Методические рекомендации по выполнению контрольных работ по английскому языку по специальности 280703 «Пожарная безопасность»
методическая разработка по английскому языку на тему

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ ПРИМОРСКОГО КРАЯ

Краевое государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Дальневосточный государственный гуманитарно-технический колледж»

(КГБОУ СПО «ДВГГТК»)

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Программа, контрольные задания и методические рекомендации по выполнению контрольных работ

для студентов заочной формы обучения ДВГГТК

по специальности 280703 «Пожарная безопасность»

Владивосток

2012

Составители:

Водолазская И.Е.                                преподаватель английского языка

высшей категории

Буевич Т.Б.                                          преподаватель английского языка

                                                                                                                        высшей категории          

ЦЕЛИ И СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ОБУЧЕНИЯ.

Дисциплина «Иностранный язык» входит в цикл общих гуманитарных дисциплин федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования и составляет часть профессиональной и общекультурной подготовки студентов.

Основной целью обучения студентов иностранному языку является овладение навыками практического пользования языком, что при заочном обучении предполагает формирование умения самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников.

В процессе обучения решаются воспитательные и общеобразовательные задачи, способствующие повышению образовательного, культурного и профессионального уровня студентов.

В течение всего курса обучения рекомендуется использовать технические средства обучения и компьютерные обучающие программы, а так же различные тексты, упражнения, видеофильмы, учебные, документальные и художественные фильмы.

По завершении курса обучения студент должен иметь следующие умения:

Чтение:

1. умение читать со словарем тексты страноведческого, общенаучного характера и тематически связанные с профессией.
2. умение читать без словаря тексты, лексику по пройденной тематике и ситуациям общения.

Письмо:

1. умение правильно писать слова и словосочетания, входящие в лексический минимум.
2. умение с помощью словаря изложить в письменной форме содержание текста.

Устная речь:

1. умение участвовать в несложной беседе на темы повседневной жизни, учебы, работы и знание речевого этикета.
2. умение выражать свои мысли в устной форме по темам, относящимся к учебной и профессиональной деятельности студента.
3. понимать на слух речь, в том числе фонозаписи, содержащие усвоенный языковой материал.
4. иметь представление о культурных традициях и правилах речевого этикета в странах изучаемого языка.

ТРЕБОВАНИЯ К СДАЧЕ ЗАЧЕТА

 К зачету допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольные работы (по графику)

Для получения зачета студент должен уметь:

а) прочитать со словарем незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный лексический и грамматический материал. (Форма проверки — письменный или устный перевод.)

б) устно изложить на английском языке одну из тем, предусмотренных программой курса обучения.

Время подготовки – 8-10 минут.

ЯЗЫКОВОЙ МАТЕРИАЛ

Фонетический минимум. Звуковой строй английского языка; особенности английского произношения; чтение гласных в различных типах слогов; ударение; особенности интонации английского предложения.

Лексический минимум. За полный курс обучения студент должен приобрести словарный запас в объеме 1000 лексических единиц, а так же усвоить наиболее употребительные словообразовательные средства английского языка: префиксы, суффиксы имен существительных, прилагательных, наречий, глаголов, приемы словосложения, явление конверсии. Потенциальный словарный запас может быть расширен за счет интернациональной лексики.

Грамматический минимум. Студенты должны усвоить основные грамматические формы и структуры английского языка:

Морфология.

Имя существительное. Артикль как признак существительного; предлоги – выразители его падежных форм. Образование множественного числа. Притяжательный падеж. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения. Перевод конструкций типа the more …the less.

Числительные. Количественные, порядковые; чтение дат.        

Местоимения. Личные местоимения в формах именительного и объектного падежей; притяжательные местоимения; возвратные и усилительные местоимения; местоимения вопросительные, указательные, относительные. Неопределенное местоимение one и его функции. Неопределенные местоимения some, any и их производные.

Глагол. Образование видо-временных форм глагола Simple, Progressive, Perfect и Perfect Progressive. Активный  и пассивный залог. Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

Образование повелительного наклонения и его отрицательной формы.

Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив и его формы; инфинитивные конструкции. Причастие I и причастие II. Герундий и герундиальные обороты.

Синтаксис.

Простое распространенное предложение. Члены предложения. Порядок слов в предложении; образование утвердительной и отрицательной формы. Оборот there is (are), его перевод.

Безличные предложения. Сложносочиненное и сложноподчиненное предложения. Союзное и бессоюзное подчинение.

САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА СТУДЕНТОВ

Особенностью овладения иностранным языком при заочном обучении является то, что объем самостоятельной работы студента по выработке речевых навыков и умений значительно превышает объем аудиторных занятий с преподавателем.

Для того чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над языком с первых дней обучения в колледже и заниматься систематически.

Самостоятельная работа по изучению иностранного языка охватывает: заучивание слов; уяснения действий грамматических правил; чтение текстов на английском языке вслух в соответствии с правилами чтения; понимание текстов, прослушивание текстов; перевод на русский язык (устный и письменный).

Выполняя перевод, следует выписать все незнакомые слова, предварительно установив, какой частью речи они являются в данном контексте, и определить их значение.

Определение значения незнакомых слов

С помощью словаря

Для формирования этого умения предлагается несколько основных рекомендаций:

1. Запомните английский алфавит.

2. Запомните в искомом слове три первые буквы (это облегчит его поиск в словаре).

3. Прежде чем искать слово в словаре, восстановите его исходную форму (инфинитив глагола, единственное число существительного и т. д.).

4.  Из всех значений слов выберите в словаре то, которое подходит по контексту.

Без помощи словаря

К категории слов, значение которых можно определить без помощи словаря, относятся интернациональные слова, производные слова, слова, образованные по конверсии.

Интернациональные слова. В английском языке большое место занимают слова, заимствованные из других языков, в основном латинского и греческого. Эти слова получили широкое распространение и стали интернациональными. По корню таких слов легко догадаться об их переводе на русский язык, например: mechanization – механизация, atom – атом и т.д., поэтому очень важно уметь выявлять их в тексте и делать опорами для извлечения смысла.

Однако, нужно помнить, что многие интернационализмы расходятся в своем значении в русском и английском языках, поэтому их часто называют «ложными друзьями» переводчика. Например: accurate – точный, а не аккуратный, resin – смола, а не резина, control – не только контролировать, но и управлять и т.д.

Производные слова. Эффективным средством расширения запаса слов служит знание способов словообразования. Расчленив производное слово на корень, суффикс и префикс, легче определить значение известного слова. Кроме того, зная значения наиболее употребительных префиксов и суффиксов, вы сможете без труда узнать, какой частью речи является данное слово и понять значение гнезда слов, образованных из одного корневого слова, которое вам известно. Часто встречаются префиксы, имеющие международный характер, например:

anti — анти: антитело; со – со: сосуществовать; de – де: дестабилизировать.

Определение грамматической формы слов и их синтаксические связи в предложении

Данное умение формируется в опоре на информацию, изложенную в учебниках английского языка для заочных факультетов. Необходимо отметить, что не следует начинать работу с текстом с его дословного перевода. Сначала нужно попытаться по заголовку, по известным вам словам текста и в опоре на имеющиеся у вас знания определить, о чем идет речь в тексте. Это поможет вам в процессе работы над ним прогнозировать содержание и тот лексико-грамматический материал, которым это содержание выражено, поможет определить по контексту значение части незнакомых слов, отыскать в словаре то значение многозначного слова, которое требуется.

Для того, чтобы достичь указанного в целевой установке уровня владения языком, следует систематически тренировать память, заучивая иноязычные слова и тексты. Надо помнить, что способности развиваются в процессе работы, что осмысленный материал запоминается легче, чем неосмысленный, что навык вырабатывается путем многократно выполняемого действия.

РЕКОМЕНДУЕМАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА.

65535. Агабекян И.П. Английский для средних профессиональных заведений. –Ростов-на-Дону , 2004.
65536. Бонк Н.А., Котий Г.А., Лукьянова Н.А. Учебник английского языка.- М., 1992.
65537. Бонк Н.А. Английский язык для международного сотрудничества.- М.,1992.
65538. Бонк Н.А., Левина И.И., Бонк И.А. Английский язык: курс для начинающих.- М., 1994.
65539. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. практическая грамматика английского языка. – М. 2002.
65540. Шах-Назарова В.С. практический курс английского языка. –М., 1994.

ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ И ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ

 КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ.

1. За время обучения студенты выполняют три контрольных работы в соответствии с графиком, установленным методическим отделом заочного отделения колледжа. Контрольные работы носят обучающий характер, являются одной из форм обучения студентов грамматике английского языка, способом расширения их словарного запаса. Их задача –контролировать самостоятельную работу студента.
2. Контрольные задания составлены в пяти вариантах.

Номер варианта следует выбирать в соответствии с первой буквой фамилии студента:

1. первый вариант выполняют студенты, фамилии которых начинаются с букв: А, Б, В, Г, Д;
2.  второй – с букв Е, Ж, З, И, К, Л;
3. третий  - с букв М, Н, О, П, Р;
4. четвертый – с букв С, Т, У, Ф, Х;
5. пятый – с букв Ц, Ч, Ш, Щ, Э, Ю, Я.

3. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. Контрольная работа должна быть выполнена аккуратно, без помарок, четким и разборчивым почерком.
4. Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради следующему образцу:

Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте в методический кабинет заочного отделения колледжа. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.

Если контрольная работа не зачтена, то студенту следует выполнить работу над ошибками в этой же тетради, учитывая замечания преподавателя.

Студенты, не получившие зачет по контрольной работе, не допускаются к зачету за соответствующий учебный семестр.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1.

Для того, что бы выполнить контрольную работу №1, необходимо проработать следующий грамматический материал:

1. Артикль.
2. Имя существительное: множественное число; притяжательный падеж;
   Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
3. Имя прилагательное: степени сравнения.
4. Наречия: образование,  степени сравнений.
5. Числительные.
6. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные, отрицательные.
7. Глагол: Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени группы Simple действительного залога. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем; повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма; модальные глаголы.
8. Оборот there is(are).

Для успешной сдачи зачета за первый год обучения студенты должны подготовить следующий материал:

1. Выполнить контрольную работу №1.
2. Подготовиться к собеседованию по следующим темам:

65535. О себе (Personal information).
65536. Моя семья (My family).
65537. Мой рабочий день (My daily routine).
65538. Мое свободное время (My free time).

3.        Прочитать не менее 10 страниц любой книги, адаптированной для учащихся старших классов или одну страницу любой газеты на английском языке.

Образец выполнения заданий:

Задание I.  Видовременные формы глагола группы Simple.

At 9 o'clock the secretary brings him the mail. – В девять часов секретарь приносит ему почту.

brings - Present Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола to bring – приносить.

Задание II. Образование вопросительных и отрицательных форм.

He missed the train yesterday. – Я опоздал на поезд вчера.

He didn’t miss the train yesterday. – Я не опоздал на поезд вчера

Did he miss the train yesterday? - Я опоздал на поезд вчера?

Задание III. Перевод неопределенных местоимений. 

She lost her book somewhere. – Она где-то потеряла свою книгу.

Задание IV. Специальные вопросы.

My son will enter the college next  уear. –  Мой сын поступит в колледж в следующем году.

When will my son enter the college? – Когда мой сын поступит в колледж?

Вариант I

I. Определите в предложениях видовременные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите.

1. The contract will be ready the day after tomorrow.

2. The Russian firm wanted to buy a few computers.

3. Next week we'll meet the foreign delegation and first of all we'll go sightseeing of Vladivostok.

4. We haven't many English letters today but we have a lot of telexes.

5. The day before yesterday he had a talk with Mr. Camp and got the necessary materials from him.

II. Образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы предложений. Переведите предложения.

1. We discussed less important questions today than yesterday.
2. Our journey to Japan was the most wonderful.
3. I order more often for dessert fruit salad.
4. The train left a little later than usual.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.

