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Philadelphia.

One of the main cities of the United States of America is Philadelphia. It is situated in the east of the USA.

Now Washington is the capital of the USA, but Philadelphia was the first capital of the United States of America from 1790 till 1800. Many people consider that Philadelphia is an important political centre of the USA, because the USA constitution was the first written constitution in the world adopted in this city in 1787.

Philadelphia is a seaport and a shipping centre of the country, too. It is an important manufacturing centre. Some branches of industry are developed in the city.

There are many sights in Philadelphia, for example, the Independence National Historical Park. You can see many monuments in it. If you want to learn the history of America you have to learn something about the Liberty Bell. Now the Liberty Bell is a symbol of freedom. The sound of this Bell told the people about the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. It was in July, 1776.

Philadelphia is one of the cultural centers of the country. The Parkway is the cultural centre of Philadelphia. You can see the Philadelphia Museum of Art, College of art, Academy of Sciences and Academy of Fine Arts there.

There are many hotels, theatres, shops and museums in Philadelphia.

There is the Pennsylvania University in Philadelphia. This University has got an interesting and big library.

Philadelphia is a beautiful city with many skyscrapers in it.

Questions.

1.Where is Philadelphia situated?

2.What sights do you know in Philadelphia?

3.What is the symbol of freedom in Philadelphia?

Los Angeles.

Los Angeles or the City of Angels is famous worldwide for its many sandy beaches with surfers, volleyball players, and people getting tan. The Los Angeles area is also the center of the movie industry and home to many movie stars- the Beverly Hills neighborhood is famous for its mansions and high- priced shops.

But what Los Angeles seems not to have is a city, actually, there is a downtown area, but since the 1950s Los Angeles has grown greatly- and it’s not grown upward, but outward.

As distances have increased in Los Angeles, so has the importance of the car. It has often been said that Angelinos have a love affair with the car. Recently, however, that love is mixed with a little hate. Some days, “rush hour” continues almost unbroken from 7:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m.

Los Angeles faces some serious problems. With so much traffic Los Angeles has the dirtiest air in the United States; and the sunshine is often hidden by smog. Crime and violence are also major problems. Police say there are at least 500 gangs in Los Angeles. Experts stress that the problems must be solved if Los Angeles is to maintain the Southern Californian lifestyle for which it’s so famous.

Questions.

1.What state is Los Angeles in?

2.What is Los Angeles famous for?

3.What major problems does it face now?

San Francisco.

News of discovery of gold in California made San Francisco- a small fortress- a metropolis overnight. In 1848 San Francisco was a settlement of 200 people. Eight years later it was a city of 50000.

San Francisco is surrounded on three sides by water. It is famous for its bridges, fog, foghorns. San Francisco has 40 hills and it famous for its cable cars, which climb these hills, and for its bright houses that stand along steep and narrow streets.

San Francisco’s visiting card is the Golden Gate Bridge. This beautiful orange suspension structure was opened in 1937 connected San Francisco and Marin County in the north.

The bridge was first proposed in 1869 by “Emperor” Norton, a forty-niner, who had lost his money and mind and declared himself emperor of the United States. Norton’s ideas about an empire may have been crazy, but his idea about a suspension bridge for San Francisco was just ahead of time. It took twentieth- century technology and the engineering genius of a man named Joseph Strauss to bring the Golden Gate Bridge into existence.

To the south of San Francisco lies Santa Clara Valley. In 1939, two young engineers went to the valley to work in a garage.

Today Santa Clara is the most important center of America’s computer and electronics industry, and Hewlett-Packard is one of its major firms.

Questions.

1.In what state is San Francisco?

2.What is San Francisco famous for these days?

3.Who was the first to propose the idea of a suspension bridge?

Detroit

Detroit started as a little frontier fortress. It was founded in 1701 by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac.

Detroit became a famous city in 1896 when in workshop Henry Ford built a vehicle he called it a Quadricycle. With this, Detroit was on its way to becoming Motor City- the city that is home to the American automobile industry. Ford’s dream was to build an affordable car. And he realized his dream through the Model T Ford by means of introducing standardization, or the idea of making all cars alike, and the assembly line, which brought the cars parts to the worker.

Like other American cities Detroit has had its ups and downs. The Big Three of the U.S. automobile industry- Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors- are important employers in Detroit. Together, they employ 1 in 10 of the city’s workers. As the automobile industry has its ups and downs, so does the city of Detroit.

The Depression of the 1930s, the early 1970s, when oil prices rose, and the early 1980s, when many people bought small- high- quality imported cars, brought hard times to Detroit. In general, when national economy does poorly, Detroit is one of the first cities to feel it.

Questions.

1.Why and when the city begin to grow rapidly?

2.Why has Detroit had ups and downs more than other cities?  

Las Vegas.

Las Vegas, Nevada, is a gambling center in America. For this reason, some say the name Las Vegas comes from a mispronunciation of the phrase “lost wages”. In fact, “Las Vegas” is the Spanish for “the meadows”. Early settlers were impressed by the fact that Las Vegas was an oasis of green grass in the middle of a desert.

Today Las Vegas is still an oasis- not of grass, but of neon lights. Las Vegas’s hotels and casinos use so mush neon that Las Vegas has been nicknamed the City of Lights.

Las Vegas’s growth began in 1931, when the state of Nevada, in need of money, decided to allow gambling and to make divorce easy. Getting married is also easy in Nevada. Las Vegas has wedding chapels that are open 24 hours a day. In fact, all of Las Vegas is basically open 24 hours a day. Its many admirers and critics agree that Las Vegas is an “adult Disneyland”, a fantasy oasis in the Nevada desert.

Questions.

1.What is Las Vegas’s nickname?

2.When did Las Vegas’s growth begin? Why?

New Orleans.

As an American city, New Orleans is unusual. It’s a city whose business is pleasure.

It was founded by the French in 1718 and did not become part of the United States until 1803, when the United States received it by purchase from Napoleon. And for years New Orleans was more like a city of the French Caribbean than of North America.

The French Quarter was the original city of New Orleans. The beautiful homes of the Quarter- with their courtyard and patios, their high ceilings and large windows- were designed for comfort in a hot climate.

New Orleans is where jazz and blues, invented by American Negroes or African Americans, really got started. There are still many jazz clubs there. In spring you can go to the New Orleans Jazz. When you get hungry, you can treat yourself to local specialties- alligator soup and crawfish pie.

 Mardi Gras is the city’s most famous festival. It takes place the week before Lent, which is the period of fasting before Easter. There are many parades, organized by special groups. Even spectators dress in elaborate costumes. There have always been balls during Mardi Gras, and in recent years there is a costume contest, too.

Questions.

