Проектная работа "Праздники в России и Англии. Упражнения для изучения и сравнения их.
проект по английскому языку (9 класс)

Introduction

It is not a secret for anyone, that at present there are many holidays, and all of them have their own specific meaning. In each country, there are significant dates that are not found in any other. In order to understand the peoples of other countries, it is not enough to know only the language, it is necessary to know the culture and history of this country.

The study of culture and traditions, including the study of the peculiarities of the celebration of various festivals, customs adopted by the peoples of Great Britain and Russia today, can talk about the relevance of this topic.

The main public holidays of these countries existed at different times and exist now, but so far they have not lost their significance, since they are an integral part of the life of every person and nation as a whole.

The problem is that, on the one hand, the emergence of new words expands the vocabulary of the Russian and English languages, and on the other, its originality is lost.

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that when we celebrate holidays, we do not think about their origin. I decided to find out the origin history of some Russian and British holidays, to find out if there are similar traditions of their celebration.

Object of study: lexical units of English origin.

Subject of research: the name of the English and Russian traditions, holidays.

The purpose of the study: the creation of exercises for practicing skills of using lexical units on the topic "Holidays of Russia and the UK".

Objectives of the study:

1. Investigate dictionaries of foreign words, analyze the use of lexical units in the literature;

2. Divide lexical units into categories: the most commonly used names for holidays of English and Russian origin, names that correspond only to certain countries, lexical units (names) borrowed from each other;

3. Create a methodological guide to help students of the 7th grade in the study of Russian and English traditions.

The main sources of information:

- books, dictionaries

- Internet sources.

Tradition - a variety of representations, rites, habits and skills of practical and social activities, handed down from generation to generation.

Mother’s day

Mother’s day in Russia.

The initiative to create a holiday in the Russian Federation came from the State Duma Committee on Women, Family and Youth. A useful proposal to establish Mother's Day was made by the Chairperson of the Committee - Alevtina Viktorovna Aparina. The order on the establishment of Mother's Day in Russia was signed on January 30, 1988 by Boris Yeltsin, who was then president of the country. The date of the celebration was set for the last Sunday of November.

Since 1999, this touching holiday has become one of the most adored in every Russian family. On this day, heartfelt greetings are sent to beloved mothers and women who carry the baby under their heart. For the holiday, children of all ages are preparing surprises. Kids make gifts with their own hands and draw beautiful cards. Matured children visit their parents with gifts, flowers and useful presents.

On this day, festive concerts, contests, festivals, exhibitions dedicated to mothers take place  everywhere. On television broadcast pretty films and holiday programs. In schools and preschool institutions, matinees and theme nights are held. In social networks and forums, happy women congratulate each other, and loving children shower them with virtual bouquets, colorful pictures and beautiful poems.

Mother’s day in England

In England, King Henry III (1216 - 1239) first proclaimed mother's day on the third Sunday of March. On this day, it was forbidden to work, it was necessary to visit the parents: children at a rather early age began to work in the service of wealthy families away from home, and the money they earned went to the family budget.

Returning to the parental home for 1 day, the children brought small gifts to mothers and grandmothers - bunches of flowers, fresh eggs ... But the special cake called the “mother cake” or “simnel cake” (decorated with 12 marzipan balls. The tradition of decorating the cake with 12 balls began in pre-Christian times, the balls symbolize the 12 signs of the zodiac. The name of this cake is associated with the Latin name of fine flour (simila). The cake was brought in exchange for a maternal blessing.

Nowadays, Mother's Day is passing rather calmly. Women rest, and their children and men do housework and prepare a festive dinner. Traditionally on this day it is customary to serve this very simnel cake.

Common traditions of celebration

Both in England and in Russia children give homemade gifts: applications, postcards. Husbands take all the housework on themselves. Popular festivities, concerts, everywhere celebrate mothers

Easter

Easter in Russia.

Preparation for the celebration of Easter, it is customary to begin in advance. The week before the celebration is called Passion and people traditionally during this period are engaged in cleaning the home and cleaning from unnecessary things. Following the tradition, general cleaning of the house takes place on Maundy Thursday.

The preparatory stage includes baking Easter cakes, dyeing eggs (our ancestors did this with colored wax, but today food paint and stickers are used). Traditionally, this activity is enlightened all day - Saturday. On this festive day, the housewives always cover the magnificent tables, preparing the most delicious dishes. Treat themselves to a variety of salads, pastries, meat and fish dishes

You can start the meal by returning from the church in the morning. First of all, the eldest member of the family took the consecrated egg and cut it in portions (by the number of household members). It was believed that with the resulting piece of “Krashenka”, well-being, happiness and good fortune were transmitted for the whole of the next year.

Easter in England.