1. Nobody has anything against your suggestions.
2. If anybody rings me while I am out, tell them I'll be back by 3 o'clock this afternoon.
3. Each of them wants to take part in the discussion.
4. There was a great disorder everywhere, nothing was in order.
5. I'll discuss with everybody else as soon as I can.

IV. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. Someone wants to see you.
2. We put off our appointment yesterday.
3. These businessmen always fulfill their obligations.
4. My friend contacted me 2 hours ago.

V. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Не открывайте окно. Холодно.
2. Чья это ручка? - Моя.
3. В нашем городе много музеев.
4. Где работает твой отец? - В банке.

VI. Прочитайте, письменно переведите и озаглавьте текст.

Britain has the oldest Parliament in the world. This institution has changed over the centuries and has reflected the class structure and economic basis of feudal and capitalists societies.

Parliament is held in the Palace of Westminster. This tradition dates back to Saxon times. When the king called to this place a group of powerful barons who discussed with him matters of state. The king often argued with them for his power and money. In 1215 King Henry 111 refused to accept Magna Carta. A group of powerful barons supported him. But Symon de Monfort defeated them and in 1265 called the first Parliament. From that time the king summoned Parliament and representatives of counties and cities together with the King's advisers from the clergy, and his supporters among the feudal barons met together. As the class differences between the representatives and aristocracy became more marked, the division into the «Lords» and the «Commons» took place.

In the middle of the last century the House of Commons was a centre of real political power. Since those days the growth of the power of the Cabinet, based on the development of the modern party system has brought about a fundamental change. The House of Commons is still the centre of the political stage; but it isn't the centre of the real political power. The House of Commons doesn't control the Cabinet, the civil service or the armed forces. It is in fact a forum for criticism of the Government and for getting the information.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. When was the first English Parliament called?
2. Where is Parliament held?
3. What are the names of two Houses of Parliament?

VIII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским выражениям:

король; могущественный; поддерживать; развитие; советник; созывать; представители; в середине прошлого столетия; правительство.

ВАРИАНТ II

I. Определите в предложениях видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите.

1.        My father always reads newspaper in the evenings.

2.        Our friends will go to Australia.

3. He has got a son and a daughter.

  4. Who is the president of your company?

   5. I came home by train.

II. Образуйте отрицательную и вопросительную формы предложений. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

1. She is four years younger than I am.        
2. That was the shortest way.

1. My friend knows English much better than me.
2. Our company will buy cheaper office furniture next year.

        III. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод        неопределенных местоимений и наречий.

1. I'm sure everybody will support your idea.
2. She lost her telephone book somewhere.
3. Let's see something else.                  
4. Is everything ready for talks?        
5. Each of them wanted to take part in the discussion.

IV. Задайте вопросы к выделенным членам предложения.

 1. I missed the train yesterday.

2. There are many places of interest in this city.
3. She has a large family.
4. My son will enter the college next уear.

V. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Слишком поздно. Мы подписали этот контракт вчера.

2. Сколько лет твоему брату? - Ему 15 лет.

3. В городе много коммерческих банков.

4. Это моя сестра.

   VI.  Прочитайте и  письменно  переведите текст:

Why I support disarmament

Mankind, in this critical epoch, lives face to face with the possibility of unleashing a global war. War has undergone a radical change. Today a global war would mean that a great part of the human race might be exterminated.

The First World War which commenced with horse-drawn artillery and machine guns, finished with the tank and the bomber. The Second World War finished with the atom bomb. Already the destructive force of the bomb which destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been increased thousands of times. One 100 megaton bomb has the explosive force of all the bombs, shells and other means of destruction released in the Second World War. If bombs of this force were exploded daily it would take 146 years to use up the existing stores of nuclear weapons. This is the point a third war would commence.

As a human being I refuse to accept such a future for mankind. This is the basic reason why I support Congress for International Cooperation and Disarmament and, I believe, why it has the support of all peace-loving people throughout the world. To this support I wish to devote my energies side by side with my fellow men, whatever their political beliefs, to the common cause of making a nuclear war impossible.

  VII.          Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What would a global war mean today?
2. What explosive force has one 100 megaton bomb?
3. What does the author wish to devote his energy to?

  VIII.          Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским выражениям.

Разрушительная сила; человечество; нейтронное оружие; человек; разоружение; миролюбивые люди; политические убеждения; основная причина.

Вариант III

I. Определите в предложениях видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.

1. We sell many goods to different companies.
2. My brother bought a new model of computer last week.
3. They will discuss this problem tomorrow.
4. It took me two hours to get there.
5. There were lots of interesting books in the library

II. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Переведите предложения.

1. Swimming is the most popular summer sport.
2. His collection of coins was worse than mine.
3. My friend wanted to buy more expensive car.
4. They will move in the most comfortable house next year.

III.        Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Perhaps we'll go somewhere else.
2. Everybody will get instructions how to operate the equipment.
3. Did anyone ring me this morning?
4. Nothing happened yesterday.

IV.        Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. The discussion wasn't of much interest to those who took in it.
2. She cried because her dog ran away.
3. They will spend their holidays in Japan.
4. There were not so many foreign firms in the city two years ago.

V.        Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Он приехал в наш город два года назад.
2. Где бухгалтер? - Он в банке.
3. Холодно. Наденьте пальто.
4. У вас большая семья? - Нет.

6. Переведите письменно текст:

Handicapped people do useful work.

Joseph Emmons can't use his eyes. He's blind. He has a trained dog named Buster that leads him where he wants to go. Buster sees for Mr. Emmons. He's called a seeing-eye dog.

Although Mr. Emmons has a handicap, it isn't a big problem. He has a useful job and he earns his own money. Mr. Emmons sells brooms and mops to people in this part of the city. He has worked every day except Sunday for forty years.

Mr. Emmons gets up at 6:00 every morning and eats breakfast with his wife. Then he leaves the house at 7:00. He holds Buster and walks from house to house. He carries his mops and brooms with him. While he talks to people, the dog sits and waits. The people choose a broom, and then they pay him.

Buster doesn't let Mr. Emmons talk to people very long. He likes to keep moving. It takes four and one-half months to walk to every house in this part of the city. Mr. Emmons visits each house every four months, and by then the people are usually ready to buy new brooms.

Mr. Emmons likes his Job. He's very healthy because he works outside every day. But these days he has a problem. His brooms last so long that sometimes they are still good after four months. Then nobody needs to buy a new one.

Mr. Emmons is proud of his brooms because blind people make them. He picks up a new supply of brooms every week. He says, "If you don't sell people something good, they're not going to buy from you the second time you come around."

   VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. Why can't Joseph Emmons use his eyes?
2. Why is Buster called a "seeing-eye dog"?
3. Why does Mr. Emmons like his work?
4. What does Mr. Emmons do for his living?
5. Why isn't Mr. Emmons's handicap a big problem?

VIII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим выражениям:

увечье, инвалид, слепой, зарабатывать (деньги), собака-поводырь, за исключением воскресенья, новая партия щеток.

Вариант IV

I. Определите в предложениях видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения.

1. Our manager meets customers in the morning.
2. The president of the American Company will fly in two days, perhaps.
3. There was nothing interesting to read in that newspaper.
4. They tried to translate this text without dictionary.
5. It'll be so nice to see you next time.

II. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

1. His idea was much better than mine.
2. The temperature is as high as it was yesterday.
3. They will leave home two hours earlier tomorrow than today.
4. There are more books in my brother's library than in mine.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.

1. Why didn't you ask somebody to call the factory manager and cancel the
   appointment.
2. Nobody agreed to help them.
3. There are some people in the streets in the morning.
4. I want to stay in this town for a few days.
5. Please, don't make so much noise.

IV. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. My friend is really good at English.
2. Many famous people visited our city last уear.
3. Our manager will order some new computers next week.
4. My brother is fond of pop music.

V. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Не беспокойтесь. Никто не узнает об этом.
2. В нашем доме 12 квартир.
3. Мой дядя побывал в Японии три месяца назад.
4. Управляющий закончит совещание через 10 минут.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:

When Americans are introduced for the first time, they usually shake hands, when they meet friends or relatives they haven't seen for a while, they sometimes kiss them on the cheek. It is common for two women or a man and a woman to kiss in that way, but men almost never kiss each other on the cheek.

America is a friendly country. In small towns people say "hello" to friends and strangers on the street, even in cities strangers may start up a conversation. Waiters in restaurants will often introduce themselves by name, and talk with the customers as they serve them. When the customers leave, they will tell them to "take care" or "have a nice day". Sometimes foreigners feel that Americans are too friendly. People you have only just met ask you personal questions or tell you all about themselves.

Many people take a bottle of wine or some flowers when they are invited to dinner at someone's home, at a "pot luck dinner, all the guests bring something to eat. You should ask your hosts what kind of food they would like you to bring. Usually it is a salad, vegetable, or a dessert. When you are invited to dinner, it is usually to arrive ten or fifteen minutes late, this gives the hosts time to finish their preparations.

Americans like to get together and to have parties. Traditional party occasions are a birthday, moving to a new house, a wedding, New Year's Eve, and the Fourth of July. "Bridal showers" are for women who are getting married, and "baby showers" are for women who have just had a baby. All the guests bring a useful present for the new home or the new baby.

In the U.S. there aren't too many rules for different social occasions. Americans like to relax and enjoy themselves, and most social occasions are informal. So maybe the best advice is to relax, smile, and enjoy yourself too!

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What do Americans do when they meet their friends?
2. Why is America a friendly country?
3. What are traditional party occasions in the U.S.?
4. What is a "pot luck" dinner?
5. Why do foreigners feel Americans are too friendly?

VIII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словам и выражениям:

пожимать руки; целовать в щеку; представляться по имени; обед «в складчину»; свадьба; приехать на десять минут позже; повод для вечеринки.

Вариант V

I. Определите в предложениях видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите.

1. It will take me much time to go shopping next week.
2. My son did well at college.
3. On Saturdays I usually go to the market.
4. Was there any fax from Seattle last week? - Yes, we got four.
5. The American firm wanted to change prices on computers.

II. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на перевод степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

1. The train arrived a little earlier than usual.
2. Afternoon is the most convenient time for our meeting.
   3. I know French not so good as my sister.

4. He feels better today than yesterday.
5. My father will come later today.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.

1. I want to have some books by Agatha Christie. Please send me some.
2. None of us read this article.
3. Nothing will happen if you go there next time.
4. Did anybody saw him yesterday?
5. Let's go somewhere next weekend if the weather is fine.

IV. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. They put off their meeting last week.
2. My sister likes to go out in the evening.
3. I met this man in our office yesterday.
4. I keep my documents in the safe.

V. Переведите на английский язык.

1.        В нашей библиотеке много книг по банковскому делу (banking).

2.        Кто это? - Это секретарь нашего директора.

3. Мой брат окончил университет в прошлом году.
4. Я думаю, что он позвонит завтра.

VI. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

Transportation used to be much slower than it is now.

For many years in desert, camels used to be the only form of transportation. Before the age of modern trains, camel trains used to carry all the goods for trading between Central Africa and Europe. Traders sometimes used to put together camel trains with 10,000 to 15,000 animals. Each animal often carried as much as 400 pounds and it could travel twenty miles a day. This form of transportation used to be so important that camels were called the "ships of the desert".

Now modern trains travel across the desert in a very short time. One engine can pull as much weight as 135,000 camels. In addition, trains use special cars for their load. Refrigerator cars carry food; boxcars carry heavy goods; and tank cars carry oil.

