vertical supports can be introduced. The installation of steel is less time consuming compared to concrete and can be installed in any type of environment.

What is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel is generally less than 1.7 per cent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than three tenth of one per cent carbon. This king of steel also contains small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its alloys, steel belongs to ferrous metals. It is a hard substance. Accordingly, it can be pulled, forged, and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like other metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel are corrosion-resistant kinds of steel. Corrosion-resistant materials are known to be widely used for plant equipment, furnaces, valves, etc.

It should be noted that steel frames as a whole and their separate parts should be carefully designed: their function is to able to carry the loads imposed on them and supported by them.

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BRICK. TERRACOTTA. CERAMIC TILES.

Brick, stone, and timber are known are to be the oldest building materials. Bricks belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types of climate and in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for construction. In those days the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one: bricks were produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, there being much sunshine in Egypt all the year round. Bricks work was also popular in Rome, there being very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

In modern times bricks can be made of concrete, mortar, of burnt clay and of a combination of some other substances. For example, different types of clay and shale can be used as raw materials. Accordingly, bricks produced nowadays have different sizes, shapes, colours, and textures. Bricks also vary with the method of fabrication and temperatures of burning. It should be noted that some types of brick, such as, for example, salmon bricks are underburnt and highly porous. Naturally, their strength is extremely poor. This property of salmon bricks should be taken into account when choosing brick material for construction. But there exist many other types of brick that are extremely strong and almost glass hard. Between these extremes there lie some other types of bricks with different properties. Bricks properties are of great importance and should be taken into account while choosing material for construction purposes.

Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with the method of production and temperature of burning.

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Masonry: masonry and brick building foundations

Masonry construction is using individual units to build structures that are usually uses mortar to bound the units together. The most common material I use in the design of masonry structures is concrete block, with vertical steel reinforcing if required. Masonry is strong in resisting compression loads/stresses which makes it ideal to use for the construction of load bearing walls. Other masonry materials include brick, stone and glass block. Masonry is a highly durable and fire- resistant material, however it can be sensitive to mortar and workmanship quality.

There has been an increase in the use of masonry as load bearing walls for the design of multi-story buildings in my office. The structural system typically consists of concrete floors supported on a combination of masonry and reinforced concrete walls depending on the number of floors and amount of load on the walls. Masonry walls with windows or openings need horizontal beams or lintels to span the weight of the wall above across the opening. Masonry is not as accommodating to large openings in walls as concrete or steel framing is, but can be an economical choice if the framing and opening sizes are reasonable and length of wall segments are not too short.

Load bearing masonry walls can be stacked up on top of one another to build multi-story buildings. The load on the first floor masonry wall is the accumulation of all the weight of the floors above it. Therefore, the bottom floor wall must be stronger than the upper floor walls. This can be achieved by reinforcing the voids in the bottom masonry walls with steel bars and concrete grout. More steel bars closer spacing of grouted cores equals stronger masonry walls. If a load bearing masonry wall does not extend all the way down to the foundation because of required openings such as parkade drive aisles, large concrete or steel transfer beams are required to support the wall above the opening.

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CONCRETE ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

Concrete is a composite material made from mixing cement, aggregates such as sand and crushed stone and water. The properties of concrete depend on the ratios used in the mix design. Therefore, it’s a standard practice for concrete suppliers to provide material properties and test results for each concrete patch.

Fresh concrete can be poured into form works to take any shape or form and takes time to harden into a stone-like material. It takes up to 7 days for concrete to reach the majority of its strength and will need special attention to curing to avoid cracking or reduction in capacity. Concrete is very versatile and is my go to material for applications that require a combination of strength and durability. For example, concrete is an excellent material for building foundations where the weight of the structure meets the ground. This requires strength to carry the load and also durability to withstand the contact with the surrounding soil.

Concrete is very strong when exposed to compression stresses however, it’s brittle and has limited tensile strength. Combined with steel rebar, reinforced concrete is stronger and more suitable for a wide range of structures such as tall multi-story buildings, bridges, roads, tunnels and so many other applications.

Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Different kinds of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main property that makes concrete so popular is that it can be formed into strong monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides, Concrete is known to be fire-and decay-resistant. Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days.

There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exit the socalled in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

Concrete, as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages. Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times construction concrete is very frequently combined with different metals. Most common of them are iron and steel.

The introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advantageous. It strengthens the material and helps to realize its limitless construction and architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferro-concrete started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

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Different kinds of concrete.