According to the tradition, Easter is celebrated in spring, and it is customary for the British to wear only new clothes on this day, symbolizing the arrival of spring, the flowering of all life and the departure of inclement weather. During the Easter period, schools are closed for 2-week holidays. And for adults they make official weekends from Good Friday to Bright Monday

On the last Friday before Easter (Good Friday), solemn prayers are held in churches, reminding all the laity of the sufferings of Jesus. On Easter Sunday morning, the whole family, the British go to church, they meet the sunrise there. In each church, a large candle is lit, in which dozens of pins are inserted, symbolizing the wounds of Jesus Christ. This candle is carried through the entire church so that each parishioner can light his own candle from it.

The Easter rabbit, personifying fertility and abundance, became the symbol of Easter in Great Britain. According to legend, it is he who brings the eggs to obedient and good children, hides them in different places in the house, so that the children will then look for their treats.

The main Easter dish on the British table, in addition to eggs and pastries, is a baked lamb with vegetables and mint sauce or rosemary. Also at Easter it is customary to cook meatballs in honey-garlic sauce, bacon, glazed with apples and potatoes, bake smoked ham

Common in these holidays.

As in Russia, it is impossible to imagine Easter in Great Britain without Easter colored eggs. Eggs painted in red color symbolize the blood of Jesus, and in green - his holiness.

On this day in England, cross buns are baked with raisins and candied fruits or currants inside, the top of these bunches is incised in the shape of a cross (hence the name), symbolizing the resurrection of the Son of God, in our country the analogue of the cross buns is kulich.

As in both countries, it is customary to collect for Easter baskets with food, painted eggs, chocolate, homemade cakes. In the church, the priest consecrates all of these baskets, and then, among family at the festive table, all these dishes are eaten together.

New Year

New Year in Russia.

Celebrate the New Year offered to residents of Russia Peter the Great. In 1699, he issued a decree according to which on the night of January 1 of each year (according to the Julian calendar) all residents of the country celebrate the arrival of a new year. The festivities lasted 7 days - during this period, cannons thundered near the Kremlin every evening, and in the private courtyards, volleys from smaller guns were fired. The gates of the houses were decorated with fir and juniper branches, and tar barrels hung on the pillars, which were set on fire and made the holiday solemn. Already in those days it was decided to decorate spruce with wooden toys, nuts and all sorts of sweets. All innovations were borrowed from European neighbors. Up to this point, the New Year was celebrated in September - during the collection of taxes and harvest.

Similarly, the New Year was celebrated for several centuries, until the revolution of 1918, when New Year's celebrations were completely banned. Only in 1937 the tradition was revived, and in 1947, January 1 was declared a day off. Since then, the New Year's Eve weekend has evolved and gradually grew into a real vacation, which, to date, last up to 10 days.

It is customary to celebrate the New Year with family, among relatives and close friends. Preparations for the celebration lasts the whole of December. During this period, shop windows are full of Christmas cards, gifts, bright signs. The main squares of almost all cities of Russia are decorated with huge firs, under which Santa Claus with the Snow Maiden and various cartoon characters roam.

People are in the pre-holiday euphoria and paint the plan of New Year's Eve celebration for days on end. Gifts are bought, a holiday menu is compiled, and on December 31, almost all alcohol and delicacies disappear from the counters of all the stores in the country.

Recently, the New Year "repainted" in two main colors - red and green. There were deer in sledding, an abundance of bells and New Year's wreaths, which was also borrowed abroad. There are traditions that are firmly rooted from the times of the USSR and are rightly considered Russian - drinking champagne for the chiming clock, the well-known Olivier salad on the table and Bengal lights, without which it is difficult to imagine a New Year's party.

New Year in England.

New Year in Great Britain is celebrated on the night of December 31 to January 1. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, it is inferior in popularity to Christmas.

Until 1752, in which Great Britain and its American colonies switched from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the New Year offensive was on the Catholic Christmas (December 25). In 1752, the official holiday date was January 1st. Residents of the Kingdom eagerly accepted this innovation, as they had the opportunity to extend the Christmas holidays.

Residents of England begin to decorate the streets and dwellings in late November. On the main squares of cities and in houses appear elegant Christmas trees. Bright festoons and fabulous compositions on the New Year theme are flashed in the shop windows.

The hostesses serve traditional English dishes for the New Year's table: baked turkey with chestnuts, goose with apples, fried potatoes, steaks, meat pies, stewed brussels sprouts, and oat cakes. Among desserts, residents of the United Kingdom prefer puddings, apple pies and fresh fruit.

On the eve of the New Year, the British make for themselves a list of goals for the future: quitting bad habits, doing your favorite sport, saving money for an important purchase.

When the clock begins to beat off midnight, residents of the houses open the back door to release the passing year, and under the final blow - the front door to let in a new one.