Air travels has changed too. The earliest planes were biplanes, with two sets of wings. The top speed of this plane was 60 miles per hour. The pilots used to sit or lie on the wings in the open air. The plane engines sometimes used to stop in the middle of a trip. It was impossible to fly in bad weather. In snow or rain, the wings frequently became icy. Then the plane might go down.

Mechanical improvements during the First World War changed airplanes. Monoplanes took the place of biplanes. Pilots flew inside of covered cabins. Still, even these planes were small. Only rich people were able to travel in airplanes.

Now modern jets make air travels possible for all people. Further improvements have lowered the cost of flying, and they have made air travel much safer than it used to be. A modern 707 can carry 170 people and can fly at 600 miles per hour. People never used to eat, sleep, or watch movies on airplanes. Now these things are a normal part of air travel.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What used to be the only form of transportation in the desert?
2. What did people use to call the camels?
3. Why air travels were so dangerous?
4. Did pilots use to travel in bad weather?
5. Are air travels safe and comfortable now?

VIII. Продолжите предложения:

1. Camels were called        
2. Camels used to be        
3. Modern trains        
4. Modern jets        

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Для того, что бы выполнить контрольную работу №2, необходимо проработать следующий грамматический материал:

1. Глагол. Все времена активного залога.
2. Местоимения: неопределенные, отрицательные, возвратные.
3. Словообразование (аффиксация, словосложение, конверсия)
4. Правила согласования времён.
5. Прямая и косвенная речь.

Для успешной сдачи зачета студенты должны подготовить следующий материал:

1. Выполнить контрольную работу №2.
2. Подготовиться к собеседованию по следующим темам:

1. Российская Федерация (The Russian Federation).

1. Соединённые штаты Америки (The USA).

Великобритания  (Great Britain).

1. My native place.
2. English-speaking countries

3.        Прочитать не менее 10 страниц любого текста юридической тематики или одну страницу любой газеты на английском языке.

Образец выполнения заданий:

Задание I.

illness – болезнь; имя существительное от ill (больной) – имя прилагательное

суффикс -ness

Задание II.

When I (to leave) home, it (to rain). – When I left home it was raining. – Когда я вышел из дома, шел дождь.

Задание III.

Я ещё не читал эту книгу. – I haven’t read this book.

Задание IV.

Mike said he liked Dickens’ novels very much. (Майк сказал, что ему очень нравятся романы Диккенса.) – Mike said: “I like Dickens’ novels very much.”

Задание V.

 The children are playing in the yard. (She thought) – She thought that the children were playing in the yard. (Она думала, что дети играют во дворе.)

Вариант I

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы. Дайте перевод.

Lawless, carefully, criminal, scientific, homeless, reliable, enforcement, examination.

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Предложения переведите.

The day (to be cold) and it (to rain). When I (to reach) home, my raincoat (to be) all wet. I (to take) it off, (to shake) the water of it, (to hang) it up and (to go) to the living room. My children (to play) on the carpet. When they (to see) me they (to jump) up and (to run) up to me.

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Ты знал, что он не написал сочинение?

2. Они живут в этом доме уже 5 лет.

3. К счастью, дождь уже перестал, когда мы вышли.

4. Я уже две недели жил у друзей, когда получил письмо.

5. Когда я проснулся, мама уже встала и готовила завтрак.

6. Я ещё не читал эту книгу.

IV. Восстановите прямую речь в следующих предложениях и переведите их:

1. He told me he had read “Dombey and Son” the year before.

2. She asked me to buy some bread on my way home.

3. Mike asked me if I had read “Robinson Crusoe” by Daniel Defoe.

4. The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day.

5. The teacher asked who was ill.

6. Mother told me not to be late for dinner.

V. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные, в роли главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Соблюдайте правила согласования времён.  Предложения переведите.

1. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped).
2. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought).
3. He is painting a new picture. (We heard).
4. He doesn’t know English at all. (I found out).
5. My friend has never been to London. (I knew).
6. Our team will win the game. (We were sure).

VI. Переведите письменно текст:

The Green Mountain Restaurant on Fire.

This morning at 5 o’clock, the Green Mountain Restaurant caught on fire. Nobody noticed the fire until 6 o’clock, when the house next door started to burn. Firefighters came from all over the area. They began to fight the fire at 7 o’clock. Now it’s 8 o’clock, and the fire is still going strong. The firefighters are working hard, but they haven’t brought the blaze under control yet. Every few minutes they call for more help.

        Fire Chief Brown says that in another hour they’ll have put out the fire in the house. At that time, the house will have been burning for three hours. Half of the house will be gone. Chief Brown is afraid that the fire in the restaurant may go on until 10 o’clock. Before it’s out, the restaurant will have been blazing for 5 hours. Every few minutes, part of the building falls in.

        Firefighters will have been fighting the fire in the restaurant for three hours. They’ll have been pumping water out of Green Mountain Lake to put out the fire.

However, the fire will have been burning too long. By the time the fire is under control, nothing will remain of the restaurant. The firefighters will have been working with all their strength, but it will have been too late.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. How long had the restaurant been burning before somebody noticed it?
2. How long had the restaurant been on fire before the firefighters arrived?
3. Which fire the firefighters put out first?
4. What will the house look like?
5. How long will the firefighters been working?

Вариант II

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы. Дайте перевод.

Revolution, softness, freedom, homeless, silence, teacher, difficulty, famous

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Предложения переведите.

1. You always (to spend) summer at the sea-side? – Yes, as a rule. Last summer I (to go) to the mountains, but I (not to find) the rest there as pleasant as near the sea.

2. When I (to leave) home, it (to rain).

3. He (to wait) for fifteen minutes when at last he (to see) her at the end of the platform.

4. I’ll join you when I (to drink) my tea.

5. Don’t speak to him, he (to be) very busy: he (to do) some very urgent work.

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Я ищу тебя с утра. Где ты был?

2. Где твой отец? – Он работает в саду.

3. Я боялся, что что-то может произойти.

4. В следующем году я закончу колледж и буду поступать в университет.

5. Что делал преподаватель, когда ты вошёл в кабинет?

IV. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи и переведите их на русский язык:

1. The manager said to the interviewer: “I can only give you preliminary figures.”

2. The air hostess says: “The plane is landing”.

3. The manager said to his colleagues: “We must look for new outlets for our goods.”

4. He asked the boy: “What are you looking for?”

5. She asked me: “Are you hungry?”

V. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные, в роли главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Соблюдайте правила согласования времён.  Предложения переведите.

1. He is a very talented singer. (We knew).

2. He is writing a new article. (We heard).

3. The students are writing a test. (She thought).

4.  Her parents will come soon. (She hoped).

5. He works at his English hard. (I knew).

6. Everything will be all right. (I hope).

VI. Переведите письменно текст:

The snowstorm.

        The snowstorm in our city last week wasn’t a large one, but it caused many accidents. The snow started to come down in the late afternoon. I saw it through the window of the office building where I work as a secretary. It had been snowing for an hour when I started to drive home.

        The cars had been driving slowly because of the dangerous roads. It was slippery snow that froze when it hit the roads. Earlier, the snow had been melting, but by evening it was staying on the roads. Police cars had been checking the traffic regularly.

        I’d been driving for twenty minutes when the accident happened. My heater hadn’t been working, and the snow had been freezing on my window, so I couldn’t see well. I’d been stopping to clean my window every few minutes. I’d just started the car again when my tires started to slip. The car slipped onto the side of the road. When it hit the hill, it turned over and stopped.

        I felt and looked to see if I was hurt, but I wasn’t. I’d been driving quite slowly, and luckily I’d been wearing my seatbelt. It was very quiet, with just sounds of music and falling snow. Soon the police came to help me, and I was able to reach home in another hour.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Why was the traffic so slow?
2. What job had the police been doing?
3. How long had the secretary been driving when she had the accident?
4. Why had she stopped so often?
5. Why wasn’t the secretary hurt?

Вариант III

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы. Дайте перевод.

Dangerous, basic, lawless, independent, carefully, incorrect, unknown, listening, existence

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Предложения переведите.

1. When I (to come), he (to live) in the old house where I first (to meet) him. He (to tell) me he (to wait) for some time already.

2. Where is Mike? – He is not at home, he (to go) to the store. Wait for him, he (to come) in half an hour.

3. The children (to play) here at 11 o’ clock, but now they (to go) home.

4. By the end of the year they (to finish) their work.

5. I (to look) for you since morning.

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Я уже целый час читал после обеда, когда пришёл отец.

2. Где ты был с прошлой пятницы?

3. Когда я проснулся, отец принимал душ, а мама готовила завтрак.

4. Завтра я буду ждать тебя с 1 часу до двух возле колледжа.

5. Это самая интересная книга, которую я когда-либо читал.

6. Что делал преподаватель, когда ты вошёл в класс?

   IV.  Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи и переведите на русский язык:

1. “Have you got a Russian-English dictionary?” he asked me.

2. “Please, don’t ask me any more questions”, she said to me.

3.  “Why did our team lose the game?” he asked me.

4. “Don’t be afraid, Nick”, said his grandfather. “This dog is very clever and it won’t do you any harm”.

5. “Have you ever been here?” he asked me.

V. Употребите следующие предложения, как придаточные дополнительные, в роли главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Соблюдайте правила согласования времён.  Предложения переведите.

1. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid).

2. He won the first prize. (We heard).

3. She knows English very well. (He thought).

4. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought).

5. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learnt).    

VI. Переведите письменно текст:

Helicopters to the rescue!

        Both on land and the sea, helicopters have rescued many people. Helicopters can move in a very small spaces, and they can land almost anywhere. In addition, they can land remain in one place in the air to make a rescue.

        The drivers of these cars had been going too fast, and they lost control. When the car hit each other, several people were hurt. Now they need medical help immediately. The rescue workers are going to give first aid to all the injured people. Then they are going to carry the injured people to the helicopter. The pilot of the helicopter is going to take them to the closest hospital. There the people are going to receive medical help.

        In another situation the Coast Guard is helping two boatmen. Their boat is grounded on rocks, and the men have been caught far from land.

        The Coast Guard rescues are lowering lifebelts to the men. The boatmen are going to clime into the cage. In the cage they are going to ride up to the helicopter. Then they are going to put on dry clothes and drink some hot coffee.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Why can helicopters make so many rescues on land and on sea?
2. Why did the cars have an accident?
3. What are the rescue workers going to do first?
4. How are the injured people going to reach the hospital?
5. Who is going to help boatmen?

Вариант IV

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы. Дайте перевод.

Offender, punishment, enforcement, accused, prosecution, defenseless, illegal, action

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Предложения переведите.

1. Where is your luggage? – I (to leave) it at the station. I (to take) it tomorrow when Nick (to come) to help me.

2. I (to read) about an hour when he (to come).

3. Don’t enter the bedroom! The child (to sleep) there, and he always (to wake up) when somebody (to open) the door.

4. One night a little swallow (to fly) over the city. His friends (to fly) away to Egypt six weeks before, but he (to stay) behind.

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Моя сестра была больна уже несколько дней, когда я узнала об этом.

2. Я не пойду на вечеринку, я весь вечер буду писать сочинение.

3. Когда он ушёл, я выключила радио.

4. Он думал, что будет хорошая погода, и они поедут на рыбалку.

5. Это самый интересный фильм, который я когда-либо видела.

6. Я ношу эту шляпку уже три года.

IV. Восстановите прямую речь в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык:

1. The teacher asked who was ill.

2. I asked John if he would be at home at three o’clock.

3. She asked me to buy some bread on my way home.

4. She said that he didn’t like coffee.

5. Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum.

6. The man asked if there was a good hotel nearby.

V. Поставьте сказуемое главного предложения в прошедшее время и сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении. (Помните о правиле согласования времён). Предложения переведите.