Concrete is a mixture of portland cement, water, and aggregates. Aggregates are materials such as sand, gravel, crushed rock, and blast furnace slag The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates into a rocklike mass as the paste hardens. Builders generally use both a fine aggregate such as sand, and a coarse aggregate such as crushed rock, to make concrete. The aggregates must be free from silt, mud, clay, dust, and other materials that might weaken the concrete. The water used to make concrete should also be free from dirt and other impurities.

Concrete is highly fire-resistant, watertight, and comparatively cheap and easy to make. When first mixed, concrete can be molded into almost any shape. It quickly hardens into an extremely strong material that lasts a long time and requires little care.

Nearly all skyscrapers and factories and many homes stand on concrete foundations. These buildings may also have concrete frames, walls, floors and roofs. Concrete is used to build dams to store water and bridges to span rivers. Cars and trucks travel on concrete highways, and airplanes land on concrete runways.

Major kinds of concrete include (1) reinforced concrete, (2) prestressed concrete, and precast concrete.

Reinforced concrete is made by casting concrete around steel rods or bars. The steel strengthens the concrete. Almost all large structures, including skyscrapers and bridges, require this extra-strong type of concrete.

Prestressed concrete usually is made by casting concrete around steel cables stretched by hydraulic jacks. After the concrete hardens, the jacks are released and the cables compress the concrete. Concrete is strongest when it is compressed. Steel is strong when it is stretched, or in tension. In this way, builders combine the two strongest qualities of the two materials. Prestressed concrete beams, roofs, floors, and bridges are often cheaper for some uses than those made of reinforced concrete.

Precast concrete is cast and hardened before being used for construction. Precasting firms make concrete sewer pipes, floor and roof units, wall panels, beams, and girders, and ship them to the building site. Precasting makes possible the mass production of concrete building materials. Nearly all prestressed concrete is precast.

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«COMPOSITE MATERIALS»

The combinations of two or more different materials are called composite materials. They usually have unique mechanical and physical properties because they combine the best properties of different materials. For example, a fibre-glass reinforced plastic combines the high strength of thin glass fibres with the ductility and chemical resistance of plastic. Nowadays composites are being used for structures such as bridges, boat-building etc.

Composite materials usually consist of synthetic fibres within a matrix, a material that surrounds and is tightly bound to the fibres. The most widely used type of composite material is polymer matrix composites (PMCs). PMCs consist of fibres made of a ceramic material such as carbon or glass embedded in a plastic matrix. Usually the fibres make up about 60 per cent by volume. Composites with metal matrices or ceramic matrices are called metal matrix composites (MMCs) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), respectively.

Continuous-fibre composites are generally required for structural applications. The specific strength (strength-to-density ratio) and specific stiffness (elastic modulus-to-density ratio) of continuous carbon fibre PMCs, for example, can be better than metal alloys have. Composites can also have other attractive properties, such as high thermal or electrical conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion.

Although composite materials have certain advantages over conventional materials, composites also have some disadvantages. For example, PMCs and other composite materials tend to be highly anisotropic — that is, their strength, stiffness, and other engineering properties are different depending on the orientation of the composite material. For example, if a PMC is fabricated so that all the fibres are lined up parallel to one another, then the PMC will be very stiff in the direction parallel to the fibres, but not stiff in the perpendicular direction. The designer who uses composite materials in structures subjected to multidirectional forces, must take these anisotropic properties into account. Also, forming strong connections between separate composite material components is difficult.

The advanced composites have high manufacturing costs. Fabricating composite materials is a complex process. However, new manufacturing techniques are developed. It will become possible to produce composite materials at higher volumes and at a lower cost than is now possible, accelerating the wider exploitation of these materials.

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Adhesive

An adhesive is any substance that, when applied to the surfaces of materials, binds the surfaces together and resists separation. The term "adhesive" may be used interchangeably with glue, cement, mucilage, or paste. Adjectives may be used in conjunction with the word “adhesive” to describe properties based on the substance's physical form, its chemical form, the type of materials it is used to join, or the conditions under which it is applied.

The use of adhesives offers many advantages over other binding techniques such as sewing, welding, bolting, screwing, etc. These advantages include the ability to bind different materials together, the ability to distribute stress more efficiently across the joint, the cost effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, an improvement in aesthetic design, and an increased design flexibility. Disadvantages of adhesive use include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater difficulty in separating objects during testing.