1.What is New Orleans famous for?

2.Who founded New Orleans?

3.How and when did it become an American city?

Washington.

     A visitor to Washington D. C. is impressed by the straight three-lined avenues of the capital city and grand houses in neo-classical style.

     Washington D. C. is situated on the Potomac River. The author of the design for the capital city was the French engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant. His design is based on Versaillies, a palace near Paris. The capital city is criss-crossed by broad avenues, which meet in spacious squares and circles.

     The central place of the city is the Mall, a large open space, a kind of park, stretching from the building of the Capitol to Lincoln Memorial, with Washington Memorial in the middle. The Mall in often used by people for public meetings, picnics, games, concerts.

     On both sides of the Mall are the numerous buildings of the Smithsonian Institution – a group of museums, scientific buildings and collections, James Smithson was an English scientists of the 19th century, who left his entire fortune to the United States, asking to use it in order to found “an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge”. The Smithsonian Institution was founded in 1846, and it includes now 13 museums.

     There is not only one business in Washington, and this business is government. The executive departments are located in Washington. Most of the people who live in Washington work for the federal government.

     When you are in Washington, you can visit the White House. You won’t see the President at work, because the offices and the living quarters of the White House are closed to the public. But you can visit Capitol Hill, and there you will be able to see the work of the other two branches of the government: the Senate, the House of Representatives and the Supreme Court have public galleries.

Questions:

1. What is the first impression of a visitor to Washington?
2. Who designed the plan of Washington? What was the design based on?
3. What is the central part of the capital city?
4. What memorials are situated in or near the Mall?
5. What is the Smithsonian Institution? How and when was it founded?

   Данный материал предназначен для студентов 1-4 курсов и предлагает информацию о наиболее известных городах Великобритании.

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Данный материал включает следующие темы:

London

               Cardiff

Belfast

Historic city of York

Stratford –on – Avon

Glasgow

London.

London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is one of the world’s oldest and most historic cities. London traces its history back nearly 2.000 years. The city grew up around two old historic cities—the city of London and the city of Westminster.

London can be divided into three main parts. They are: the City, the West end and the South Bank.

The City of London’s financial centre. Only about 5.000 people live in the City. But almost half a million office workers crowd its buildings during working day. The City is the oldest part of London. It consists largely of modern bank and office buildings. The City also includes some of the capital’s landmarks, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral.

The West End is the centre of Britain’s government, London’s trade and night life. It is also the most fashionable residential area.

Britain’s chief government buildings are in the City of Westminster. The Houses of parliament with the famous Clock Tower and Big Ben are located there. From Parliament, the government buildings extend along a broad avenue called Whitehall. Number 10 Downing Street, which is the home of Britain’s prime minister, is located off Whitehall. Buckingham Palace lies a short distance of the prime minister’s home. Each morning the famous changing-of-the-guard ceremony takes place in the palace’s front courtyard. A street called the Strand and some other streets meet at Trafalgar Square, an area of open pavement with statues and fountains. The huge Nelson Column towers 185 feet above the square. It consists of a tall granite column with a giant stone statue of the British naval hero Horatio Nelson on top.

St. Paul’s cathedral and Westminster Abbey are the most famous churches in London. St. Paul’s Cathedral was built by the great English architect  Sir Christopher Wren between 1675 and 1710. The history of Westminster Abbey reaches back more than 900 years. Almost all the country’s monarchs have been crowned there.

London’s oldest industrial areas lie north and east of the City. The leading industries include printing and publishing and the manufacture of clothing, food products, furniture and precision instruments. The Port of London on the Thames has long been a great world port and trading centre.

The South Bank is the site of a large, modern cultural centre that includes a number of theatres, concert halls and art galleries. A number of great bridges link the South Bank with the City and West End, including the new London Bridge, Tower Bridge and Westminster Bridge.

Edinburgh.

Edinburgh, the old capital of Scotland, is today one of the most beautiful cities in Europe of half a million inhabitants. The city is popularly known as the Athens of the North because it is situated on the seven hills and goes down those hiils to the bay Firth of Forth. You can easily get above the city and admire the splendid lay-out of the streets, parks and ships coming to Edinburgh from different countries of the world.

Edinburgh certainly is very handsome, smart and quite unique. The modern city is in the valley. The streets are straight and well-planned, so you can easily go about the town.

The main street, the Princess Street, a mile long, is modern and bright, with beautiful houses, elegant shops and restaurants, cinemas and cafes, -- all on one side of the street. The other side borders a deep valley filled with trees and flowers and lawns. The monument to Walter Scott , a poem in stone, two hundred feet high, Gothic in style, rises from the ground.

The opposite side of the valley is a deep slope. There is the old Edinburgh. The old town is climbing up towards the ancient Edinburgh Castle standing high on the grey massive Castle Rock. In the Castle you can be shown a chapel built in 1090 and the Scottish National War Memorial to the glory of all who took part in the First World War. The view from the Castle ramparts is marvelous. In the morning the valley is filled with mist; the old houses, the tall chimneys, the Castle Rock – all seem to be floating in the air.

Edinburgh is famous for its University, founded in 1583, and for its international music festivals.

Stratford-Upon- Avon.

Stratford-Upon-Avon lies at the very heart of England. It attracts people not only by its history and connection with William Shakespeare, but also by its wonderful nature and typical English character.

Stratford stands on the river Avon and is one of the oldest market towns. It has still preserves its own character and atmosphere, as you will not see modern buildings there. The houses are small and a lot of them are very old. Some of them date back to Shakespeare’s time.

Here you can visit Shakespeare’s birthplace, the foundations of the New Place, where Shakespeare lived when he retired and died in 1616. Just round the corner there is Grammar school that the writer used to attend.

Here in Stratford there is Holy Trinity Church where William Shakespeare was buried. Thousands of people from all parts of England and foreign visitors come here on Shakespeare’s birthday (23rd April) to pay tribute to the great poet.

Among other sight connected with the name of Shakespeare there is an interesting monument with the statue of the great poet on top and with characters from his plays round it. And you should visit the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, a red-brick building standing on the banks of the Avon. It was opened in 1932 as a living memorial to the poet’s work.

Questions.

1.Why does Stratford attract visitors?

2.How does it differ from many other English towns?

3.On what occasion do thousands of people come to Stratford every year?

Connection—связь

Typical—типичный

Modern—современный

To date back to—уходить в прошлое

To retire—уйти в отставку

Holy Trinity School—церковь Святой Троицы

Living memorial—живой памятник

The historic city of York.

In old times York was the capital of a Viking kingdom. In medieval times, York was the second city of England, then the social centre of the North, and in Victorian times, an important railway centre. Today York is the home of world-famous chocolate and one of the beautiful cities in the world. There are a lot of historic things in York: battlements, glorious churches, ancient narrow streets, old houses and cosy pubs where stories of ghosts are told around the fire.