1. He says he doesn’t know this woman.

2. They write they are coming tomorrow.

3. Do you say it is your bag?

4. I think our team will win the game.

5. She says that she has known him for two years.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Rescue workers saved four people.

        Rescue workers pulled a man, a woman, and two children from cold, rushing water. The mother and her two daughters got into trouble first. Their car drove off the road into the water. The man, a truck driver, almost died when he tried to save them.

        The trouble started when Mrs. Leslie Cady lost control of her car on a winding mountain road. The car fell down thirty feet from the road into the water. It rolled over once and landed right side up in the rushing water. All three people were wearing their seatbelts. Nobody was hurt by the fall. However, they couldn’t leave the car. Water outside was too cold and too fast for safe swimming.

        The rescue started almost immediately. Another driver told the police about the trouble. The police called special rescue workers and a truck to pull the car out.

        The driver of the truck, Paul Ruter, arrived before the other rescue  workers. Immediately he took a rope from his truck and he began to walk through the rushing water to the car. Then he got into trouble, too. The water was too fast, the ground was slippery, and he got caught in the ropes. He went under the water by the car. Mrs. Cady saw him and reached for his hand. She pulled as hard as she could and brought him to the car door.

        Next the other rescue workers arrived. They put on special suits to stay warm. They brought safety ropes, life jackets, and warm blankets. First they pulled the people out of the back window onto the top of the car. Then they swam with each person to the shore. They saved Mr. Ruter, Mrs. Cady, and the little girls.

        Finally all the people went to the hospital. Nobody was hurt badly. The rescue workers said that they all were very lucky be alive.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Where did the trouble take place?
2. Why wasn’t anybody hurt by the fall?
3. How did the police learn about the trouble?

Вариант V

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы. Дайте перевод.

Agreement, windy, friendship, childhood, supermarket, unhappiness, misunderstanding, coexistence

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Предложения переведите.

- You (to go) to the library tomorrow? – No, I already (to be) to the library this week. I (to be) there on Monday. As a rule, I (to go) to the library every Wednesday. But yesterday I (not to go) there, because I (not to read) the book. I (to read) it now. I (to go) to the library on Saturday if I (to finish) the book by that time.

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Не звоните мне с 3 до 5 завтра: я буду работать в лаборатории.

2. Я не имею ни малейшего представления, о чём вы говорите.

3. Я подумал, что он устал, и спросил его, что он делал всё это время.

4. Сколько вы изучаете английский язык? – Я учу английский язык уже три года.

5. Что вы здесь делаете? – Я ищу свою ручку.

6. Когда я проснулся, завтрак был уже готов.

IV. Переделайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи и переведите их на русский язык:

1. “My friend lives in Moscow,”- said Alex.

2. The doctor said to Pete: “Don’t go for a walk today”.

3. “What are you doing here, boys?” – asked the man.

4. “Do you like chocolates?” – said my little sister to me.

5. “Where will the talks take place?” – asked the secretary.

6. “Our firm has bought different equipment this year.” – said the manager.

V. Поставьте сказуемое главного предложения в прошедшее время и сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении. Помните о согласовании времён.  Предложения переведите.

1. I think he recognized me.

2. I am sure everything will be all right.

3. They write they are going to London on business.

4. He says he didn’t read this article.

5. Do you say it is a historical novel?

6. I know they lived in Moscow last year.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

The Titanic Tragedy.

        In 1912, the Titanic hit an iceberg on its first trip across the Arctic, and it sank four hours later. At that time, the Titanic was the largest ship that had ever traveled on the sea. It was carrying 2207 people, but it had taken on enough lifeboats for only 1178 people. When the passengers tried to leave the ship, only 651 of them were able to get into lifeboats.

        The Carpathia was 58 miles away when the Titanic called on its radio for help. It arrived two hours after the great ship had gone down, and it saved 705 people. Some of the survivors had been in the icy water for hours when they were saved. 1502 people had lost their lives.

        Nobody had prepared for such a tragedy. Nobody had believed that Titanic could sink. The steamship company had thought that its ship would be completely safe in all situations. They had followed an old rule for the number of lifeboats, so they’d supplied lifeboats for only half the people. The passengers hadn’t received their lifeboat numbers, nor had they practiced lifeboat drill before the accident. Many of them had not even dressed warmly, for the ship had hit the iceberg late at night, and they didn’t believe they were in danger.

        After this accident, ocean travel changed. Now there are always enough lifeboats for everybody. Ships don’t go so far north in winter, and they watch carefully for ice. Radio officers work 24 hours a day. A tragedy like that should never happen again.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. How many people did the Carpathia save from the Titanic?
2. Why did the steamship company supply lifeboats for only half the people?
3. How did ocean travel after the tragedy with the Titanic?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА  № 3.

Для того, что бы выполнить контрольную работу №3, необходимо проработать следующий грамматический материал:

1. Глагол. Все времена пассивного залога. (the Passive Voice).
2. Инфинитив. Формы инфинитива и способы перевода на русский язык. (The Infinitive.)
3. Герундий. Формы герундия и способы перевода на русский язык.  (The Gerund.)

Для успешной сдачи зачета студенты должны подготовить следующий материал:

1. Выполнить контрольную работу №3.  

2. Подготовиться к собеседованию по следующим темам:

1. The work of Fire Department.
2. The duties of the fire fighters.
3. My profession.

3.        Прочитать не менее 10 страниц любого текста по теме «Чрезвычайные ситуации» или две страницы любой газеты на английском языке.

Образец выполнения заданий:

Задание I.

All the documents are kept in perfect order. – Present Indefinite, Passive Voice. – Все документы хранятся в идеальном порядке.

Задание II.

They always laugh at him. – He is always laughed at.  – Над ним всегда смеются.

Задание III.

I am sorry being so late. – Извините за опоздание.

Задание IV.

To act like this was to spoil everything. – Действовать подобным образом – означало всё испортить.

Вариант I

I. Переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. Everything was arranged in good time.

2. The problem will be solved in the near future.

3. The mail has just been sent off.

4. The match is being shown on TV now.

5. When we came to the factory, the new equipment was still being installed.

6. The meeting has been put off.

7. The question was asked several times.

II. Преобразуйте предложения, сделав дополнение подлежащим. Внесите соответствующие изменения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Nobody lived in the house.

2. The senior students laughed at the freshmen.

3. We often speak about her.

4. I have paid for these flowers.

5. The headmistress sent for the pupil’s parents.

6. I was waiting for him at 5o’clock yesterday.

7. Everybody will talk about him tomorrow.

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните герундий.

1. Repairing cars is his business.

2. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air.

3. On being told the news she turned pale.

4. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once.

5. He keeps insisting on my going to the South.

6. She likes being stared at because she thinks she’s attractive.

7. The place is worth visiting.

8. Her husband used to smoke, but he stopped smoking 2 years ago.

IV. Переведите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1. Here are some more facts to prove that your theory is correct.

2. I need something to write with.

3. I have brought you a book to read, but you must return it by Sunday.

4. Do you like to listen to the music?

5. I think I shall be able to solve this problem.

6. Would you like to go to England?

7. We had to put on our overcoats because it was raining.

8. It is high time for you to go to bed.

9. He didn’t want to play in the yard any more.

5. Переведите текст.

Causes of forest fires.

        A forest fire is an unenclosed and freely spreading combustion that consumes the natural fuels of a forest. Combustion is another word for fire, and natural fuels can be litter, grasses, shrubs, trunks, branches, and leaves; basically any vegetable matter in the forest that can burn.

        Natural causes of forest fires such as lightning are most likely to occur when the weather is hot, dry, or windy. Also when there are thunderstorms because thunder and lightning often occur in pairs. El Nino is an ocean warming and leads to climate changes all over the world. The name is Spanish and is believed to be a cause of forest fires. El Nino happens when weakening trade winds allow the warmer water from the western Pacific to flow towards the east. This flattens out the sea level, builds up warm surface water off the coast of South America, and increases the temperature of the water in the Eastern Pacific.

        More than 50 % of fires are man-made. Some are purposely set to drive out unwanted animals, clear ground for farming, grazing, or development, to get rid of unwanted underbrush, even to fertilize the soil. Forest clearing accelerates as population expands and pressures to exploit natural resources increase. Much of the expansion into forested areas uses the cheapest form of cover removal: fire.

        Sometimes fires are even set to prevent forest fires. Firefighters use fire wisely and under selected conditions to clear forest and debris. These small fires are set in order to prevent larger ones in case of lightning or careless humans. It also helps many plants reproduce and increases food for wild animals. Therefore National Forests pose the greatest fire risk because no fires are deliberately set there.

        Other fires are set accidentally by careless campers who don’t know how to put out a campfire correctly, or by smokers who toss away their burning cigarette butts.      

VI. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What are the reasons of forest fires?

2. What is a forest fire?
3. For what do people set fires purposely?

VII. Переведите слова и выражения на русский язык:

Natural fuel, combustion, lightning, man-made, unwanted underbrush, to fertilize the soil, under selected conditions, careless campers

Вариант II

I.        Переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. The letter is still being typed; wait for a moment, please.

2. I was sent full details of the job.
3. Many houses are still being constructed and many houses have already been built.
4. They were all presented with signed certificates.
5. A free sightseeing trip is offered to all passengers.
6. Drinks and snacks have been given to everyone in our group.
7. She was brought the news of their success yesterday evening.

II. Преобразуйте предложения, сделав дополнение подлежащим.
Внесите соответствующие изменения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Thеу much speak about the new film.
2. You must listen to the lecture.
3. You always laugh at them.
4. They sent for the doctor.
5. Someone must look after her.
6. They will look through these papers.
7. They have paid for these goods.

III.         Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните герундий.

 1. We were kept waiting.

2. I remember having seen him before.
3. They agreed on sharing the profits with you.
4. I hated the idea of leaving her alone.
5. We are looking forward to hearing from you.
6. After receiving our order, let us know the exact date of delivering.
7. She listened without saying a word.
8. I am sorry being so late.

IV.         Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1. То act like this was to spoil everything.
2. The most difficult thing is to start.
3. She likes to be asked about her family.
4. I did not expect to be invited.
5. Come on, we have no time to waste!
6. What's the matter?—Nothing to worry about.
7. We expected him to come to see us off.
8. He is said to have arrived at the airport.
9. Nothing seems to have been forgotten.

V.  Переведите текст.

Swift water rescue

        GASTON COUNTY – On March 17, 2005 at approximately 04:30 a.m. the Union Road VFD was dispatched to a reported motor vehicle accident in the creek on Thompson Road near the South Carolina line. Union Road Fire Chief Frankie Capps immediately requested assistance from Gastonia Rescue 3 to assist with manpower and swift water rescue equipment.

        Union Road 519 and Firefighter Steve Brown arrived to find a passenger vehicle had ran through the bridge’s wooden guard rail and overturned into the rushing waters of Crowders Creek. A 21 year old female was trapped within the vehicle by the creeks rushing water with only a five inch pocket to breathe from. FF Brown immediately donned his swift water gear and made his way into the rushing waters with a set of hydraulic rescue spreaders.

        There was a York County S.C. Sheriff’s Deputy and a Gaston County Rural Officer standing beside the vehicle attempting to console the young female until she could be removed from the vehicle. Gastonia Rescue 3 arrived and Firefighters Barry Wilson and Earl Withers immediately joined FF Brown to assist with the removal efforts. Within 10 minutes the vehicles door was opened and the young lady was pulled from the vehicle. Firefighters and Law Enforcement Officers formed a line from vehicle to the top of the dirt bank and passed the young female to safety. The female was transported to Gaston Memorial where she was treated for severe hypothermia and minor cuts and bruises.