Adhesives may be found naturally or be produced synthetically. The earliest use of adhesive-like substances by humans was approximately 200,000 years ago. From then until the 1900s, increases in adhesive use and discovery were relatively gradual. Only since the last century has the development of synthetic adhesives accelerated rapidly, and innovation in the field continues to the present.

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Alloys

Alloy, metallic substance composed of two or more elements, as either a compound or a solution. The components of alloys are ordinarily themselves metals, though carbon, a nonmetal, is an essential constituent of steel.

Catalan hearth or forge used for smelting iron ore until relatively recent times. The method of charging fuel and ore and the approximate position of the nozzle supplied with air by a bellows are shown.

Almost all metals are used as alloys—that is, mixtures of several elements—because these have properties superior to pure metals. Alloying...

Alloys are usually produced by melting the mixture of ingredients. The value of alloys was discovered in very ancient times; brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper and tin) were especially important. Today, the most important are the alloy steels, broadly defined as steels containing significant amounts of elements other than iron and carbon. The principal alloying elements for steel are chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, tungsten, vanadium, and boron. Alloy steels have a wide range of special properties, such as hardness, toughness, corrosion resistance, magnetizability, and ductility. Nonferrous alloys, mainly copper–nickel, bronze, and aluminum alloys, are much used in coinage. The distinction between an alloying metal and an impurity is sometimes subtle; in aluminum, for example, silicon may be considered an impurity or a valuable component, depending on the application, because silicon adds strength though it reduces corrosion resistance.

The term fusible metals, or fusible alloys, denotes a group of alloys that have melting points below that of tin (232° C, 449° F). Most of these substances are mixtures of metals that by themselves have low melting points, such as tin, bismuth, and lead. Fusible alloys are used as solder, in safety sprinklers that automatically spray out water when the heat of a fire melts the alloy, and in fuses for interrupting an electrical circuit when the current becomes excessive.

Many fusible alloys are formulated to melt at 90–100° C (194–212° F); for example, Darcet’s alloy (50 parts bismuth, 25 lead, 25 tin) melts at 98° C. By replacing half the tin in Darcet’s alloy with cadmium, the alloy Wood’s metal, which melts at 70° C, is obtained. See also amalgam; ferroalloy; intermetallic compound.

Самостоятельная работа № 4 . Тема. Части здания

Цель: освоить профессиональную лексику

Содержание работы: просмотреть ранее изученные тексты по теме, составить глоссарий

Задание: составить глоссарий — словарь узкоспециализированных иноязычных терминов в отрасли строительства с толкованием, комментариями и примерами.

Контрольные вопросы:

1. What is building?
2. What types of building do you know?
3. What are basic components of a building?
4. What types of these components do you know?
5. What are functions of each component?

Самостоятельная работа №5 . Тема: Оборудование строительной площадки,

строительная техника

Цель: освоить навыки работы при переводе текстов профессиональной направленности,

технических текстов, ознакомиться с основным оборудованием строительной площадки и

строительной техники.

Содержание работы: прочитать текст, перевести, выписать и выучить

новые лексические единицы

Задание: Перевод текста по профессиональной тематике.

Текст

Equipment Is Used in Industrial Construction

The types of construction equipment and their uses often depends on an industrial construction project’s size and purpose. However, industrial construction methods for highway construction, routine road maintenance, forestry, bridge construction and erecting structures employ many of the same tools and pieces of heavy equipment and machinery. Laborers across many different industries use these heavy machines to complete their desired task — to build.

Structural building sites, roadway creation and other civil engineering projects, such as sewer and pipeline projects, utilize earth-moving and excavation equipment. Excavating both earth and rock with heavy equipment and explosive blasting is important for the removal of natural obstacles from building sites.

Explosives and heavy machines overcome the rough terrain of any building site and allow for the creation of our modern highways, rail lines and tunnels. Almost all construction sites employ some excavation tools: backhoes, bulldozers, loaders and graders. Using these tools, construction teams can shape the land in ways that will provide the safest and most structurally sound area possible. Transportation methods are also a vital part of construction. Building materials, tools and waste need to be transported in and out of most work sites regularly. In many cases, dump trucks haul earth, rock and construction materials to or from building sites — depending on the needs of a project. Machines, like cranes, hoist beams, heavy pieces of equipment, materials and tools to hard-to-reach places where contractors are working.

1.guide

In this guide, we will break down each type of tool or piece of heavy equipment into categories based on their use and design — and how Quincy compressors can provide power to industrial construction machines on job sites.