The magnificent Minster is the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe and the most important church in the North of England. It is famous for its medieval stained glass windows and the interior full of colour and light. You can climb to the top of the tower and take a trip into history below ground. Where you can see the Roman remains.

In today’s York there is a festival of music and the arts every summer, which include the famous miracle plays(the religious plays performed in the streets in medieval York).

Viking kingdom—королевство викингов

Medieval—средневековый

In Victorian times—во времена королевы Виктории (1837-1901)

Battlements—зубчатые стены, укрепления

Glorious—великолепный

Stained glass windows—витражи

the Roman remains—остатки римской цивилизации

Questions.

1.Why is York considered a unique city?

2.How is it connected with English history?

3.What interesting events take place in today’s York?

Cardiff.

Cardiff the largest city of Wales became its capital in 1956. More than three hundred people live in this city. In is situated near the mouth of the river Taff, which flows into the British Channel. The site was first occupied by a Roman fort, built there about 75 A.D. By the 3th and 4th centuries there had been built a massive stone wall around the fort. The Castle now standing at the site of the Roman fort and the old fortress walls around it give a special flavor to the city.

Cardiff is an administrative and educational centre. The main streets of the city are spacious and well-planned.

Cardiff is an important industrial city and a port. Industries are concentrated in the south of the city and near the port. The port played a great role in the growth of Cardiff in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when most of the Welsh coal exports were handled by it. Light industry is also widely developed there.

Capital—столица

Fort—крепость

Stone wall—каменная стена

Coal—уголь

Light industry—лёгкая промышленность

Questions.

1.When did Cardiff become the capital of Wales?

2.What is the population of the city?

3.Where are industries concentrated in Cardiff?

Glasgow.

Glasgow is the largest and most populous city in the whole of Scotland and the third largest city of Great Britain with the population of over a million. Founded in the sixth century on the site of an ancient Celtic settlement, Glasgow occupies a mostly flat area of land. The city extends along both banks of the river Clyde.

Glasgow is known the world over for its ship-building. Its shipyards, lining both banks of the river, turn out all sorts of vessels.

In huge workshops and forges, Glasgow engineers design and produce a great variety of heavy steel manufactures. Glasgow-built locomotives run in every part of the world.

Glasgow is a large cultural centre of Britain. The University of Glasgow, founded in 1450, is among the oldest universities of the country.

The City centre is George Square with beautiful monuments. Here you can see the figure of Sir Walter Scott. The Statue of the Duke of Wellington is one of the finest in the city.

Bank—берег

Ship-building—кораблестроение

Shipyard—верфь

Vessel—корабль, судно

Heavy steel manufacture—тяжёлая промышленность

Monument—памятник

Duke—герцог

Questions.

1.Where is Glasgow situated?

2.What industries are developed in the city?

3.What cultural constructions are there in the city?

Belfast.

Belfast became the capital of Northern Ireland in 1920. No it is the largest city and the principal seaport with almost half a million population. After Ulster had been separated from Ireland, the Belfast port began to handle most of the raw materials and fuel for Northern Ireland.

Belfast was the gateway for the English colonization of Ireland and today is the centre of major economic and political contacts with Ulster.

Belfast is a modern city, a city of the 19th century and of the industrial revolution. There are a few trim Georgian buildings and one or two houses dating from the 17th century, but the mass of the city’s buildings are late Victorian or belong to the present century.

The City Hall in Donegal Square, with its lofty dome, is one of the chief landmarks. Its height, of nearly 200 ft, is the main feature of the city’s skyline. There is an impressive war memorial in the garden of Remembrance. The city is well-known for shipbuilding and it was here that the Titanic was built and sent out on his fatal first voyage. There is a memorial to that luxury liner.

Queen’s University was founded in 1845 and has an interesting historical museum.

The famous English writers who came from Ireland—Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw—are known all over the world.  

Seaport—порт  

Raw materials—сырьё

Fuel—топливо

Major—важный, основной

Dome—купол

Luxury—роскошный

Questions.

1.When did Belfast become the capital of Northern Ireland?

2.What is the population of the city?

3.What outstanding people came from Northern Ireland?

1.Read the text and answer the following questions:

a)What parts may the text be divided into?

b)What are the main ideas of each part?

New England

Over 350 years ago the first settlers arrived from Europe. The first settlers landed on the East Coast. They began clearing the forests and ploughing the soil. Settlers moved westwards ever seeking better land and greater opportunities. In this way the frontier moved across the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

The eastern part of the United States was covered with a great forest—one of the largest and densest in the world. The Appalachian highlands also acted as a barrier to slow the westwards movements of settlers. But once across the highlands, a great fertile land of prairies and plains invited rapid settlement.

The Northeast is where American manufacturing began. The first factories were in New England. They produced cotton cloth. Power and raw materials are the basic ingredients of industry. Both are available in the Northeastern states. Coal, natural gas, oil and water power have long kept the Northeast well supplied with power.

But some of the Northeast’s  greatest industries depend on raw materials that must be imported. Almost all of the cotton, wool, silk, iron, copper, lead, zink, rubber, the leather that flow into the Northeast’s mills and factories are shipped into this region.

Fishing has been important in the Northeast. Many towns on the New England coast began as a fishing community. Boston, Portland, New Bedford and Gloucester all were early fishing centers.

The Northeast is usually thought of as an industrial workshop of the United States.

2.Find sentences in the text that give information about:

a)the way the frontier moved across the United States

b)the effect of the forest and the Appalachian highlands on the westward movement of settlers

c)the materials which are shipped into the Northeast

d)natural resources of this region

e)the towns on the New England coast which began as fishing community

3.Say which facts given in the text were new to you

1.Skim through the text and say which of this paragraphs gives information about:

a)location of the Great Lakes

b)their importance in the economic life of both the United States and Canada

c)the season when the Great Lakes can be used as waterway

2.Find the topical sentences in each paragraph of the text.

Great Lakes.

Part of the boundary between the United States of America and Canada is formed by four of the five Great Lakes. The largest of them is Lake Superior, which, as its name implies, is the highest above the sea. South of it is Lake Michigan, entirely in the United States territory; to the east is Lake Huron, from the southern end of which the St. Clair River leads into Lake Erie. From Lake Erie the Niagara River rushes over the famous Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario, out of which flows the St. Lawrence River.

All the Lakes are connected by canals or navigable channels to form not only the largest body of fresh water in the world, but also the most important unit of inland waterway. The Lakes take a very important place in the economic life of both the United States of America and of Canada. From Chicago at the southwest end of Lake Michigan, railway lines radiate in all directions—across the Rockies to the Pacific Coast, southwards following the line of the Mississippi to New Orleans—and the city’s prosperity has been much increased by its position as a lake port.