        Throughout this great country it seems that water rescue related incidents are occurring on a daily basis. It is only through the aggressive efforts of Fire Department and Law Enforcement Agencies that people in peril are pulled from the clutches of death. These true to heart heroes are always willing to lay their lives on the line to save another. Only military ranks above us when it comes to aggressive actions and laying it on the line.

VI. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What did Union Road Fire Chief Frankie Capps immediately request?
2. What did Firefighter Steve Brown see when he arrived on Thompson Road?
3. Where was the female transported when she was rescued?

VII. Переведите на русский язык слова и выражения:

Motor vehicle accident, swift water rescue equipment, swift water gear, a set of hydraulic rescue spreaders, clutches of death, to lay one’s life on the line

Вариант III

1. Переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. The matter hasn’t bee settled yet.
2. That film was shown on TV last week.
3. The plan will be changed a little if you want.
4. America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
5. The ground was covered with snow.
6. The table is made of expensive wood.
7. The mail has just been sent off.

II. Преобразуйте предложения, сделав дополнение подлежащим. Внесите соответствующие изменения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Mother was looking at her little son.
2. The group spoke to their teacher yesterday.
3. Young mothers look after their children with great care.
4. They sent for Jim.
5. We thought about our friend all the time.
6. The doctor will operate on him next week.
7. They looked for the newspaper everywhere.

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните герундий.

1. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugarcane.

2. Have you finished writing?

3. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening.

4. She likes sitting in the sun.

5. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful.

6. Some people can work the whole day without feeling tired.

7. I had no hope of getting the answer before the end of the month.

8. I’m looking forward to going to New-York.

IV. Переведите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1. I think I shall be able to solve this problem.
2. We found that there was another complicated problem to consider.
3. She had two younger brothers to take care of.
4. She was too foolish to understand my explanations.
5. She is pleasant to look at.
6. He was the first to come.
7. To play chess was his greatest pleasure.
8. The child did not like to be washed.
9. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents?

V. Переведите текст:

TSUNAMI

You've probably never seen a tsunami, and you can count among your blessings the fact that you have not. The tsunami, or tidal wave, is one of nature's most destructive forces. The devastating force of a tidal wave can match in fury just about any other catastrophe caused by nature.

The term "tidal wave" is actually a misleading one because tsunami are not caused by the tides. These enormous waves are caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. They may also originate as a result of hurricane storms that occur far from land.

Tidal waves can travel thousands of miles, at speeds between 400 and 500 miles per hour. They move not only with great speed, but with great power. When a tsunami strikes land, successive waves pile up on the shore. As a result, waves develop to an extremely great height. These waves have been known to reach a height of 100 feet or more.

It's difficult for a person to comprehend the speed, size, and potential for destruction and violence that the tidal wave brings with it. To get an idea of what one would be like, think of a tsunami as an express train as high as an apartment house traveling with the speed of a jet airliner.

VI. Продолжите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант в соответствии с текстом и переведите полученные предложения:

1.        Tidal waves may be caused by

1.  tides and winds.
2.  jet airliners.
3.  earthquakes or volcanoes.
4.  mild ocean breezes.

2.        A catastrophe is a

1.  volcano near the sea.
2.  pleasant experience.
3.  mark of punctuation.
4.  disaster of some kind.

3.        The term "tidal wave" misleads because

1.  tides do not cause tidal waves.
2.  tsunami are not really waves. .
3.  it omits mention of seaweed.
4.  volcanoes are tides, too.

4.        Tidal waves can travel

1.  a few inches at a time.
2.  only to the nearest island.
3.  a few hundred miles.
4.  thousands of miles.

Вариант IV

I. Переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. The mail is usually brought at 9 p.m.
2. Who has been appointed the head of the delegation?
3. The experiment will be described in several journals.
4. A conference on this problem is being held now.
5. The matter was settled easily.
6. A driver was fined for exceeding the speed limit.
7. The reason hasn’t been found yet.

II. Преобразуйте предложения, сделав дополнение подлежащим. Внесите соответствующие изменения.  Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Somebody waited for her outside.
2. Everybody listened to the teacher.
3. They sent for the doctor.
4. The neighbor asked for the telegram.
5. They laughed at Mary.
6. The doctor will operate on him in a week.
7. They looked for the newspaper everywhere.      

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните герундий.

1. Mary has just finished writing.
2. He talked without stopping.
3. She thought of going to the country for the weekend.
4. She disliked living in her old house.
5. My mother likes cooking and she is very good at it.
6. Do you mind my asking you a difficult question?
7. He postponed going to New-York as he felt ill.
8. This city is really worth visiting.

IV. Переведите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1. The book lives much to be desired.
2. She is pleasant to look at.
3. To tell you the truth I don’t like boxing.
4. I have nothing interesting to read.
5. Which is more pleasant: to give or to receive presents?
6. To play chess was his greatest pleasure.
7. The children were delighted to be brought to the circus.
8. I am glad to see you.
9. Sorry not to have noticed you.

V.  Переведите текст:

NEWS IN BRIEF

MARCH 17, 2005 - What started as a small fire turned into a six hour ordeal for local firefighters, who battled a constantly rekindling blaze into late Wednesday evening. Workers and residents in downtown Wilmington had a front row seat for the fire when it started around mid-afternoon. The stubborn blaze was burning on the Brunswick County side of the Cape Fear River. It was a smoky fire, sending up a thick plume of smoke, even as the rains continued to beat down the flames. The fire was burning at a boat salvage yard. Firefighters had a hard time reaching the flames and finally putting them out. They were looking for hot spots until about 10:00 Wednesday night. No one was hurt and there was no significant damage.

***

A huge fire engulfed a Rhode Island nightclub, trapping patrons in the building and resulting in at least one death, fire officials said.

The fire broke out at about 11 p.m. Thursday during a pyrotechnics display during a Great White concert at The Station in West Warwick.

Jack Russell, the lead singer of Great White, told that he checked with the club's manager before the show and the band's use of pyrotechnics was approved. He said he felt the heat of the flames while on stage. "This place went up like the Fourth of July," he said.

The West Warwick Fire Department confirmed there were injuries, but could not immediately say how many.

Television footage showed giant flames flying into sky, and several clubgoers were seen being taken away in ambulances. Providence television station WLNE reported at least 30 ambulances carried injured people from the nightclub to Rhode Island Hospital in Providence and Kent County Memorial Hospital in neighboring Warwick. Great White is a 1980s heavy metal band whose hits include "Once Bitten, Twice Shy" and "Rock Me."

VI. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. At what yard was burning the fire on the Brunswick County side of the Cape Fear River?
2. Was there any damage after the fire on the Brunswick County side of the Cape Fear River?
3. How many people die in the fire at a Rhode Island nightclub?
4. Where were the people injured during the fire at a Rhode Island nightclub  carried to?

 VII. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих высказываний:

Густые клубы дыма, никто не пострадал, местные пожарные, пострадавшие, «скорая помощь», суровое испытание, спасательная станция.

Вариант V

I. Переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. My question was answered yesterday.
2. His new book will be finished next year.
3. Flowers are sold in the flower shops and in the streets.
4. The clock is being repaired now.
5. This play will be staged at the beginning of May.
6. Many important experiments were made in this laboratory.
7. These trees were planted last autumn.

II. Преобразуйте предложения, сделав дополнение подлежащим. Внесите соответствующие изменения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Mary thought about the children.
2. The headmistress sent for the pupil’s parents.
3. Everybody laughed at John.
4. Nobody lived in the house.
5. Nurses looked after patients.  
6. You must listen to the lecture.
7. We have paid for these books.

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните герундий.

1. My watch wants repairing.
2. Have you finished writing?
3. I like skiing but my sister prefers skating.
4. Mary can work all the day without feeling tired.
5. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful.
6. After buying everything she needed she went home.
7. My grandparents enjoy living in their new house.
8. Have you finished washing the dishes yet?

IV. Переведите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1. Here are some tablets to relieve your headache.
2. Would you like to go to England?
3. It is high time for you to go to bed.
4. The child was happy to have been brought home.
5. I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
6. He expected me to come to see him off.
7. We must wait to hear the examination results.
8. Don’t promise to do something if you are not sure that you can.
9. He is sorry to have said it.

V. Переведите текст:

FIREFIGHTERS

Who they are & what they do

According to the Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, a fire fighter is defined as "a person who fights fires." But a fire fighter does much more than fights fires. Today's fire fighter is a multifaceted individual trained in Emergency Medical Technician procedures; technical rescue disciplines such as structural collapse rescue, tunnel rescue, confined space rescue, trench collapse rescue; rescue scuba diving, as well as fire fighting.

America's wildland firefighters have earned a reputation for being among the best in the world. These dedicated men and women endure exhausting work, harsh living conditions, and long separations from friends and family to protect our nation's natural resources from the ravages of unwanted wildfire.

Fire managers. When a wildfire starts, fire managers analyze the situation carefully to determine the best course of action. Once fire managers have weighed these elements and developed a suppression strategy, they decide what kind of firefighters they will need to implement it. When fire is started by natural causes, determined to be beneficial, and not located in an area of human habitation, it is sometimes allowed to burn naturally, under careful monitoring. Fire managers must have extensive training and years of experience to qualify for the position.

Handcrews. These crews, usually consisting of 20 men and women, serve as the infantry of wildland fire forces. Their main responsibility is to construct a "fireline" - a strip of land cleared of flammable materials - around wildfires to control them.

Hotshot crews. These highly skilled firefighters specially trained in suppression tactics, are usually used to attack wildfires when they first start, and to suppress big fires in the most critical and high risk areas.

"Helitack" crews are specially trained in the use of helicopters during fire suppression. Because they can be rapidly deployed, they are often the first to respond to a wildfire.

Smokejumpers. These airborne firefighters parachute from planes to attack wildfires in remote and inaccessible areas when they first begin. They are often supported by para-cargo drops of personal gear, food, water, and specialized equipment to help suppress blazes.

Engine crews, which range in size from 3 to 10 firefighters, use 250 to 750 gallons of water and several hundred feet of hose to directly attack the head of wildfires. Some engines carry special equipment to spray foam and chemicals on homes and other structures to help them resist fire.

VI. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What do America's wildland firefighters have to endure to protect nation’s natural resources from the ravages of unwanted wildfire?
2. What does a fire manager do when a wildfire starts?
3. How many firefighters are there in an engine crew?

VII. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих высказываний:

Бригада, специальное оборудование, подавление огня, недоступные районы, шланг.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА  № 4.

Для того, что бы выполнить контрольную работу №4, необходимо проработать следующий грамматический материал:

1. Инфинитив и инфинитивные конструкции.
2. Типы условных предложений.
3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

Для успешной сдачи зачета студенты должны подготовить следующий материал:

1. Выполнить контрольную работу №4.

2. Написать аннотацию любой газетной статьи или текста из раздела «ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ К ЗАЧЕТУ» (стр. ). Используйте схему на стр.

3.        Прочитать не менее 10 страниц любого текста по теме «Чрезвычайные ситуации» или две страницы любой газеты на английском языке.

Образец выполнения заданий:

Задание I. a) I wanted him to become a doctor. – Я хотел, чтобы он стал врачом.

                   b) Would you like to go to the cinema with me? – Пойдем со мной в кино!

                   c) Я не хочу, чтобы вы уезжали сегодня. – I don’t want you to leave today.

Задание II. a) If the weather is fine we shall go the country. ( I тип условного предложения) – Если погода будет хорошая, мы поедем за город.

                     b) If the weather (to be) fine we (to go) the country.

If the weather is fine we shall go the country. ( I тип условного предложения) – Если погода будет хорошая, мы поедем за город.

If the weather were fine we should go the country. ( II тип условного предложения) – Если бы погода была хорошая, мы бы поехали за город.

