Education
статья по английскому языку (11 класс)

                                                                                 Education

Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency. It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions, as well as mental, moral & aesthetic development.

Formal education consists of systematic instruction, teaching and training by professional teachers. This consists of the application of pedagogy and the development of curricula.

The right to education is a fundamental human right. Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations’ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.

Educational systems are established to provide education and training, often for children and the young. A curriculum defines what students should know, understand and be able to do as the result of education. A system of policies, regulations, examinations, structures and funding enables teachers to teach to the best of their abilities. Sometimes educational systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, which is known as social engineering. This can lead to political abuse of the system, particularly in totalitarian states and government.

Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.

In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, “post-secondary”, or “higher” education (e.g., university, vocational school) for adults.

Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.

Источник английского текста: сайт My English Pages www.myenglishpages.com

Словарик для текста

• to encompass – включать, заключать, охватывать
• to teach – учить (кого-либо), обучать, преподавать
• to learn – учить (что-либо), изучать, обучаться
• competency – способность, данные, знания, компетентность (достаточные для осуществления какого-л. вида деятельности)
• to focus – сосредоточивать; концентрировать; направлять (к определенной цели)
• cultivation – культивация; развитие, улучшение, совершенствование
• skills – навыки; умение; практический опыт
• trade – торговля; занятие, ремесло, профессия
• consist of – состоять из
• curricula – учебные программы
• human right – право человека
• policy (множ. ч.: policies) – политика; линия поведения; установка; стратегия; регламент
• regulations – нормативные документы; регламенты; правила; нормы; инструкция
• examination – экзамен
• funding – субсидирование, финансирование
• to promote – продвигать; способствовать, содействовать; поддерживать, поощрять
• doctrine – теория, доктрина; учение; теоретические взгляды
• social engineering – социальная инженерия (методы прикладной социологии, ориентированные на целенаправленное изменение социальных и трудовых отношений)
• primary education; elementary education – начальное образование
• first years – буквально: первые годы, т.е. первые несколько лет
• formal education – формальное, официальное образование (очевидно, имеется в виду общее, обязательное образование)
• in general – вообще; обычно; в основном
• secondary education – среднее образование
• second years – буквально: вторые годы (очевидно, имеется в виду следующий период времени после начального образования)
• typically – типично; обычно; чаще всего; как правило
• optional – необязательный; дополнительный; по выбору, на выбор, опциональный (возможный в случае выбора; оставленный на выбор; предоставляющий возможность выбора между разными вариантами)
• tertiary – третичный
• post- – пост-; после (т.е. следующий после чего-либо)
• e.g. (лат.: exempli gratia) – например
• high school; secondary school – средняяшкола
• undergraduate education – преддипломное обучение (академический курс на базе среднего образования на соискание степени бакалавра)
• postgraduate education – постдипломное обучение (академический курс на базе высшего образования на соискание степени магистра и доктора философии)