Another lake port is Buffalo, at the northern end of Lake Erie. It’s the fourth largest port and the seventh industrial city in the United States of America. The Lakes can be used only between the months of April and December, as they freeze in winter.

 The importance of the Lakes is not only commercial: along their shores are vast stretches of forest, meadowland, and grassland, as well as towns, camps and small country towns.

3.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

a)Where are the Niagara Falls situated?

b)What are all the Lakes connected by?

c)What lake ports can you name?

d)Do the Lakes freeze in winter or are they navigable all year round?

e)What is situated along the shores of the Lakes?

4.Complete the following sentences using information from the text:

1)Part of the boundary between the United States and Canada is formed by…

2)The names of the five Great Lakes are…

3)The largest of the Lakes is…

4)Only one lake is entirely in the United States territory. It is…

5)The Lakes are important for…

1.Read the first paragraph of the text. Say what word is used many times in it.

2.Read the whole text and give headings for each paragraph in Russia.

The Midwest.

The eastern part of the Midwest is corn country. This region is often called the Corn Belt. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri are leading Corn Belt states. Farming is the Midwest leading industry. Corn is the pioneer American crop. It was  certainly one of the first crops grown on American farms. The Indians taught the early settlers how to grow it. As the pioneers began to move westward, corn moved with them. In the Midwest these pioneers found an ideal climate for growing corn.

The northern part of the Midwest is a hay and dairy region. Wisconsin is the leading dairy state. Most of Wisconsin milk is made into cheese and butter. Nearly half of the cheese made in the United States comes from Wisconsin.

The drier western parts of the Midwest are wheat lands. From the Dakota’s southward to Oklahoma is wheat country. The Midwest has everything to be a great manufacturing center. There is a big supply of raw materials—iron ore, livestock, wheat and timber.

Meat packing and flour milling are big Midwestern business. Railroads deliver wheat to the mills in Minneapolis, Kansas City, St. Louis and  Wichita. Buffalo, at the eastern end of Lake Erie in New York state, is a milling center. It is cheaper to transport goods by water than by train; so every year grain ships deliver their cargoes of Midwestern wheat to the flour mills of Buffalo.

Detroit is the center of automobile industry. Over half the motor vehicles and equipment made in the United States comes from the Midwest. And over two- fifths come from Michigan alone.

3.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1)What part of the USA is called the Corn Belt?

2)What states are included into the Corn Belt?

3)What is the Midwest leading industry?

4)Who taught the early settlers how to grow corn?

5)What state is the leading dairy state of the Midwest?

6)Which parts of the Midwest are wheat lands?

7)What raw materials does the Midwest supply?

8)What city is a milling center of the Midwest?

9)What city is the center of automobile industry in this region?

1.Skim through the text and answer the following questions:

a)What parts may the text be divided into?

b)What is the main information given in each part?

2.Find the topical sentences in each paragraph of the text.

The South

Most of the South is a land of long, hot summers. Winters are short and cool. There is abundant rainfall. This combination gives the South a long growing season.

In the past cotton, tobacco and corn were the main crops of southern farming. Peanuts and soy beans are also important southern crops. Some southern ranches are larger than those in the West. The mild southern winters mean year- round green pastures.

The South is rich in natural resources. Sulphur and salt are found along the western Gulf Coast in Louisiana and Texas. Most of the phosphate mined in the United States comes from Tennessee. More than nine- tenths of the bauxite mined in the United States comes from Central Arkansas.

There are great supplies of iron ore in the South although it is mined only in a few places. Most of the iron ore is mined near Birmingham, Alabama. The ore has helped make Birmingham an important producer of iron and steel.

At least one- third of the natural gas reserves and one- fourth of the oil reserves in the United States are in the South. Oil and natural gas are helping refinery and chemical industry to develop in the South.

Southern coal- mines produce two- fifths of the US coal. Most of it is shipped to the northern states.

More than half of the southern landscape is covered with forests. Two- fifths of the country’s timber  come from the South. More than half of the pulp and one- third of the paper of the United States come from the southern states.

3.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

a)What is the climate in the South of the USA like?

b)Are winters short or long in the South?

c)What three crops were grown in the past in the South?

d)What other crops are grown in the South?

e)What minerals are found along the western Gulf Coast in Louisiana and Texas?

f)Where does most of the phosphate mined in the United States come from?

g)Where is the bauxite mined?

h)Where is the most of the iron ore mined?

i)What industries are developed in the South?

j)Where is the coal from the South shipped to?

4.Say which facts given in the text were new to you.

1.Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about:

a)the quantity of water in different parts of the West

b)farming in California

c)manufacturing in the Los Angeles area

d)important industries of San Francisco

e)the chief cities of the Pacific Northwest

The West

Only in few parts of the West there is enough quantity of water for farming. There are vast areas of desert. But there are places where enough rain falls to allow scrub plants to grow. There huge livestock ranches are found. Sheep ranches also use the dry lands. Sheep can browse on leaves, weeds, and woody plants which cattle will not eat. So sheep can live on parts of the western land where cattle cannot get along. The three states of the West Coast—California, Oregon and Washington—have important farm lands.

California became part of the US in 1845. When gold was discovered four years later, California’s population grew rapidly. Wheat soon became the chief crop. Rice and barley became important too. Today four- fifths of California’s crop land are still used for grazing and for grains. But other more specialized crops produce nine- tenths of the value of California’s farm products. There crops are cotton, vegetables, fruit and dairy products.

California is now the country’s second most important cotton- producing state. Only Texas grows more cotton. And California’s farmers grow half of the country’s fruit and vegetables.

The center of West Coast manufacturing is the Los Angeles area. Los Angeles was a farm community. Then oil was discovered. Oil brought manufacturing to this region. Aircraft manufacturing became the chief industry. Automobile assembly plants, tire manufacturing are  also here.

In 1909 the first movie studio opened in Los Angeles. Today, the Los Angeles suburb, Hollywood, has become movie and television center.

Another West Coast manufacturing center is the San Francisco Bay area. Food processing and oil refining have been important in this area. And now electronics is an important industry.

The Pacific Northwest is the third west coast manufacturing center. Seattle, Tacoma and Portland are the chief cities. The Northwest’s natural wealth—timber, fish and wheat—is processed and shipped to markets.

2.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

a)What western states have important farm lands?

b)When did California become part of the United States?

c)What are the main crops grown in California?

d)When was the first movie studio opened in Los Angeles?

e)What are the chief cities in the Pacific Northwest?