If the weather had been fine we should have gone to the country. ( III тип условного предложения) – Если бы погода (тогда) была хорошая, мы бы поехали за город.

Задание III. a)  Can you speak English? – Вы можете говорить по-английски?

                      b) I must prepare for my examination. – Я должен готовиться к экзамену.

                         I had to prepare for my examination the whole day yesterday.  - Я должен был готовиться к экзамену весь день вчера.

                         I shall have to prepare for my examination in a week. - Я должен буду готовиться к экзамену через неделю.

                    с) Я не могу говорить по-французски. – I can’t speak French.

Bариант I.

I. a) Переведите предложения с конструкцией Complex Object на русский язык:

1. I want all the children to be happy.

        2. We expect them to arrive in the morning.

        3. Would you like me to tell you this story?

b) Перепишите предложения, употребляя, где требуется, частицу to. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

        1. I know my friend ... be a wise man.

        2. We would like John ... invite us to his birthday party.

        3. Don’t let him ... laugh at you!

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя Complex Object:

        1.   Моя мама заставила меня мыть посуду.

        2.   Мы бы хотели, чтобы вы пошли туда с нами.

        3.   Я видел, как он входил в комнату 10 минут назад.

II. a) Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите тип условного предложения.

1. If my friend comes to see me I will be very glad.
2. If my mother had bought a cake yesterday we would have had a very nice tea party.
3. If we received a telegram from him we wouldn’t worry.

4.   If you don’t work systematically you will fail the examination.

5.   If you were busy I would leave you alone.

b) Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение 3 раза, образуя условные предложения всех трех типов. Предложения переведите.

        1.   If I (to live) in the South I (to bathe) very often.

        2.   If I (to lose) my money I (to be) very sorry.

        3.   If I (to go) to the wood I (to gather) many mushrooms.

III. a) Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами на русский язык:

1. Can your sister speak English?
2. You may not cross the street when the light is red.
3. You must not argue with the boss!

b) Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее время, используя, где необходимо, вместо модальных глаголов их эквиваленты.

        1.   I can drive a car.

        2.   We must stay at home.

        3.   Nick may spend all his money.

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя  модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

        1.   Мне пришлось вчера пойти на работу.

        2.   Вы сможете переплыть эту речку?

        3.   Моему сыну нельзя смотреть этот фильм.

IV. Переведите письменно текст:

Emergency

        In the USA over 20 million people call for emergency medical assistance every year. There are over 750, 000 emergency service workers, including dispatchers, paramedics, doctors, nurses, and fire and police personnel. Many areas have a centralized emergency response number, such as the 911 system, for anyone who needs emergency assistance for a police, fire, or medical problem. This system routes calls and often identifies where the call came from. Sometimes the emergency dispatchers know where you are and can send help even if you are unable to give your location.

        Much of what the fire department does has little to do with fire. The fire department plays a central role in an emergency medical system. In many areas, firefighters have special emergency medical training, and a fire engine will be the first emergency vehicle on the scene of an illness or injury. Because they respond to both fires and emergency medical calls, fire engines carry all the medical supplies and equipment that a firefighters-EMT (Emergency Medical Technician) may need.

        Medical emergencies may include bites, bleeding, burns, choking, drug overdoses, fainting, heart attacks, and poisons. Fire department personnel treat people at the scene of problem. However, if transportation is required to a hospital or other medical facility, an ambulance will often be called. Fire department  services are always paid for with tax dollars and no fee to the person receiving the service. Ambulances, on the other hand, are usually operated by private businesses and can be very expensive to use.

V. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. How many emergency service workers are there in the USA?
2. What role does the fire department play in an emergency medical system?
3. What may medical emergencies include?
4. Where does fire department personnel treat people?
5. Are fire department services free of charge to people?

Вариант II.

I. a) Переведите предложения с конструкцией Complex Object на русский язык:

1.   I know him to be a very talanted scientist.

        2.   I noticed a man cleaning his shoes.

        3.   My mother made me help her about the house.

b) Перепишите предложения, употребляя, где требуется, частицу to. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

        1.   The rain made us ... come back home.

        2.   Would you like me ... sing this song?

        3.   Mary expected Jack ... visit her next week.

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя Complex Object:

        1.   Я слышал, как она поет.  

        2.   Мы  знаем, что он очень умный человек.

        3.   Я не хочу, чтобы вы уезжали сегодня.

II. a) Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите тип условного предложения.

1. If I come home late I will go to bed at once.
2. If I had met you yesterday I would have told you something interesting.
3. If we received a telegram from him we wouldn’t worry.

4.   If I prepare for the exam carefully I will get a good mark.

5.   If I had got a ticket yesterday I would have gone to the theatre with you.

b) Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение 3 раза, образуя условные предложения всех трех типов. Предложения переведите.

        1.   If I (to learn) my lesson I (to get) an excellent mark.

        2.   If I (to have) much money I (to buy) a good car.

        3.   If I (to see) my friend I (to ask) his advice.

III. a) Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами на русский язык:

1. You may take this book, I don’t need it any more.
2. Could you, please, tell me the way to the station?
3. You must do this work immediately! It’s urgent.

b) Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее время, используя, где необходимо, вместо модальных глаголов их эквиваленты.

        1.   We may stay as long as the adults.

        2.   I can translate this text without a dictionary.

        3.   I must repair my car.

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя  модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

        1.   Мне пришлось добираться до работы пешком: моя машина сломалась.

        2.   Я не смогу Вас встретить в аэропорту, я буду занят.

        3.   Михаилу разрешили пропустить занятия в школе.

IV. Переведите письменно текст:

Lifesavers

        The thought of your child being unconscious or injured after an accident is enough to chill the heart of any parent. We all like to think we could handle an emergency: stay calm, dial 999 and offer first aid. But what if your child was badly burned or had swallowed bleach? Would you know how to treat electrocution or choking?

        Every year in Great Britain more than a million children under 15 need emergency treatment after an accident in or around the home. Thousands are disfigured or disabled.

        Simple safety measures include never leaving matches around, locking away poisons and keeping a first-aid box of bandages and dressings.

        Organizations such as The Red Cross and St. John Ambulance run first-aid courses aimed specifically at parents and covering home emergencies. You could also commit to memory some simple self-help measures.

        You should immediately apply firm pressure on bleeding wounds, pour cold water on burns and keep possible fracture still. With electrocution, you should turn off any power source or knock the electrical item out of the victim’s hand with a tool (a broom handle) while standing on a dry surface that won’t conduct a current.

V. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What thought can chill the heart of any parent?
2. What is the emergency telephone number in Great Britain?
3. What do simple safety measures include?
4. What is the purpose of first-aid courses?
5. How should you act with electrocution?

 Вариант III.

I. a) Переведите предложения с конструкцией Complex Object на русский язык:

1.   I hate you to forget your obligations!

        2.   We saw him crossing the street.

        3.   I expect you to tell me the truth!

b) Перепишите предложения, употребляя, где требуется, частицу to. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

        1.   I know you uncle ... be a very talanted mathematician.

        2.   We made him ... do it.

        3.   He wanted his frient ... go with him.  

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя Complex Object:

        1.   Хотите, я дам Вам свой словарь?

        2.   Мама смотрела, как её маленькая дочь спит в своей кроватке.

        3.   Я не ожидал, что Вы вернётесь так быстро.

II. a) Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите тип условного предложения.

1. If my father returns home early we will watch TV together.
2. If the weather had been fine yesterday I would have gone to the seaside.
3. If we were not so busy we would go to the concert.

4.   If I had seen her I would have been very glad.  

5.   If you are free we will go to the theatre together.

b) Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение 3 раза, образуя условные предложения всех трех типов. Предложения переведите.

        1.   If I (to be) at the camp I (to have) a very good time.

        2.   If I (to see) your brother I (to ask) him to come to my place.

        3.   If I (to join) you in fishing I (to catch) a lot of fish.

III. a) Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами на русский язык:

1. Can I speak to Mr. Smith , please?
2. He may not smoke here.
3. You must not forget about your obligations!

b) Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее время, используя, где необходимо, вместо модальных глаголов их эквиваленты.

        1. I can read and write in English.

        2. We may use the dictionary at an English lesson.

        3. I must prepare for my examination.

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя  модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

        1.   Я должен сегодня навестить свою бабушку.

        2.   Вы сможете закончить эту работу через час?

        3.   Мне нельзя есть мороженое. Я болею.

IV. Переведите письменно текст:

If Your Plane Goes Down.

If disaster strikes, will you be calm in the face of calamity or panic in those precious moments when every second counts? Here is one of horrifying scary situations.  

        You think it won’t happen to you. Plane crashes, tornadoes, building going up in flames – those are things you read about and see on TV. Injures caused by fires, falls, drownings and other unpredictable calamities are the leading causes of death for women up to the age of 34. But don’t push your panic button just yet. There are things you can do to prepare for such emergencies – and to up your odds for surviving any disaster. When Sandy Purl was a 24-year-pld flight attendant, she used her training to remain calm when her DC-9 plane went down in a massive hailstorm. “I heard the devastating pow! Of the engines blowing out, and I knew we were in great trouble. Inside, I was screaming for my life, but on the outside, I was as calm as could be – even when I saw trees instead of clouds and knew we were going to hit.

        Anticipating the crush, Purl immediately instructed her passengers to get into brace position – heads in laps, arms around knees. She checked to make sure everyone had their seat belts fastened and told them again where exists were and how to open the doors. After the crush, she led survivors away from the wreckage to safety. Even though 63 out of 81 people on board Purl’s flight died, she remained calm throughout the ordeal and helped save 18 people – including herself!            

V. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What are the leading causes of death for women up to the age of 34?
2. Why did  Sandy Purl remain calm when her DC-9 plane went down in a massive hailstorm?
3. What did Sandy Purl tell her passengers to do when she anticipated the crush?

         Вариант IV.

I. a) Переведите предложения с конструкцией Complex Object на русский язык:

1.   He knows my mother to be a very kind woman.

        2.   She doesn’t like me to argue with her.

        3.   Don’t make me do it!

b) Перепишите предложения, употребляя, где требуется, частицу to. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

        1.   I expect my friends ... come to my place tonight.

        2.   I hate her ... cry!

        3.   Don’t let him ... laugh at you!

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя Complex Object:

        1.   Бабушка любит, когда я играю на пианино.

        2.   Собака заставила кошку взобраться на дерево.

        3.   Я почувствовал, что она дрожит.

II. a) Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите тип условного предложения.

1. If I had this rare book I would gladly lend it to you.
2. The dish would have been much more tasty if she had been a better cook.
3. You will never finish your work if you waste your time like that!

4.   If I had a telephone I would easily settle the matter with him.

5.   If you do your morning exercises every day your health will be much better.

b) Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение 3 раза, образуя условные предложения всех трех типов. Предложения переведите.

        1.   If I ( to go) to the library I (to get) this book.

        2.   If I (to have) more practice in chess I  (to win) the game.

        3.   If I (to won) the championship I (to be sent) abroad.

III. a) Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами на русский язык:

4. Last year I couldn’t skate and now I can.
5. Only a person who knows the language very well can answer this question.
6. You must work systematically if you want to pass your exams.

b) Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее время, используя, где необходимо, вместо модальных глаголов их эквиваленты.

        1.   I can translate this sentence.

        2.   You may borrow my car.

        3.   You must listen to the teacher very attentively.

c) Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя  модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

        1.   Вы должны взять эту книгу в библиотеке.

        2.   Можно мне пропустить занятия?

        3.   Я могу помочь тебе сделать уроки.

IV. Переведите письменно текст:

Being in a fire

        If disaster strikes, will you be calm in the face of calamity or panic in those precious moments when every second counts? Here is one of horrifying scary situations.  