Construction equipment encompasses everything from hand tools and pneumatic air compressor systems to other pieces of industrial machinery like loaders and scrapers. Many of the industrial machines used in construction fall into these categories: earth-moving, transportation and hauling, hoisting, material handling, pile-driving, tunneling and drilling.

2.industrial-machines

In addition to looking at larger pieces of heavy equipment, we will look at other common tools used in construction. Other equipment includes general-purpose tools used in most construction projects. These include pneumatic hand tools, hydraulic hammers and compressed air systems used to power a variety of general-purpose tools for nailing, grinding and drilling.

Other systems, such as conveyors, move heavy materials across a job site or help to remove waste efficiently. In other projects, especially those using concrete, pumping systems and hoses supply or remove water and other materials.

The goal of this guide is to provide you with an understanding of what types of heavy equipment are used in industrial construction. Each chapter outlines the types of systems and machines employed, how they are used, and what they offer in terms of performance and versatility during the construction process. Each chapter will outline the different types of industrial construction equipment and their unique uses in the industry.

Earth, rock and clay provide unique problems for construction workers. In some cases, mountains may need to be blasted through for railroad and roadway tunnel development. Extracting precious minerals and other valuables provided by Mother Nature may require mining, drilling and excavating for miles underground.

Almost any building project will need earth-moving equipment. Even architectural or landscape development requires detailed planning regarding topography, grades and slopes.

3.earth-moving

Gravity acting on the earth and natural elements such as rain can pose risks to not only workers but also to completed structures in the form of landslides and sinkholes. When conducting analysis for earth-moving measures, you should understand the intricate geologic makeup of an area to identify any potential problems for the present and in the future.

Unless rock or large areas are a major obstacle, most projects do not require heavy blasting. For this chapter, we will look at the various types of heavy equipment used in the movement and excavation of earth. These pieces of machinery are used primarily for shifting large areas of soil and landscapes. These projects can take the form of digging foundation areas and general landscaping. Heavy equipment includes excavators, or backhoes, bulldozers, loaders and other machines used for grading and scraping.

4.heavy-equipment

Each piece of equipment provides unique advantages to earth-moving, and in some cases may be needed for harder-to-reach places.

Excavators

The excavator represents one of the most common, and important, pieces of heavy equipment seen in construction. Excavation widely depends on these machines, also referred to as diggers, as they utilize a boom-stick and a bucket with a cab on a rotating platform. These machines provide easier access to harder-to-reach places and a full range of motion, with the ability to rotate the bucket on any side of the machine.

The house sits upon an undercarriage with tracks and wheels that allow for easy transportation as well. Also, diggers are highly effective at removing large amounts of earth and other obstacles quickly and efficiently. Some of their most common uses in the field include:

Bulldozers: Moving the Earth at Construction Sites

As with excavators, bulldozers are common at numerous types of job sites. These pieces of heavy equipment utilize tracks and a large metal blade primarily for pushing earth at a construction site. They’re considered crawlers because of their use of tracks, which provides more ground stability through weight displacement across the entire machine.

Typically at the rear, another device called a ripper is attached and used to loosen up soil, dirt and rock. The front blade can then be used to move sand, dirt and rock as well as other materials. Bulldozers are powerful and versatile machines that can navigate over rough terrain and move large amounts of material quickly and efficiently.

The use of wide tracks provides the machine with good traction for rough working environments such as sandy or muddy areas. In addition, they offer incredible power for moving some of the heaviest materials at construction sites.

However, certain areas may not be as accessible for bulldozers as other types of earth-moving machines because of their bulkier size. Different models of bulldozers are available and can offer some flexibility depending on the terrain and working environment.

Loaders: Transporting Materials Around the Job Site

Loading heavy materials such as asphalt, rock, debris, snow or construction waste in large quantities will require the use of another type of heavy equipment. You will see many sizes of loaders, but the main goal at any job site is to load material on or into some other piece of equipment to transport it to another location.

Even large amounts of gravel, wood, logs or sand can pose a challenge for construction projects. Large quantities of any heavy material require safe handling. Having a good loader with the right specifications can prove invaluable for any project.

One of the most common types of loaders is the skid-loader, or skid-steer loader. Powered by an engine, its rigid frame sits on durable wheels, or tracks, that operate differently from other vehicles through the use of skid-steering. Skid-steer loaders have lift arms attached that are capable of being fitted with a variety of job-specific tools.

The way it operates makes the loader unique:

The wheels on each side of the vehicle are locked and synchronized with one another.

This placement makes it possible for an operator to drive one side independently of the other, which offers extra maneuverability.