3.Find sentences that give information about:

a)the reason why only few parts of the West are used for farming;

b)the reason why sheep ranches can use the dry lands;

c)the reason why the population of California grew rapidly;

d)the effect of the discovery of oil on the development of Los Angeles area;

e)the natural resources of the Pacific Northwest;

1.Skim through the text about Alaska and say which of its paragraphs gives information about:

a)its location

b)size

c)discovery

d)the earliest known inhabitants

e)mineral resources

Alaska

In 1959 Alaska became the 49th state of the USA. Attitudes toward Alaska were different in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then most Americans had little interest in “the land of icebergs and polar bears”.

In those parts which lie above the Arctic circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth which is permanently frozen to a depth of several hundred feet. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but it cannot melt the icy soil more than two thirds of a meter down.

Alaska is America’s largest state but very few people live there. The capital of Alaska is Juneau.

The currents of the Pacific warm Alaska and the Arctic chills it. Alaska lies between 71 degrees and 56 degrees north latitude, stretching southward from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This immense tongue of land is sharply divided into three distinct regions. In the north, Arctic Alaska reaches from the Arctic Ocean to the rough mountains of Brooks Range. Central Alaska lies between Brooks range and Alaska Range where Mt. McKinley rises – the highest peak in North America. From the western face of the Alaska Range another block of territory slopes down toward the Bering Sea and Russia.

Arctic Alaska has been the home of the Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia. A short route for their passage would have been the Bering Strait which is named for Vitus Bering the sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage to Russia in 1741.

The Eskimos and the American Indians of southeastern Alaska are the state’s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur trades established settlements but by the time that Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States most of the traders had departed.

The gold was discovered in the Canadian Yukon. Thousands of Americans rushed into Alaska on their wayto Canada. Some never left Alaska and some returned therefrom the Canadian gold fields when gold was discovered  at home in 1889 and at Fairbanks in 1902.

After fishing Alaska’s chief industry is lumber and paper production. There are also large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other important minerals.

2.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

a)What did Alaska become the 49th state of the USA?

b)What were the attitudes to Alaska?

c)Which is the largest state in the USA?

d)What is the capital of Alaska?

e)Which is the highest peak in North America?

f)What mountains on the territory of Alaska can you name?

g)Who discovered Alaska and when?

h)Who are the earliest inhabitants of Alaska?

i)What was discovered in the Canadian Yukon?

j)What is Alaska’s chief industry?

Hawaii

Famous American author, Mark Twain, once called Hawaii “ the loveliest fleet of islands that lies anchored in any ocean”.

In the fifth or sixth century, daring Polynesian voyagers sailed to Hawaii across thousands of miles of the Pacific in their double canoes. They are believed to have been the island’s first inhabitants. British Captain James Cook accidentally rediscovered Hawaii in 1778 and traders and priests and ministers soon followed.

Today about 900000 people inhabit the island chain’s land area of 16,7 thousand square kilometres. By origin, they are most closely related to the countries of Asia and the Pacific—chiefly Japan, the Philippines, China and Korea. Only about one- sixth of the inhabitants originated in Europe or America. In 1900 the Hawaiian former kingdom was annexed by the USA and in 1959 it became its fiftieth state.

About 3.5 thousand kilometres separate Hawaii from California, its closest sister state.

The twenty islands of Hawaii lie upon the Pacific, from southeast to northwest. They belong to the hot climate, but the climate is rather less hot because of the ocean currents that pass their shores and because of the winds that blow across the land from the northeast. On the larger islands, volcanic mountains from which lava flows, rise up out of the sea. Along the gently sloping land areas to the southeast, there are beaches of yellow, white and black sands.

The largest island, Hawaii, lies at the southeastern end of the chain and is almost twice as large as all other islands combined. Fine volcanoes gave the island its form. Of the two active volcanoes Mauna Loa is the world’s largest. It towers above the scenic Hawaiian National park, which stretches from the mountain peak across the sea to the neighbouring Maui. Hot- climate plants, sandy desert, waterfalls, craters and caves make the park a tourist attraction.

The best known of all the islands is the third largest, Oahu. Oahu, a diamond- shaped plot of earth, is the center of Hawaiian life. Honolulu, capital and the largest city, spreads out at the foot of the volcanic mountain range. It is home for more than half of all Hawaiians. Close to it lies Pearl Harbor, where the Unites States Pacific Fleet is based. Waikiki Beach extends along the shore from Honolulu to Diamond Head, a dead volcano.

The rich volcanic soil of the islands has been made to flourish through scientific agriculture and man-made waterways.

The first official ties between Hawaii and the United States were through trade in sugar. Pineapple, the second most important crop, is grown on five islands.

1.Find sentences in the text that give information about:

a)the discovery of Hawaii

b)the origin of its population

c)the climate of the islands

d)the volcanoes of the islands

e)the islands  of Oahu

2.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

a)How did Mark Twain call Hawaii?

b)Who are believed to be the first inhabitants of Hawaii?

c)What is the population of Hawaii?

d)When did Hawaii become the fiftieth state of the US?

e)How far is it from Hawaii to California?

f)How many islands are there in Hawaii?

g)What is the climate of Hawaii?

h)Which is the largest island of Hawaii?

i)Which is the best known of all the islands?

j)What city is the capital of Hawaii?

3.Say which facts given in the text were new to you.

Rocky Mountains

This system of parallel mountain ranges stretches down the western side of  North America from Alaska to New Mexico.

For long, the Rockies cut off the Pacific seaboard of Canada and the United States from the rest of North America. In the early 19th century they were visited only by bear, puma, deer, and other fur- bearing animals. Later, the discovery of gold, copper, coal, silver, lead and iron, of the oil- fields in Wyoming , and of one of the largest phosphate areas in the world in Idaho led to the building of roads and railroads.

Within the Rocky Mountains there are many national parks where trees, plants, animals and birds are protected. The largest of these is the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, with its great Geysers,its herds of bison, deer and antelope, then there are the Rocky Mountain National park in Colorado and the Glacier National Park in Montana. The latter has about sixty small glaciers and hundreds of alpine lakes in its rugged mountains.

Among all the wonders and curiosities of the Rockies, two perhaps deserve mention. One is the grizzly bear, now a rather rare inhabitant, whose fierceness and shyness, great size and extreme deftness in moving have made him almost a legendary animal.

The other is the great redwood tree with its amazingly tall, straight trunk, branchless for hundreds of feet from the ground.

Several great rivers rise in the Rocky Mountains, including the Colorado, the Columbia, the Rio Grande and several of the great summit areas and the rainfall on the windward eastern slopes of the mountains supply these rivers abundantly with water.