        You think it won’t happen to you. Plane crashes, tornadoes, building going up in flames – those are things you read about and see on TV. Injures caused by fires, falls, drownings and other unpredictable calamities are the leading causes of death for women up to the age of 34. But don’t push your panic button just yet. There are things you can do to prepare for such emergencies – and to up your odds for surviving any disaster.

        “Like most people, I never even considered to possibility of ever being in a fire,” says Danielle Hall, a 21-year-old pharmaceutical salesperson from Boston who lost everything she owned – and almost her life -  when her apartment building went up in flames. “I heard the smoke alarm go off at about three-thirty in the morning, but I just assumed it was only a neighbor burning toast. I was so unprepared for an emergency that I panicked and made just about every mistake in the book. “Danielle made her first error when she opened her front door without checking to see if it was hot. The fire in the hall, fueled by the oxygen from inside her apartment, immediately rushed in. Then she ran into her bedroom, inhaling smoke because she didn’t know to stay low, and she didn’t close the door behind her. The fire quickly followed. “I ended up having to jump out my third-story window,” she says. “It’s a miracle I’m alive.”

V. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What are the leading causes of death for women up to the age of 34?
2. Why did Danielle Hall lose everything she owned – and almost her life?
3.  What mistakes did Danielle Hall make when she panicked?

 Вариант V.

I. a) Переведите предложения с конструкцией Complex Object на русский язык:

1.  We expect this book to be printed in May.

2.   She didn't let him walk a dog.
3.   Mike doesn't want Helen to explain anything.

b)        Перепишите предложения, употребляя, где требуется, частицу to. Переведите предложения.

1.   We expect him ... sign the contract on Monday.
2.   He wants the doctor ... be sent for.
3.   She made him ... promise to stay with her.

c)        Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя Complex Object.

1.   Я знаю, что он хороший ученик.
2.   Мы не ожидали, что он приедет так рано.
3.   Не заставляй его есть суп!

II. а) Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите тип условного предложения.

1.   If I live in the South I shall bathe every day.
2.   If I were a scientist I should invent a time-machine.
3.   If I were in the country I should go to the wood very often.
4.   If I come home late I shall go to bed at once.
5.   If I had met your brother yesterday I should have asked him to come to our place.

b) Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение 3 раза, образуя условные предложения всех трех типов. Предложения переведите.

1.   If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone.
2.   If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year.
3.   If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the theatre.

III. а) Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами на русский язык.

1.   I can give you my book for a couple of days.
2.   He asked if he might bring his sister to the party.
3.   I am very tired. I feel I must go to bed at once or I shall fall asleep where I am standing.

b)        Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее время, используя, где необходимо, вместо модальных глаголов их эквиваленты.

1.   I must go to the shop now.
2.   Something is wrong with the car: I can't start it.
   3.   I may use father's tape-recorder.

c)        Переведите на английский язык, используя  модальные глаголы и их
эквиваленты:

1.   Ты можешь дойти до почты пешком: это совсем близко.
2.   Если сестра не купит кофе, мне придется идти в магазин самой.
3.   Вы сможете перевести этот текст без словаря?

IV. Переведите письменно текст:

You’re Caught in a Tornado

        If disaster strikes, will you be calm in the face of calamity or panic in those precious moments when every second counts? Here is one of horrifying scary situations.  

        You think it won’t happen to you. Plane crashes, tornadoes, building going up in flames – those are things you read about and see on TV. Injures caused by fires, falls, drownings and other unpredictable calamities are the leading causes of death for women up to the age of 34. But don’t push your panic button just yet. There are things you can do to prepare for such emergencies – and to up your odds for surviving any disaster.

        Tornadoes. These killer storms can touch down within seconds and leave a path of destructions a mile wide. Their winds can exceed 200 miles per hour. In the United States alone, they touch down about 1,000 times a year.

        Lisa Stover, a 27-year-old manager experienced that devastating force last March, when she and a colleague were run off the road by a major tornado. “We were driving through Stoneville, North Carolina, on our way home to Roanoke, Virginia. Suddenly, I saw a gigantic, black swirling mass following only about a quarter of a mile behind the car. Our first instinct was to outrun it, but when we turned the car off the highway – going about 75 miles per hour – the tornado followed. I knew we looked for a ditch to lie in or a building to run into, but we found none. Finally, we ran to a house, and an elderly woman let us in. There was no basement, so we took shelter in the bathroom. We hid in the tub for protection against flying objects and held on to each other. Miraculously, her house was one of the few in the area that wasn’t totally destroyed.

V. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What are the leading causes of death for women up to the age of 34?
2. How many times a year do tornadoes touch down in the USA?
3. Where did Lisa Stover and her friends hid from tornado?

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ К ЗАЧЕТУ.

ПЕРВЫЙ ГОД ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Text 1. MY WORKING DAY.

        Usually I get up at 7 o’clock on week-days. I do my bed and open the window. Then I go to the bathroom. There I wash myself and clean my teeth. After that I go back to my bedroom, dress myself and brush my hair. In five minutes I am ready for breakfast. I usually have a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich. After breakfast I take my bag, put my coat and go to the college.

        I live not far from my college and it takes me only ten minutes to walk there. I am never late for the first class because I come to college a few minutes before the bell. I leave my coat in the cloakroom and go to the classroom. The classes begin at eight fifteen and at one o’clock they are over. Sometimes after classes I go to the library to take some books.

        Sometimes I have dinner at the college canteen. For dinner I usually have soup for the first course, meat or fish with some salad for the second. I drink milk or a cup of tea.

        Twice a week I go to the swimming pool. I play volley-ball in the college team.

        In the evening all the members of our family get together. We have supper together, watch TV or read books. Reading is my hobby. I like to read detective stories or books of modern writers. At eleven o’clock I go to bed.

Questions:

1. When do you usually get up at your working days?
2. What do you do in the morning?
3. What do you have for breakfast?
4. What do you usually have for dinner?
5. Do you often go to the library?
6. When does your family have supper?
7. When do you go to bed?
   

Text 2. MY DAY OFF

The last two days of the week are Saturday and Sunday. They are called the weekend. People don't go to work on weekends. But students have only one day off. It is Sunday.

Weekend is my favorite time of the week because I don't go to the college. I think Sunday is the best day of the week. On this day I wake up later than usual. And sometimes I don't get up till nine or ten o'clock. As soon as I get up I air the room, do my bed and do morning exercises. Then I have breakfast and help my Mother to clear away the dishes and wash them.

After breakfast I get ready with my homework and then I am free. I meet my friends and we discuss our plans together. Last Sunday we went to the football match. There were many football fans at the stadium. We enjoyed the match very much.

On Sundays I usually do shopping. I take a shopping bag and go shopping. As a rule I go to the shop near my house. There are many departments in this shop and I can buy different goods there. Then I go to the baker's and buy bread and rolls: I also buy milk at the dairy department.

In the evening our family gets together. We have supper, watch TV or read books. Reading is my hobby. I like to read detective stories or books of modern writers. At about eleven o'clock I go to bed.

Questions:

1. What days of the week do you like and why?

2. What time do you get up on Sunday?

3. What do you do in the morning?

   4. How do you usually spend your days off?

5. Do you often go to the country on your days off?

6. How did you spend your last Sunday?

7. Do you go shopping?

8. Do you go in for sports on Sunday?

9. Do your guests often come to you on Sundays?

Text 3. ABOUT MYSELF.

        My name is Sergey Sokolov. I am 26. I was born on the 5th of June, 1981 in Vladivostok. And I have been living there since my birth.

        I live with my wife in a new two-room flat in a nine storey building. We’ve just married and we are happy together. We haven’t any children yet but we want to have two children. My wife is 25. Her name is Elena. She is an accountant in a big construction firm. She is always very busy. But she runs the house well.

At the weekends we usually visit our parents or meet our friends. I like cooking and sometimes I prepare supper on Saturdays. We invite our friends and have good time together. We like to listen to good music or discuss new films and books.

         I am a firefighter. Firefighting is a difficult occupation. As such, the skills required for safe operations are regularly practiced during training evolutions throughout a firefighters career. 

        Now I am a student of the Far Eastern College of Humanities and Technology. I combine my work and study as I study by correspondence. I am a first year student. I am going to continue my work at Fire department after graduation of the college.

         We have many good teachers in our college. They are highly qualified specialists and have great practical experience. I try to be a good student and I do well in all subjects. But most of all I am interested in Technical rescue and Para-medicine and many others.

        Of course it is difficult to work and study but I try to do my best to become a good specialist.

Questions:

What is your name?

Where and when were you born?

How old are you?

Where do you live?

Have you got a family?

Where do you work?

What are your favorite subjects in college?

ВТОРОЙ ГОД ОБУЧЕНИЯ.

Text 1. THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

        The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth surface. The vast territory of Russia lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Artic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belarus and the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. There are steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. The Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland are situated on its territory. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. There are a lot of great rivers and deep lakes in Russia. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. The latter is deepest in the world and its water is the purest on the earth. Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.        

On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the try the climate is temperate and continental.

The Russian Federation is rich in natural and mineral resources. It has deposits of oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, gold, copper, nickel and many others.

The current population of the country is more than 150 million people. The European part of Russia is densely peopled, and most population lives cities and towns and their outskirts.

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative power is exercised by the State Duma. The executive power belongs to the Cabinet of Ministers. The judicial power is represented the system of courts.

The capital of Russia is Moscow, with the population of about 10 million people. It is its largest political, economic, scientific, cultural and educational centre.

Moscow is one of the oldest Russian cities. It was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Since it was first mentioned in the chronicles of 1147, Moscow has played a vital role in Russian history. For more than 600 years Moscow has been the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle for the liberation the Tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united .state of Muscovy. Though in 1712 Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg, but Moscow remained heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack in 1812. Three-quarters of the city were destroyed by the fire, but by the middle of the 19th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.

Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square with the Kremlin and St, Basil's Cathedral, masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture.

Moscow is known for its many historical buildings, museums and art galleries, as well as for the famous Bolshoi, Maly and Art theatres. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique museums include the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts, the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.        

Moscow is a city of science and learning. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in the city, including a number of universities. It is the seat of the Academy of Sciences of Russia.

Now Moscow is being reconstructed and in a few years the city will become even more beautiful. There are a lot of opportunities for the capital to occupy the leading place in the world.

Text 2. GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. It consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

England, Wales and Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244000 square kilometers. The population is over 56 million people. The capital of the United Kingdom is London.

The surface of the United Kingdom varies greatly. The northern and the western parts of the country are mountainous and are called the Highlands. All the rest is a vast plain which is called the Lowlands. The mountains are not very high. The rivers are not very long. The most important of them are the Severn and the Thames. There are many beautiful lakes in the mountainous part of the country.

The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. It is mild the whole year round. Winters are not cold and summers are not hot.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile. One of the industries is shipbuilding.

Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centres of Europe. The education is not free, it is very expensive.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the .head of the state. But in practice it is ruled by the government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour party, the Conservative party and the Liberal party.

Questions:

1. What is the official name of Great Britain?

2. Where is it situated?

3. What parts does it consist of?

4. What is the territory and the population of Great Britain?

5. What city is the capital of Great Britain?

6. What is the surface of the country?

7. Are there any big rivers and lakes in Great Britain? 8. What is the climate on the British Isles?

9. Is Great Britain a highly developed industrial country?

10. What goods does the British industry produce?

Text 3. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Over the past two centuries, the Constitution of the USA has had considerable influence outside the United States. Several other nations have based their own forms of government on it. It is interesting to note that Lafaette, a hero of the American Revolution, drafted the French declaration of rights when he returned to France. And the United Nations Charter also has clear echoes of what once was considered a revolutionary document.