Crawler loaders, which have tracks, are very maneuverable at job sites, capable of traveling under their own power. However, due to the increased power of hydraulic excavators, crews may not utilize crawler loaders as often, and their use has been in decline for several decades.

Trenchers: Digging Ditches at Construction Sites

Trenchers are designed to create ditches, or trenches. Crews also refer to them as ditchers because of this function. These machines look like other excavating equipment but are optimized for the digging of trenches, typically for piping projects.

You may spot two main types of trenchers at a construction site. The ladder trencher and the wheel trencher both offer incredible versatility for digging trenches and operate at much higher rates of speed than any other type of excavating equipment for the task. Depending on the operation, trenchers may be utilized to expedite the installation or maintenance of projects such as wastewater or drainage piping.

Graders: Creating Level Surfaces for Construction

As with bulldozers, graders represent another vital piece of engineering equipment used to move large amounts of earth. The overall goal of graders is to finish the grade and ensure properly smoothed and flat surfaces for development. In architectural design, graders may be employed to create wider, flat areas to form the foundation for buildings and structures.

In civil engineering projects such as road work and maintenance, graders help level the surface for asphalt roadways. Graders often employ six wheels and a powerful engine to power the vehicle. Like bulldozers, graders are equipped with blades. These engineering vehicles act similarly to scrapers as well and are all used in unison on projects that require precision when finishing the grade.

Scrapers: Scooping and Hauling on the Job Site

As with bulldozers and graders, scrapers offer unique advantages in civil engineering. Scrapers are machines equipped with a hopper that can be raised and lowered, depending on the job, with hydraulics. The hopper, or bowl, cuts into the soil with its sharp edge. Once the hopper gets full from scraping, the vehicle can transport the material to the desired site.

Scrapers can transport large amounts of material easily and dump loads without the use of any additional machinery. Scrapers offer unique advantages and can cut down on the need for a loader. Once the scraper drops the load, it can return to the work site and fill its hopper again.

Compactors: Increasing Earth Density for a Firmer Foundation

Loose soil can pose numerous problems for building projects, so often job sites must increase the overall density of the earth through compacting. Compactors are specialized machines that can be used for soil compaction, or in some cases in landfills to save space. You may see different types of compactors at a job site:

Vibratory compactor machines use tamping foot roller systems.

Other machines may be equipped with a plate system used for ramming.

One of the most common types is the roller-based compactor. Smooth roller compactors designed for compaction of gravel and other materials need a smooth surface. Another type of wheel roller is the sheep foot wheel, used for deeper areas of soil compaction.

Tractors: Towing Equipment From Place to Place

The tractor is one of the most versatile and common pieces of heavy machinery used in the industry. Tractors move or tow heavy equipment around the job site. With much more horsepower — your average homeowner’s contractor ranges from 20 horsepower to 60 horsepower, while diesel tractors meant for heavy construction are at least in the 200 to 600 horsepower range — industrial tractors can provide the power for nearly any earth moving task.

5.horsepower-tractor

Whether they have wheels or tracks, tractors provide an important service around the job site. What they lack in tools, they make up for in raw power, providing multiple uses in earth-moving projects. Crawler tractors enjoy advantages on rough terrain with increased stability. However, wheeled tractors are faster and offer a better speed for long-distance hauling of equipment across larger construction sites.

Самостоятельная работа №6. Тема: Здание, типы зданий

Цель: освоить навыки работы при переводе текстов профессиональной направленности,

технических текстов, ознакомиться с архитектурой зданий, типами зданий, способами

строительства.

Содержание работы: прочитать тексты по данной теме, перевести, выписать и выучить

новые лексические единицы

Задание: Прочитать, перевести тексты, выписать и выучить новые лексические единицы

Текст 1

Types of industrial buildings

A general warehouse is one used predominantly for storing goods. Because goods are stored for longer periods of time, location isn’t typically as important.

Truck terminals aren’t warehouses so much as they are intermediate sites where goods are moved from one truck to another. These sites are devoted to transportation only, so they tend to have little to no storage space.

Flex properties are specially designed to serve multiple purposes. For instance, these buildings usually have more square feet dedicated to office space (often more than 30 percent). There are three types of flex properties: research and development, data centers and showrooms.

In a research and development space, a company uses the property to create, test and improve new and existing products. The space often contains labs, offices, testing spaces and some light manufacturing area. The products stored are for testing purposes only.

