Первые компьютеры. Причастия.
учебно-методический материал по английскому языку

Вспомните значение следующих глаголов и подберите к ним производные. Например, to calculate — calculating, calculator, calculation.

To compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to multiply, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to operate.

Переведите следующие слова. Обратите внимание на то, что префиксы dis-, in-, un-, non-, ir- придают словам отрицательное значение.

dis-: disadvantage, disconnect, disappear, disclose, discomfort, discontinue, discount, discredit, discriminate, disintegrate.

in-: invisible, inaccurate, inactive, incapable, incompact, insignificant, inhuman, informal, ineffective, indifferent, indecisive, inconsumable, incorrect.

un-: uncontrollable, unbelievable, unable, unchanged, uncomfortable, uncommunicative, undisciplined, unexpected, unfavorable, unforgettable, unkind.

non-: non-effective, non-aggressive, noncomparable, noncomputable, nonconstant, noncontrollable, nondigital, nondimensional, nonprogrammable, nonusable.

ir-: irregular, irrelative, irresponsive, irrational, irreplaceable, recognizable.

Переведите словосочетания, содержащие: A. Причастие I — Participle I

Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying electronic signals; computers performing computations in milliseconds; electronic pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.

B. Причастие II — Participle II

The given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World war II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.

Переведите предложения, содержащие Perfect Participle Active и Perfect Participle Passive.

1. Having finished the research, the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained. 2. The designer left the office having looked through all the documents. 3. Having discussed the functions of storage units, we passed on to the consideration of control processing unit. 4. Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to two alternatives, the computer designers expressed data by a combination of bits. 5. Having translated the program into machine language, the computer architect put the program into the machine.

6. Having been coded, the instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 7. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit, the instruction made arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations. 8. Having been regulated by the operator, the equipment operated well. 9. Data having been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated. 10. Having been well prepared for the examination, the pupils could answer all the questions the teacher asked them.

Вспомните формы причастий, проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. The results obtained are of particular importance for our research. 2. Having obtained the required results, we informed the manager of this fact. 3. The necessary data having been obtained, we could continue our experiment. 4. Being obtained the results of the research were analyzed. 5. While operating with graphical interface, people usually use such manipulators as a mouse and a track ball. 6. Key-to-disk devices used as data recording stations can correct data before storing it on a magnetic disk. 7. D. Mendeleyev having arranged the elements in a table, the existence of yet unknown elements could be predicted. 8. All the necessary preparations having been done, the operator began assembling the machine. 9. Being built on the basis of transistors, lasers are successfully used in technology.

1. Babbage’s analytical engine                                                                       

In 1832 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides. Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own “memory,” due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator. The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage’s idea didn’t die with him. Other scientists made attempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay computer was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of Babbage’s dream.

2. The Mark I computer (1937—1944) In 1944 in the United States, International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aiken. The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3,000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken’s machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create ballistic tables used by naval artillery. The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are electromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power.

3. The ABC (1939—1942) The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on. The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the 20th century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum-tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the AtanasoffBerry Computer, after Dr. John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assistant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuum-tube digital computers developed. Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.

Read and translate the following sentences:

1. The device driver does not exist.

2. The data type is not supported by the processor.

3. Use a different print processor for jobs that have this data type, or rewrite the application so that it uses a data type the print processor can recognize.

4. The service cannot be controlled in its present state.

5. This workstation is already logged on to the local-area network.

6. You specified an invalid password.

7. The user accounts database is full.

8. The RPL.MAP file cannot be opened or may be corrupted.

9. Verify the correct filename and retype the command.

10. Unable to complete execution -- too many open files.

11. The command failed because too many files were open.

12. Unable to allocate memory.

13. The computer ran out of memory.

14. The specified program couldn't be found.

15. An error occurred while MAKEIMG was creating a subdirectory on the floppy disk.

16. You must use a floppy disk formatted with MS-DOS.

17. Use CHKDSK to be sure the floppy disk is not damaged.

18. The drive you specified doesn't exist.

19. This floppy disk is not a bootable MS-DOS disk.

20. MAKEIMG couldn't read the floppy disk.

21. You tried to perform an administrator task in a domain without having admin privilege in the domain. 22. This is an invalid response.