1.Find sentences in the text that give information about:

a)the reasons why the roads and railroads were built in the Rockies

b)the national parks within the Rocky Mountains

c)the animals which visited the Rockies in the early 19th century

d)the two wonders of the Rockies

e)the rivers which rise in the Rockies

2.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

a)where do the Rocky Mountains stretch?

b)what did the Rockies cut off for a long time?

c)who visited the Rockies in the early 19th century?

d)what minerals were discovered in the Rockies?

e)are there any parks in the Rockies?

f)which is the largest national park in the Rockies?

j)what animals are protected in the Yellowstone National Park?

h)how many glaciers and alpine lakes are there in the Rockies?

i)what rivers rise in the Rocky Mountains?

g)what are the most famous curiosities of the Rockies?

3.Complete the following sentences using the information from the text:

1)The Rockies stretch down…

2)The largest of the national parks in the Rockies is…

3)Other national parks in the Rockies were…

4)The two curiosities of the Rockies are…

5)Several great rivers rise in the Rockies, including…

1.Skim through the text and say which of its three paragraphs gives information about:

a)location of the Great Salt Lake

b)explanation of its name

c)reasons for the decrease in its size

Great Salt Lake

The Great Salt Lake is in the northwest of the state of Utah, close to Salt Lake City, the capital. It is so salty that the human body cannot sink in it. Its present area is much smaller than the ancient lake of which it is a remnant.

The decrease in sizeis due partly to evaporation, partly to the diversion of some of the streams which fill it. The saltness of the lake has increased as its area has diminished and today it is about six times as salty as the ocean. Three large rivers flow into the Great Salt Lake from the mountains to the east and southeast—the Jordan, the river upon which Salt Lake City stands, the Weber and the Bear. But it has no outlet. There are many islands. The largest is Antelope Island.

The existence of the Great Salt Lake was known to early travelers. In 1689 the white men were told by Indians of a “Salt Lake 300 miles in circumference” and in 1776 it was reached by other white men. For a long time it was through because of the lake’s saltness that it must be an arm of the Pacific Ocean.

2.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

a)Where is the Great Salt Lake situated?

b)What city is the capital of the state of Utah?

c)How salty is the Great Salt Lake?

d)Is its size decreasing or increasing?

e)How did its saltness change with the diminishing of its area?

f)What rivers flow into the Great Salt Lake?

g)Which is the largest island in the Great Salt Lake?

h)When were the white men told about the existence of the Great Salt Lake?

i)Who told them about the lake?

j)Why was it thought that the lake was an arm of the Pacific Ocean?

3.Complete the following sentences using the information from the text:

1)The capital of the state of Utah is…

2)The decrease in size of the lake is due to…

3)The three large rivers which flow into the Great Salt Lake are…

4)The largest island in the lake is…

5)The existence of the Great Salt Lake was known to…

4.Find two place names in the text which are also the names of animals. What other place names of this kind do you know?

Climate

North America has many climates. There are places that are warm all the year round and there are places covered with ice and snow where summer never comes.

The United States occupies a large area in the central part of the North American Continent. Winters in the northern part of the country are long and cold. In the South, winters are much shorter. Average temperature in January is mild. As the northern part of the country has such long winters, the growing season is quite short.

In the South the growing season is much longer. In fact, in some of the states it is nine months long. The climate of these places is affected by other things besides the distance from the Equator. Landforms also affect climate. For example, a great belt of mountainous land stretches along the western edge of North America, from Alaska south to Panama. Some of these mountains are so high that snow can be seen on their peaks even in summer. Summer days are often bright and warm in the mountains, but the nights are cold. The growing season is far shorter than in the lowlands.

Oceans also affect climate. Winters are cold in the interior than along the coasts, and summers are warmer.

Parts of the Pacific Coast are very wet. The high mountains of this region are responsible for all this rain. They catch the moist air that blows in from the Pacific Ocean.

To the east, beyond the mountains, there is a vast dry region. This dry land extends from Canada to Mexico. But still farther east, in the Southeastern United States, you can find another wet region. Here warm, moist air blows inland from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. This air brings plenty of rain to the Southeastern States. The Northern States east of the Mississippi also receive ample moisture.

1.Find the sentences in the text that give information about:

a)winters in different places of the United States

b)the length of the growing season in different parts of the country

c)the effect of the ocean on the climate

d)the effect of the mountains on the climate

e)the effect of the warm, moist air from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico on the climate

2.Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1)How does the climate differ in different places of North America?

2)What part of the North American Continent does the USA occupy?

3)What factors influence the climate?

4)Are winters colder in the interior or along the coast?

5)Why are some parts of the North American Continent on theb Pacific Coast very dry?

3.Divide the text into several parts. Choose in each part a sentence which best introduces or summarizes the information.

Контрольная работа

Вариант 1

1.Употребите артикль, где необходимо

Please, clean… blackboard

a)a b)the c)a

I must go to… bank and … post office

a)a b)the c)a

… good books have good examples

a)the b)- c)an

It is as cold as… ice

a)the b)- c)an

2.Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи

Nick said:”I am waiting for my parents”.

a)Nick said that he was waiting for his parents.

b)Nick said that he is waiting for my parents.

Anne asked me:” Do you know where Kate is living?”

a)Anne asked me if I knew where Kate was living.

b)Anne asked me if you know where Kate is living.

The teacher said to us:”Go home”.

a)The teacher said to us go home.

b)The teacher said to us to go home.

She said:” I spent my holidays in the Crimea last year”.

a)She said that she had spent her holidays in the Crimea the year before.

b)She said that she spent my holidays in the Crimea last year.

3.Употребите местоимения some, any, no.

There are … pictures in the book.

Are there … new students in your group?

There are … old houses in our street.

Are there … English text-books on the desk?- Yes, there are…

Вариант 2

1.Употребите артикль, где необходимо

Would you like to go to … theatre with me tonight?

a)the b)a c)an

Is… Everest… highest mountain in … world?

a)- b)the c)an

It is… pity that you can’t come.

a)the b) a c)an

They say… sugar is bad for you.

a)the b)- c) an

2. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

My mother said to me:”Sit down at the table and your homework”.

a)My mother said to me sit down at the table and do my homework.

b)My mother said to me to sit down  at the table and do my homework.

She said to me:”Don’t worry over such a small thing”.

a)She said to me do not worry over such a small thing.

b)She said to me not to worry over such a small thing.

He said:”They arrived in St. Petersburg yesterday”.

a)He said that they had arrived in St. Petersburg the day before.

b)He said that they arrived in St. Petersburg yesterday.

I said to him:”How long are you going to stay there?”

a)I said to him how long he was going  to stay there.

b)I said to him if he going to stay there.

3.Употребите местоимения some, any, no.