The ancient British tradition of New Year's Eve - the meeting of the first guest. The first person who crosses the threshold of the house in the coming year can bring good luck and well-being or, conversely, unhappiness. The most welcome guest is a handsome young man with dark hair. Women and people with blond or red hair in the house are not welcome - they symbolize unhappiness. The roots of this omens are growing from ancient times, when Viking tribes made predatory raids on sea cities and villages. The dark-haired were countrymen, and the blondes and redheads were foreign enemies. The first guest should bring a symbolic gift. Coins and salt signify wealth, a piece of bread or pie - satiety and abundance, ember - warmth and comfort.

Among residents of Great Britain, it is not customary to present expensive gifts for the New Year. Relatives and close friends present each other nice little things: key chains, teaspoons, souvenirs, cards and Christmas balls. At parties, comic draws and lotteries with such gifts are arranged.

Common

Both in England and in Russia, people like to make lists of goals that they most often do not fulfill. Similarly, in both countries there is an expectation of a holiday: home decoration, a festive table, gifts are prepared in advance, the celebration is fun, noisy, wide. People carol and necessarily decorate the Christmas tree. The holiday symbols are very similar - Santa Claus and Father Frost.

Christmas

Christmas in Russia

On the territory of modern Russia, Christmas became an official holiday after the baptism of Rus by Prince Vladimir in 988. It was the beginning of the Saints, which lasted until Baptism - January 19. These days, the people glorified Jesus Christ, the youth participated in folk festivals and divination

Christmas is preceded by the New Year, so for most it is a continuation of the holiday and the houses are already decorated. But especially religious people celebrate this holiday in accordance with the traditions:

At Christmas, an all-night vigil passes in the churches, which turns into liturgy. They read fragments of the Gospel of the Nativity and sing the canon "Christ is born ...". Believers come to temples to attend a service, pray, and partake of the sacrament. Christmas service is broadcast on national channels. The main service of Russia is held in Moscow in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and gathers up to five thousand parishioners. The main service of the country is headed by the Moscow Patriarch.

Christmas has always been considered a home holiday in Russia, calm and quiet. Only family, friends and close relatives gathered at the festive table: many guests were not invited. And today it is not so important whether you are a believer, sympathizer or even an atheist - may this holiday with your family and close people be bright and joyful for you. Merry Christmas!

Christmas in England

All Christians of the world have been honoring the Christmas holiday of Christ for more than two thousand years.

According to the New Testament written from Luke, angels appeared to the shepherds and reported on the birth of the Savior Jesus Christ.

After that, the shepherds went to Bethlehem, and found in the barn with animals the Virgin Mary with her husband and the Infant lying in the manger.

Considering Christmas in the UK, it becomes clear that this holiday is the largest, most respected and beloved for all Englishmen.

Immediately after Thanksgiving, Catholic priests and confessors appeal to the laity to reflect on the true meaning of Christmas.

At the same time, the tradition of making wreaths on the first Sunday of December is observed, including candles - symbols of the holiday. The wreath includes four red candles and one white.

Then, on every Sunday dinner, one red candle is lit in the symbol of the arrival of Christmas. The last white one is set on fire on the evening of Christmas Eve (December 24th), symbolizing the coming of Christ and the lighting of darkness. Especially joyful event for children is writing letters to Santa Claus with a detailed list of everything they want to receive from him as a gift. Letters are thrown into the fireplace so that the message reaches the address along with smoke from the chimney.

The imagination of people decorating their homes, offices and shops for Christmas is irreducible. The decorations are traditionally dominated by two colors - green, the personifying fir tree is a symbol of Christmas and red in the form of ribbons, bells and lanterns. An angel or a star is placed on the top of a festive tree.

Often in the UK, houses are decorated with sprigs of holly, mistletoe (under which traditionally lovers should kiss), attracting wealth, wealth and well-being according to popular beliefs.

Pre-holiday turmoil subsides on the evening of Christmas Eve. By this time, the children are listening to Christmas stories, songs, do not forget to leave a cake for Santa's topping, also carrots and milk for deer. Socks for gifts are hung on the chimney.

The tradition of hanging socks appeared after a legend telling that once Santa Claus, walking down a chimney, dropped gold coins, they landed in a drying sock.

At midnight begins the Rozhdestvenskaya service in temples and churches. Some people come together to congratulate each other and drink a glass of wine. Morning begins with the opening of gifts. And the gifts are given by lot.

For a holiday dinner (lunch) relatives and friends come. The main course is turkey or baked goose. An important toast at dinner: "For your health!". At the end of the meal is served Christmas cake or pudding, which put a bean, coin, button and ring for fortune telling for a year. If a person gets a piece with a ring, then this is for marriage, with a coin - for wealth, with a button - for poverty, the bean symbolizes well-being.

At three o'clock in the afternoon, Queen Elizabeth’s festive address is broadcast on television, after which the family spends time in a homely, warm and cozy atmosphere, playing board games or charades.