A data center is where a company keeps the equipment it uses to maintain network connectivity and store its data. These spaces tend to be large, usually at least 100,000 square feet. Further, they often require special wiring, security and cooling systems.

Showroom properties are a combination of offices, warehouses and showrooms. In most cases, at least half the space is used for showcasing and selling products. The most common type of industrial building in this category is a car dealership.

Текст 2

Different types of building construction

Buildings are everywhere! We see them every day, as we drive or walk to where we need to go. However, how often do we all pay attention to any of the details from the structures themselves? Do we ever wonder what the buildings were constructed from? How long it took to build from start to finish? Or wonder what it looks like on the inside?

Most of the time, the answer to those questions is no, because we are too busy with other aspects of our life to have the time to care or wonder. However, it is important that we all know the main types of building structures, even though we may hardly ever use that knowledge unless we are in the construction field.

When a person is trying to determine what type of building structure they want, they often ask themselves certain questions. Those questions include the following:

What is the purpose of the structure? – The answer to this question will give you the reason why you are building the structure, to begin with, as well as how you plan to use it.

What is the size of the structure? – It is important to know the size of the structure because it will allow you to plan accordingly with the materials that you want, or need, to use.

Are there any load-bearing constraints? – The taller the building, the more load bearing restraints there might be. This information is needed sooner than later, so the proper issues and changes can be addressed.

Are there any environmental factors to consider? – Everyone wants to be environmentally friendly nowadays, which is good news. This question will allow you to see potential issues prior to the construction process and make the necessary changes before the work even starts.

How soon does the building need to be completed? – Some people want their buildings constructed faster than others, so a different building type might need to be chosen to get the desired results.

What are the costs of the materials? – The cost of the materials being used may cause you to choose a different building type over another.

Here are some of the building structures that are found in the field of construction:

1. Wood frame

Wooden frame buildings have been around for many years and in fact, this type of building structure is the oldest of them all. It is also the type that is used the most everywhere in the world. These building structures are completely made from wood that is cut and then put together on-site. That means that the workers are cutting the studs, plates, joists, and rafters as they are needed and putting them in place before installing the drywall, paneling, and all other materials.

The advantages to wooden frame building structures are that the materials are renewable, the cost is fairly low, and they can be put up fairly quickly using basic construction tools. Of course, there are also disadvantages, which include the structure being flammable, subject to deteriorating due to the elements, and not being strong enough to withstand the winds from hurricanes and tornadoes.

2. Light gauge steel

Steel is becoming more commonly used for the construction of some buildings, because it does allow buildings to be built much faster. The materials all arrive at the job site ready to put in place, so there is never any cutting required once the construction starts. All the rafters, joists, studs, and plates are made from steel. Every piece of steel is protected by a galvanized coating, protecting it from the elements. Currently, this material is being found in more commercial buildings, but some homeowners are choosing to have their homes built with it as well.

When you are considering light gauge steel for a building structure, you will see that it has many advantages. A few of those include having a high strength compared to the weight of the building, low cost for the construction, and capable of being erected quickly.

This material is also flame-resistant, so you will never need to worry that it will catch on fire. The downside to light gauge steel is that if any adjustments need to be made on-site, the tools needed are not the everyday construction tools. Specific cutting and fastening tools are required to construct with this material.

3. Steel frame

A steel frame is slightly different than light gauge steel, as this is much stronger and normally used for larger buildings. These types of building structures are made from steel columns and trusses, which easily support the larger roofs and floors. You will see this used on many high-rises, as it is simple to get the materials up high using a crane before quickly welding them all together.

The advantages of steel frame include being strong, flexible when it comes to assembling, easy to weld to get the building constructed faster, and all the components are readily available. This material is perfect for areas that are prone to hurricanes and tornadoes and the material can easily be recycled and used again in the future. The disadvantages include being prone to corrosion in areas where there are high humidity and the fact that the material will lose strength in temperatures that reach higher than five hundred degrees.

4. Concrete frame

High rise buildings and parking garages are normally built using a concrete frame because it is stronger than many other building materials. Concrete frame construction utilizes reinforced concrete columns, as well as concrete slabs and concrete beams to construct the support structure of the building. Most reinforced concrete is readily available, but it can be a time-consuming process if it needs to be cast on the construction site. Unfortunately, building structures often require that the concrete components are cast on-site. That means that it takes longer for completion due to the curing process.

The advantages of a concrete frame building structure are that it can use recycled steel for the reinforced steel portions. The concrete can also be locally sourced and formed into almost any shape that is desired. As mentioned above, this can be a time-consuming process, plus the concrete may need to be substantially engineered if the building is in an area prone to earthquakes.