Have you got… English books at home?

There is … ink in my pen: I cannot write.

Does she read … of the books?

It is winter. There are … leaves on the trees.

Вариант 3

1.Употребите артикль, где необходимо

Is …  Amsterdam in … United States or in … Netherlands?

a)- b)the c)an

This school has quite … large campus.

a)the b) a c)an

… Statue of liberty was presented as … gift by … people of … France to … people of … United States.

a)the b)- c)a

… sun rises in… east and sets in … west.

a)the b)an c)a

2. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

My friend said to me:”You should be careful”.

a)My friend said to me that I should be careful.

b)My friend said to me you should be careful.

She asked her friend:”Why didn’t you say that to me?”

a)She asked her friend why you didn’t say that to me.

b)She asked her friend why he hadn’t said that to her.

The girl asked:”Give me your telephone number”.

a)The girl asked give me your telephone number.

b)The girl asked to give her his telephone number.

Tom said:”I have good English pronunciation”.

a)Tom said that he had good English pronunciation.

b)Tom said that he have good English pronunciation.

3.Употребите местоимения some, any, no.

There were … apples in the vase.

Are there … pictures in this book?

He is busy. He has … time.

They brought … good books from the library.

Вариант 4

1.Употребите артикль, где необходимо

… Thames is … river in … England.

a)the b)- c)a

… English are very proud of their history.

a)a b)the c)an

Is … Malta in … Mediterranean?

a)- b)the c)an

They are looking for … man with … long dark hair.

a)a b)the c) –

2. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи

He said:”Lev Tolstoy is my favourite writer”.

a)He said that Lev Tolstoy was his favourite writer.

b)He said that Lev Tolstoy is his favourite writer.

She said:”I will go to Rome”.

a)She said that she would go to Rome.

b)She said that I will go to Rome.

Robert asked:”Please, help me with this work”.

a)Robert asked help me with this work.

b)Robert asked to help him with this work.

I asked to Boris:”Does your friend live in London?”

a)I asked to Boris if his friend lived in London.

b)I asked to Boris if his friend live in London.

3.Употребите местоимения some, any, no.

There are … letters for you.

She has … sisters, she has only brothers.

There were … people in the park, because it was cold.

I can see … children in the yard. They are playing.

Вариант 5

1.Употребите артикль, где необходимо

Once there lived … king. He had … little daughter.

a)a b)the c)an

They lived in … beautiful palace with … wonderful garden around it.

a)the b)- c)a

In … fifteenth century people knew only three continents:… Europe, …Asia and … Africa.

a)the b)- c)an

This is … pen. … pen is red.

a)a b)the c)-

2. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи

She said to me:”Did you send them a telegram yesterday?”

a)She said to me if I had sent them a telegram a day before.

b)She said to me if I send them a telegram yesterday.

Oleg said:”Will you come here tomorrow?”

a)Oleg said if I should come there the next day.

b)Oleg said if you will come here tomorrow.

The teacher said:”Don’t open your books”.

a)The teacher said do not open your books.

b)The teacher said not to open their books.

Mike said:”My sister knows two foreign languages”.

a)Mike said that his sister knew two foreign languages.

b)Mike said that his sister knows two foreign languages.

3.Употребите местоимения some, any, no.

There are … boys in the garden, because they are at school.

Are there … new buildings in your street?

Here are … books by English writers.

There were … fir- trees in that forest, but many pines.

Вариант 1

1.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

If the dog keeps barking, the neighbours (to be) complain.

(will / shall / would)

I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me.

(should have written / will have written / will had written)

If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the museum with us.

(will agree / would agree / should agree)

If I ( not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule.

(have not been / had not been / shouldn’t have been)

2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.

The letter ( to receive) yesterday.

Many houses ( to build) in our town every year.

This work ( to do) tomorrow.

This text ( to translate) at the last lesson.

3.Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

Ann said to us:”They haven’t yet come”.

a)Ann said to us that they hadn’t yet come.

b)Ann said to us that they haven’t yet come.

He said to me:”They are staying at the hotel”

a)He said to me that they are staying at the hotel.

b)He said that they were staying at the hotel.

She said :”Don’t worry about such a small thing”.

a)She said not to worry about such a small thing.

b)She said do not worry about such a small thing.

She said to Boris:”When will you be back home?”

a)She said to Boris when he would be back home.

b)She said to Boris when he should be back home.

Вариант 2

1.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary ( to increase) greatly.

(would increase / should increase / will increase)

If they ( to know) it before, they would have taken measures.

(have known / had known / knew)

I should be very glad if he ( to come) to my place.

(have come / came / come)

If you had not wasted so much time, you ( not to miss) the train.

(would not have missed / would not missed / would not miss)

2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.

These trees ( to plant) last autumn.

Many interesting games always (to play) at our lesson.

This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.

We (to invite) to a concert last Sunday.

3.Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

I said to Becky:”what kind of books your friend brought you?”

a)I said to Becky what kind of books her friend had brought her.

b)I said to Becky what kind of books your friend brought you.

Boris asked them:”How can I get to the railway station?”

a)Boris asked them how he could get to the railway station.

b)Boris asked them how he can get to the railway station.

The doctor said:”Don’t sit up late”.

a)The doctor said do not sit up late.

b)The doctor said not to sit up late.

Misha said:”I saw them at my parents’ house last year”.

a)Misha said that he had seen them at his parents’ house the year before.

b)Misha said that he has seen them at his parents’ house last year.

Вариант 3

1.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

If you ( not to miss) the train, you would have arrived in time.

(had not missed / have not missed / missed)

If you ( to understand ) the rule, you would have written the test- paper/

( have understood / had understood / understand)

I should not have bought the car if my friend ( not to lend) me money.

(have not lent / had not lent / lend)

If I ( to meet) a fairy one day, I would make a wish.

(meet / met / have met)

2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.

Hockey ( to play) in winter.

Many houses ( to burn) during the Great Fire of London.

His new book (to finish) next year.

Flowers ( to sell) in shops and in the streets.

3.Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

She said:”I don’t go to this shop very often”

a)She said that she did not go to that shop very often.

b)She said that she doesn’t go to this shop very often.

He said to me:”I am going to the theatre tonight”.

a)He said that he is going to the theatre tonight.

b)He said that he was going to the theatre that night.

The doctor said to Pete:”Don’t go for a walk today”.

a)The doctor said to Pete not to go for a walk that day.

b)The doctor said to Pete do not go for a walk today.

Ada asked me:”Where did you see such trees?”

a)Ada asked me where did you see such trees.

b)Ada asked me where I had seen such trees.

Вариант 4

1.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

You would have understood the rule if you ( not to miss) the teacher’s explanation.

