Презентация "Кельты в Британии"
презентация к уроку по английскому языку (9 класс) по теме

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The Iron Age is the age of the “Celt” in Britain. Around 700 BC , another group of people began to arrive. These were the Celts, who probably came from Central Europe or further east, from southern Russia. The Celts were technically advanced. They knew how to work with iron, and could make better weapons than the people who used bronze. It is possible that they drove many of the older inhabitants westwards into Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Celts are important in British history because they are the ancestors of many of the people in Highland Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Cornwall today.

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Video “Ancient Warriors: the Celts”

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More than one Celtic tribe invaded Britain. From time to time these tribes were attacked and overcome by other Celtic tribes from the Continent. Powerful Celtic tribes, the Britons, held most of the country, and the southern half of the island was named Britain after them. The Iberians were unable to fight back the attacks of the Celts who were armed with metal spears, swords, daggers and axes. Most of the Iberians were slain in the conflict; some of them were driven westwards into the mountains of what is now Wales and the others probably mixed with the Celts.

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The earliest writer from whom we have learned much about Britain and its inhabitants was Julius Caesar, the famous Roman general, statesman and writer. In his Commentaries on the Gallic War , a book written in Latin, Julius Caesar describes the island and the Celts against whom he fought.

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Julius Caesar about the Celts

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The Celts were tall, strong and had long fair or red hair and blue eyes. Men wore long moustaches but no beards.

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The Way of Life The Celts were organized into different tribes, and tribal chiefs were chosen from each family or tribe, sometimes as the result of fighting matches between individuals, and sometimes by election. The chiefs were military leaders and some of them were very powerful.

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They continued to use and build hill-forts. The hill-fort was the centre for local groups. The insides of these hill-forts were filled with houses, and they became the simple economic capitals. Today the empty hill-forts stand on lonely hilltops.

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The Celts were acquainted with the use of copper, tin and iron and they kept large herds of cattle and sheep which formed their chief wealth. They also cultivated crops, especially corn. They used light ploughs and grew their crops in small, square fields. The Celtic tribes of the Britons who inhabited the south-eastern parts of the island were more civilized than the other tribes.

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Clothes According to the Romans, the Celtic men wore shirts and breeches (knee-length trousers), and striped or checked cloaks fastened by a pin. It is possible that the Scottish tartan and dress developed from this “striped cloak”. The Celts were also “very careful about cleanliness and neatness”, as one Roman wrote.

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Video “The Lost Gods. The Celts.” Parts 1,2

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The Celts at War

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The Celts were warriors, living for the glories of battle and plunder. They loved war and were fierce at battle. At wartime they dyed their skins blue and rushed at the enemy screaming in order to terrify them. They were great users of light chariots. From this chariot, drawn by two horses, they would throw spears at an enemy. The Celts used heavy swords, golden shields and breastplates, ornamented helmets and trumpets. They beheaded their opponents in battle.

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Video “A Celtic Warrior Tribute: Art & Artifact”

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Religion

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The Celts were polytheistic, that is they believed in many gods. They believed that different gods lived in the thickest and darkest parts of the forests. Some plants, such as the mistletoe and the oak-tree, were considered sacred. Some historians think that the Celts were governed by a class of priests called Druids who had great power over them. These Druids could not read or write, but they memorized all the religious teachings, the tribal laws, history, medicine and other knowledge necessary in Celtic society. The Druids could give orders to begin a battle or stop fighting. The Druids from different tribes all over Britain probably met once a year. They had no temples, but they met in sacred groves of trees, on certain hills, by rivers. At times their worship included human sacrifice. They put men into huge baskets and burned them in the presence of the people.

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Video “Celtic History & Mythology Bards & Druids”

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The Traces of the Celtic Language Some words of the Celtic language can still be found in modern English and most of them are geographical names. Many rivers, hills and towns are still called by their old Celtic names. “Avon” – in Celtic means “a river” “ Derwent ” - in Celtic means “clear water” The chalk highlands in the southern and south-eastern parts of England are called “the Downs”. “Down” - in Celtic means “bare, open highland”

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1. The Celts arrived in Britain … 300 BC around 700 BC 700 AD

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2. The Celts are the ancestors of … the Welsh the English the Irish

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3. Britain was named … after the Iberians after one of the Anglo-Saxon tribes after one of the Celtic tribes – the Britons

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4. We get our knowledge about the Celts from Commentaries on the Gallic War by Julius Caesar and other Roman writers; from Celtic manuscripts from Celtic legends

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5. The Celts were more advanced than the earlier inhabitants of Britain because … they used stone tools and weapons; they used bronze tools and weapons; they used iron tools and weapons;

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6. The Celts were armed with … axes guns spears daggers a bow and arrows swords pistols

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7. The Celts lived in … families tribes small groups

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8. The Celts were … kind and peaceful people; warlike people; friendly and hospitable people;

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9. At wartime the Celts dyed their skins… red black blue

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10. The Celts lived in … hill-forts caves stone houses

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11. Scottish tartan and dress come from… Celtic shirts and breeches, worn by men; Celtic s triped cloak Roman togas

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12. “Avon” in Celtic means … hill forest river