5. Pre-engineered

Sometimes, the best building structure is pre-engineered, because it goes together quickly, and you can begin using it sooner than you thought possible. Oftentimes, you can design the building to meet your specifications and then pieces are made and put together to be shipped to the construction site.

The advantages of pre-engineered are that they are put together quickly, they are strong, and they are easy to personalize. Unfortunately, they are more expensive than other building types and you must keep your design within a square or rectangular shape.

Now that you know the different types of building structures in construction, you can easily decide which one you want to use in the future for your home, business, or other building that you need. The best part is that you can even mix and match some of these building structures so that you have the building that best fits your needs.

Самостоятельная работа №7. Тема: Документы, деловая переписка, переговоры

Цель: освоить правила работы при переводе текстов деловой документации, научиться

правильно составлять деловую документацию на английском языке.

Содержание работы: просмотреть ранее изученные тексты по данной теме, подготовить презентацию по теме «Правила делового общения».

Задание: Подготовить презентацию и представить доклад «Правила делового общения».

Контрольные вопросы

1. How to write a formal business letter?
2. What is an inquiry letter?
3. What are the elements of a letter of inquiry?
4. What is a business proposal letter?
5. How to write a business proposal letter?
6. How to write an e-mail business letter?

Практическая работа №8. Тема: Карьера, устройство на работу

Цель: освоить навыки работы при переводе текстов деловой документации, научиться правильно составлять резюме на английском языке.

Содержание работы: прочитать текст по данной теме, перевести, ответить на вопросы в тексте, написать резюме на английском языке

Задание: прочитать, перевести текст, подготовиться к собеседованию, составить резюме.

Текст 1

Job interviews.

Preparation is the key to a successful job interview. Here's how to be ready for some common question types.

Job interviews can be a nerve-racking experience, especially when you don't feel prepared for them. And with the variety of interview questions that can be asked these days, it's hard to know what type of questions you should prepare for.

Here are three types of interview questions that you should practise answering before that important job interview.

1. Common interview questions

Tell us about yourself.

What are your strengths and weaknesses?

Why do you want to leave your current job?

These questions are for the interviewer to get to know you and to see if you're the best person for the job. Don't simply list things like your hobbies, your strengths or your work experience. Instead, give examples and use them to show your personality and the characteristics you have that make you perfect for the job. Your interviewer may want to ask questions about certain areas of your CV, so use this opportunity to link your experience to the job you're applying for.

Avoid: Giving a detailed life history or telling long stories that are irrelevant to the job or to the company.

2. Competency questions

Tell me about a time you had to work as a team.

Tell me about a time you had to use your creativity to solve a problem.

Tell me about a time when you experienced conflict with a colleague and how you handled that situation.

Here, the candidate is asked questions about situations they have faced in the past that can demonstrate a particular skill they have. These could include skills like critical thinking, influencing, problem solving or flexibility. Interviewers often want to hear about challenges you've had, not just about times when everything went smoothly, so be ready with examples such as how you resolved conflict in your team or dealt with someone who was not working well. This will demonstrate that you can handle difficult situations.

When preparing for the job interview, read the job description carefully for the required skills and abilities and try to recall situations where you had to use these skills. Then use the STAR technique when talking about these examples:

Situation – Give details about the context of your example and what you were trying to do.

Task – Describe your responsibilities and the challenges you faced.

Action – Describe what steps you took to deal with the situation.

Result – Talk about the end result and how you contributed to this outcome.

Avoid: Going in unprepared and having to think up examples, or saying you've never faced any challenges at work.

3. Hypothetical questions

What would you do if you had a different opinion from your boss about how to do something?

How would you deal with a large volume of work with several staff members off work?

What would you do if you had to introduce a new policy that you knew was going to be unpopular in your team?

Hypothetical interview questions are similar to competency questions except that instead of asking you to talk about an experience you've had in the past, they present you with an imaginary situation that you might face in your new job.

This might seem difficult to prepare for, but remember that your answers are meant to demonstrate the skills needed for the job. When preparing for the interview, consider the qualities that the interviewer might be looking for, qualities like conflict management, time management or people skills. Then think about how you can demonstrate those qualities in a range of situations. Start with situations that you've experienced and move on to other possible situations that you might encounter in the role you're applying for.

Avoid: Going off-topic, changing the subject and not answering the original question.