(have not missed / had not missed / missed)

I should be very glad if he ( to come) to my place.

(have come / came / come)

If I ( to get) this book, I shall be happy.

(have got / got / get)

If  he ( to live) in St. Petersburg, he would go to the Hermitage every week.

( lives / lived / have lived)

2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.

St. Petersburg ( to found) in 1703.

Last year she ( to send) to Cambridge.

In summer Nick will (to take) to the country.

Potatoes ( to buy) yesterday.

3.Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

The man said:”Don’t play in the street”.

a)The man said not to play in the street.

b)The man said do not plat in the street.

My friend asked:”When did you receive this letter?”

a)My friend asked when I had received that letter.

b)My friend asked when I have received this letter.

I said to them:”I can give you my uncle’s address”.

a)I said to them that I could give them my uncle’s address.

b)I said to them that I can give them my uncle’s address.

He said to me:”I want to see you today”.

a)He said that he wants to see you today.

b)He said that he wanted to see me that day.

Вариант 5

1.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

You (not to miss) the teacher’s explanation, if you had arrived in time.

(would not have missed / should not have missed)

If he (to learn) the poem, he would not have got a bad mark.

(have learnt / had learnt / learn)

If my brother (to be) in trouble, I shall help him.

(is / was / will)

If you (to ring) me up, I shall tell you a secret.

(rang / ring / rung)

2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.

The books (to buy) tomorrow.

His sister (to send) to rest in the south every year.

The window (to break) last week.

This picture (to paint) in the 19th century.

3.Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

I asked Kate:”Did anybody meet you at the station?”

a)I asked Kate if somebody had met her at the station.

b)I asked Kate if somebody has met her at the station.

The man said:”Don’t cross the street under the red light”.

a)The man said not to cross the street under the red light.

b)The man said do not cross the street under the red light.

The woman said:”You speak English very well”.

a)The woman said that he spoke English very well.

b)The woman said that he speaks English very well.

My brother said:”I am going to become a doctor”.

a)My brother said that he was going to become a doctor.

b)My brother said that he is going to become a doctor.

Вариант 1

1.Напишите глаголы в нужной форме страдательного залога

1) The work … yesterday

a) had been finished  b) was finished  c) will have finished

2) The packages … tomorrow

a) will be delivered  b) will delivered  c) will be delivering

3) That … by them already

a) would be suggested  b)has been suggested  c) have been suggested

4) The documents … by boss now

a) are being signed  b) will sign  c) was signed

5) My mail … always at 10 o’clock a. m.

a) was delivered  b) is delivered  c) will be delivered

2.Замените формы активного залога на пассивные

Example: He closed the door- The door was closed by him.

1)She opens the mail every day.

2)Mr. Brown will sign the letter.

3)The students enjoyed the lecture.

4)She has received the letter already.

5)Mr. White is repairing the car now.

3.Поставьте прилагательные в нужной степени сравнения

1) This is … room in the building

a) biggest  b) the biggest  c) bigger

2) Dick is … than the other boy

a) politer  b) the politest  c) more polite

3) That lesson was … of all

a) good  b) the best  c) better

4) Betty is … girl of all

a) most beautiful  b) beautifulest  c) beautifuler

5) They have … furniture than we

a) expensive  b) expensive  c) more expensive

Вариант 2

1.Напишите глаголы в нужной форме страдательного залога

1) My lessons … by the teacher every day

a) is corrected  b) are corrected  c) was corrected

2) Mr Brown’s house … last summer

a) was built  b) were built  c) is built

3) The news … by everybody soon

a) will be knowing  b) will be known  c) will known

4) That new house … by them already

a) had been bought  b) have been bought  c) has been bought

5) The text … by them this moment

a) is being translated  b) are being translated  c) were being translated

2.Измените формы активного залога на пассивные

Example: He closed the door- The door was closed by him.

1)They ate the chocolate candy.

2)The messenger will return the envelope

3)He always signs the documents

4)The builders had built the house by the end of November last year

5)He has written the letter

3.Поставьте прилагательные в нужной степени сравнения

1) Tom is … than his brother

a) smallest  b) smaller  c) the smallest

2)This house is … than this building

a)the most beautiful  b) more beautiful  c) beautifulest

3) His bracelet is … than mine

a) valuablest  b) most valuable  c) more valuable

4) Bill is … student of all

a) tallest  b) taller  c) the tallest

5) I am … Dick

a) as tall as  b) as taller as  c) as tallest as

Вариант 3

1.Напишите глаголы в нужной форме страдательного залога

1) The news … yesterday

a) was announced  b) were announced  c) be announced

2. A new house … here next year

a) is being built  b) will be built  c) had been built

3. The room … already by him

a) has been cleaned  b)has been cleaning  c) is being cleaned

4. Our exercises … by the teacher every lesson

a) were corrected  b) is corrected  c) are corrected

5. The things … by the thieves now

a) are being stolen  b) was being stolen  c) is being stolen

2.Измените формы активного залога на пассивные

Example: He closed the door—The door was closed by him

1) He will deliver the books to them

2) She has written the letter

3) He mailed that big package

4) She is writing the test now

5)Peter cleans the room twice a week

3.Поставьте прилагательные в нужной степени сравнения

1) New York has … buildings of any city

a) tall  b) taller  c) the tallest

2) This is … chair of all

a) the most comfortable  b) comfortablest  c) more comfortable

3) She is … than her sister

a) the youngest  b) young  c) younger

4) Is Charles … than his sister?

a) clever  b) the cleverest  c) cleverer

5) This is … room of all

a) the beautifuler  b) beautifulest  c) the most beautiful

Вариант 4

1.Напишите глаголы в нужной форме страдательного залога

1. The president … in November last year

a) was elected  b) were elected  c) was being elected

2. Our class … by Mr Brown tomorrow

a) will taught  b)will be teaching  c) will be taught

3.Two letters … already

a) has been written  b) have been written  c) had been written

4. The new film … by them now

a) is being watched  b) was being watched  c) are being watched

5. The house … by them by January next year

a) will be built  b) will had been built  c) will have been built

2.Замените формы активного залога на пассивные

Example: He closed the door- The door was closed by him

1.She doesn’t sign the checks

2.He will not move the furniture

3)They had not built the house by Monday

4)I am not translating the text now

5)Somebody has stolen my bracelet

3.Поставьте прилагательные в нужной степени сравнения

1) Are there … people than here?

a) many  b) more  c) the most

2) This is … task of all

a) the easiest  b) easier  c)  easiest

3) John has … talent of any in the group

a) least  b) less  c) little

4. They have … books … we

a) many  b) more  c) as many as

5. I am … than Nick

a) taller  b) the tallest  c) more tall