Whatever type of questions they ask, interviewers want to find the right person and are keen to give you the opportunity to demonstrate what you can do. With some preparation, you can show them that you're the perfect fit for the job.

Текст 2

Ричард Андерсон

1234, Вест 67 Стрит

г. Карлайл, Массачусетс 01741

Тел.: (123)-456 7890

Цель: Ищу перспективную и мотивирующую должность в сфере гражданского строительства, где я мог бы работать с разнообразными и творческими проектами.

Навыки и умения:

• Знаком с AutoCAD.
• Отличные навыки в решении проблем и анализе.
• Навыки эффективного управления и организации.
• Хорошие навыки межличностного общения и подготовки письменных документов.
• Восприимчив к новым идеям, и способен работать со сложными проектами в сложной обстановке.

Краткое описание опыта работы:

«Санто Холд Инкорпорейтид», г. Нью-Йорк

Работал старшим инженером по гражданскому строительству

• Ответственный за принятие сложных проектов в организации.
• Решал сложные проекты, используя специальные инженерные технические приемы (методики) и инструменты.
• В качестве старшего инженера по гражданскому строительству наставлял младших инженеров и обучал остальных инженеров.
• Принимал ответственность за завершение проекта в срок и с надлежащим качеством.
• Выполнял другие обязанности в случае необходимости.

«Уайт Филд», г. Нью-Йорк

Работал в качестве инженера по гражданскому строительству

• Ответственный за разработку проектов.
• Проверял качество проектной документации на всем протяжении процесса проектирования.
• Работал (выполнял функции) посредником между проектной группой и клиентом, и готовил технические спецификации.
• Также проверял проектные расчеты, выполненные другими конструкторами и инженерами.
• Давал поручения (работу) членам проектной группы, чтобы обеспечить сдачу проекта в срок, с надлежащим качеством и в пределах бюджета.
• По строительным работам и работам на стройплощадке – ответственный в качестве контролирующего лица (супервайзера).

Навыки работы на компьютере

AutoCAD, C++, DOS, MS Office, Windows, HTML, SAP2000

Владею языками:

Английский, французский

Образование:

Степень бакалавра естественных наук в гражданском строительстве, Бостонский университет, г. Бостон.

 _____________________________________

Civil Engineering Resume Example

Richard Anderson,

1234, West 67 Street,

Carlisle, MA 01741,

(123)-456 7890.

Objective: In search of a challenging position of civil engineering where I can work with diversified and creative projects.

Skills:

• Familiar with AutoCAD.
• Excellent problem solving and analytical skills.
• Efficient management and organizational skills.
• Good communication and writing skills.
• Open minded and able to work in complex projects and environment.

Work Summary:

Santo Hold Inc. New York

Worked as Senior Civil Engineer

• Responsible for taking complex projects in the organization.
• Solved complex projects using specialized engineering techniques and tools.
• As a senior civil engineer, provided guidance to junior engineers and trained other engineers.
• Took responsibility to complete the project in time and with quality.
• Responsible for other duties as needed.

White Field, New York

Worked as Civil Engineer

• Responsible for developing designs.
• Make sure about the quality of design documentation throughout design process.
• Worked as communicator between project team and client and prepared technical specifications.
• Also checked design calculation did by other designers and engineers.
• Assigned work to members of project team to make sure about delivery to design time, quality and budget.
• For construction work and site work, responsible for acting as site and project supervisor.
• Prepared contract reviews and documents for construction projects.

Computer skills:

AutoCAD, C++, DOS, MS Office, Windows, HTML, SAP2000

Language known:

English, French

Education:

B.S. Civil Engineering, Boston University, Boston

____________________________________

civil engineering – гражданское строительство, строительство общегражданских объектов

challenging position – перспективная, стимулирующая должность

skills – навыки, умения

environment – окружение, окружающая среда, окружающая обставка

open minded – восприимчивый, открытый для нового (буквально: с открытым умом)

summary – сводка, краткая справка

technique – технический прием, технология, методика

develop – разрабатывать, развивать

design – план, проект, чертеж

designer – конструктор, проектировщик, разработчик

make sure – убедиться, обеспечить, проследить

throughout – на всем протяжении, повсюду

communicator – человек, осуществляющий контакты, связь – посредник

assign work – дать поручение (работу)

project team – проектная группа, команда

delivery – сдача, поставка, доставка

construction work – строительные работы

site work – работы на стройплощадке

supervisor – супервайзер, контролирующее лицо

B.S. (Bachelor of Science) – бакалавр естественных наук