The governmental systems in the United States - federal, state, county, and local - are quite easy to understand. They are quite easy to understand. One foreign expert complained, for example, that the complexity of just the cities' political and governmental structure is "almost unbelievable". The "real Chicago", he explained, "spreads over 2 states, 6 counties, 10 towns, 30 cities, 49 townships, and 110 villages. Overlaid upon this complex pattern are 235 tax districts and more than 400 school districts...".

 There are, however, several basic principles which are found at all levels of American government. One of these is the "one person, one vote" principle which says that legislators are elected from geographical districts directly by the voters. Under this principle all election districts must have about the same number of residents.

 Another fundamental principle of American government is that because of the system of checks and balances, compromise in politics is a matter of necessity, not choice. For example, the House of Representatives controls spending and finance, so the President must have its agreement for his proposals and programs. He cannot declare war, either, without the approval of Congress.

 In foreign affairs the president is also strongly limited. Any treaty must first be approved by the Senate. If there is no approval, there is no treaty. The rule is "the President proposes, but Congress disposes". What a President wants to do, therefore, is often a different thing from what a President is able to do.

 Under the Constitution of the USA the federal and state governments were designed to serve the people and carry out their majority wishes. One thing they did not want their government to - do is to rule them. Americans expect their governments to serve them and tend to think of politicians and governmental officials as their servants. This attitude remains very strong among Americans today.

Text 4. VLADIVOSTOK.

Vladivostok is one of the most interesting and colourful cities in Russia. Vladivostok occupies the whole southern tip of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. The downtown area is situated at the shores of the Golden Horn Bay. The history of Vladivostok started in the mid-19th century. It was founded on July 2, 1960 by the small group of Russian soldiers that landed here from the military transport “Manchur”. Vladivostok was primary conceived as the military station. By 1880 the station became the town as it took greater importance in the region. By the 1880-s Vladivostok spread widely upon the shores of the Golden Horn Bay and it was officially given the city status – the City Council was elected and the heraldic emblem was designed.

The heart of Vladivostok is the port. Its wharves, docks and ship-yards stretch for many kilometers. In 1985 the local terminal was built for the ferries running in the Gulf aquatory.

It is difficult to imagine now that in the mid-19th century the downtown area was covered with taiga and tigers prowled here. The memory of those times lingers in the names of the streets and hills. At the Tigrovaya Hill the signal gun is situated. Its discharge marks the high noon – this being the old tradition of all fortress cities. Svetlanskaya Street, named after the crew of the frigate “Svetlana” that first cleared the route for it in 1881, is now the main thoroughfare of the city.

 Vladivostok monuments are mostly dedicated to the sea-farers. The very first one in the city is the monument to Admiral Nevelskoy. It was opened in 1877. The admiral was the great traveler who made some remarkable contributions to the modern geographical knowledge – he was the first to prove that Sakhalin is the island.

Vladivostok is a city of sailors. Nowadays it is connected with practically all ports of the world. The ships of the Far-Eastern Shipping Company operate both home and international lines. Vladivostok port is one of the most powerful ports of the country.

Everything in the city is connected with the sea: streets, houses and even the railroad – it ends right where the ocean begins.

Modern Vladivostok is a city of factories, secondary and higher learning establishments, research and scientific institutions, theaters, museums, streets and squares, blossoming parks and avenues. All this is made by its industrious citizens.

Questions:

4. Where is Vladivostok situated?
5.  When was it founded?
6. What was the first monument in the city?
7. What is the heart of Vladivostok?
8. Where is the downtown area located?

ТРЕТИЙ ГОД ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Text 1. FIRE PREVENTION.

Firefighter in full turn out gear with a pickhead axe. This firefighter is dressed to demonstrate the gear, in reality the equipment would be adjusted.

Prevention attempts to ensure that no place simultaneously has sufficient heat, fuel and air to allow ignition and combustion. Fernando Cardona, the leading researcher in fire prevention is accredited with much of the advancement and improvement to modern fire fighting technique. Most prevention programs are directed at controlling the energy of activation (heat).

Fire suppression systems have a proven record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have fire sprinkler systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence greatly reduce the risk of death from a fire. With the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms.

In addition, a major duty of fire services is the regular inspection of buildings to ensure they are up to the current building fire codes, which are enforced so that a building can sufficiently resist fire spread, potential hazards are located, and to ensure that occupants can be safely evacuated, commensurate with the risks involved.

Other methods of Fire Prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. This is normally accomplished in many innovative ways such as conducting presentations, distributing safety brochures, providing news articles, writing public safety announcements (PSAs) or establishing meaningful displays in well-visited areas. Ensuring that each household has working smoke alarms, is educated in the proper techniques of fire safety, has an evacuation route and rendezvous point is of top priority in public education for most fire prevention teams in almost all fire department localities.

Questions:

1. What is the goal of fire prevention?
2. What is a major duty of fire services?
3. How do fire services try to prevent dangerous acts before tragedy strikes?

Text 2. SELF-PRESERVATION.

Self-preservation is critical. The basic technique firefighters use is to know where they are, and to avoid hazards. Current standards in the United States recommend that firefighters work in teams, using a "two-in, two-out" rule whenever in an IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) environment.

Tools are generally carried at all times and are important for not only forcible entry but also for self rescue. A Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) delivers air to the firefighter through a full face mask and is worn to protect against smoke inhalation, toxic fumes, and super heated gasses. A special device called a Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) is commonly worn independently or as a part of the SCBA to alert others when a firefighter stops moving for a specified period of time or manually operates the device. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter (Firefighter Assist and Search Team), in locating the firefighter in distress.

Firefighters often carry personal self rescue ropes. The ropes are generally 30 feet long and can provide a firefighter (that has enough time to deploy the rope) a partially controlled exit out an elevated window. Lack of a personal rescue rope is cited in the deaths of two New York City Firefighters, Lt. John Bellew and Lt. Curtis Meyran, who died after they jumped from a fourth floor of a burning apartment building in the Bronx. Of the four firefighters who jumped and survived only one of them had a self rescue rope. Since the incident the Fire Department of New York City has issued self rescue ropes to their firefighters.

In the United States, 25% of fatalities to firefighters are caused by vehicle accidents while responding or returning from an incident. Many firefighters are also injured or killed by vehicles while working at an incident. However, a large percentage of firefighters also succumb to heart disease, in the line of duty.

Questions:

1. What devices are used by firefighters for self-preservation?
2. What are personal self rescue ropes used for?
3. What is PASS?

Text 3. HISTORY OF FIREFIGHTING.

The first Roman fire brigade was a group of slaves who were hired by an aedile Marcus Egnatius Rufus. Augustus took this idea from Rufus and then built on it to form the (Vigiles) in AD 6 to combat fires using bucket brigades and pumps, as well as poles, hooks and even ballistae to tear down buildings in advance of the flames. It is generally thought that this is where the "hook" in "hook and ladder company" comes from. The Vigiles patrolled the streets of Rome to watch for fires and served as the police force.

Rome suffered a number of serious fires, most notably the fire that started near the Circus Maximus on 19 July AD 64 and eventually destroyed two thirds of Rome. The Emperor Nero was blamed for the conflagration, and may in fact have allowed the fire to burn.

In Europe, firefighting was quite rudimentary until the 17th century. In 1254, a royal decree of King Saint Louis of France created the so-called guet bourgeois ("burgess watch"), allowing the residents of Paris to establish their own night watches, separate from the king's night watches, to prevent and stop crimes and fires. After the Hundred Years' War, the population of Paris expanded again, and the city, much larger than any other city in Europe at the time, was the scene of several great fires in the 16th century. As a consequence, King Charles IX disbanded the residents' night watches and left the king's watches as the only one responsible for checking crimes and fires.

Another great city that experienced such a need for organized fire control was London, which suffered great fires in 798, 982, 989, and above all in 1666 (Great Fire of London). The Great Fire of 1666 started in a baker's shop on Pudding Lane, consumed about two square miles (5 km²) of the city, leaving tens of thousands homeless. Prior to this fire, London had no organized fire protection system. Afterwards, insurance companies formed private fire brigades to protect their clients’ property. Insurance brigades would only fight fires at buildings the company insured. These buildings were identified by a badge or sign.

The key breakthrough in firefighting arrived in the 17th century with the first fire engines. Manual pumps, rediscovered in Europe after 1500 (allegedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and in Nuremberg in 1657), were only force pumps and had a very short range due to the lack of hoses. German inventor Hans Hautsh improved the manual pump by creating the first suction and force pump and adding some flexible hoses to the pump. In 1672, Dutch inventor Jan Van der Heyden invented the firehose. Constructed of flexible leather and coupled every 50 feet (15 m) with brass fittings, the length and connections remain the standard to this day. The fire engine was further developed by Richard Newsham of London in 1725. Pulled as a cart to the fire, these manual pumps were manned by teams of men and could deliver up to 160 gallons per minute (12 L/s) at up to 120 feet (40 m).

        Questions:

1. What was the first fire brigade in Rome?
2. When was the Great Fire of London?
3. What were private fire brigades formed for?
4. Who invented the firehose?

ЧЕТВЕРТЫЙ ГОД ОБУЧЕНИЯ.

Fire protection

Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fires. It involves the study of the behaviour, compartmentalisation, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies as well as the research and development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems. In structures, be they land-based, offshore or even ships, the owners and operators are responsible to maintain their facilities in accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local building code and fire code, which are enforced by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Buildings must be constructed in accordance with the version of the building code that is in effect when an application for a building permit is made. Building inspectors check on compliance of a building under construction with the building code. Once construction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the current fire code, which is enforced by the fire prevention officers of a local fire department. In the event of fire emergencies, Firefighters, fire investigators, and other fire prevention personnel called to mitigate, investigate and learn from the damage of a fire. Lessons learned from fires are applied to the authoring of both building codes and fire codes.

Components

Structural fire protection (in land-based buildings, offshore construction or onboard ships) is typically achieved via three means:

1. Passive fire protection (use of integral, fire-resistance rated wall and floor assemblies that are used to form fire compartments intended to limit the spread of fire, or occupancy separations, or firewalls, to keep fires, high temperatures and flue gases within the fire compartment of origin, thus enabling firefighting and evacuation)
2. Active fire protection (manual and automatic detection and suppression of fires, as in using and installing a Fire Sprinkler system or finding the fire (Fire alarm) and/or extinguishing it)
3. Education (ensuring that building owners and operators have copies and a working understanding of the applicable building and fire codes, having a purpose-designed fire safety plan and ensuring that building occupants, operators and emergency personnel know the building, its means of Active fire protection and Passive fire protection, its weak spots and strengths to ensure the highest possible level of safety)

Balanced Approach

Passive fire protection (PFP) in the form of compartmentalisation was developed prior to the widespread use of active fire protection (AFP), mainly in the form of fire sprinklers. During this time, PFP was the dominant mode of protection provided in facility designs. With the widespread installation of fire sprinklers in the past 50 years, the reliance on PFP as the only approach was reduced. There is a perception by some fire protection engineers and some members of the fire protection construction industry that the model building codes have changed with too much reliance on AFP.

Lobby groups are typically divided into two camps favouring active or passive fire protection. Each camp tries to garner more business for itself through its influence in establishing or changing local and national building and fire codes. At present, the camp favouring AFP appears to be leading.

A balanced approach between all three parts, Education, AFP and PFP, is generally recognised to be the best overall approach, but there are disagreements in emphasis. This is to be expected, considering that many of the proponents of one camp or another have a vested interest in the outcome, as they are involved in the sales or construction of one of the systems. Many insider in the trade, who know how much field conditions can influence matters, conclude that no one side has all the answers.

The relatively recent inclusion of performance based or objective based codes tend to support AFP initiatives, and can lead to the justification for less substantial construction. Some proponents of PFP feel that this new approach is not properly balanced, as the use of automatic suppression with codes allowing performance based designs often favours the cost savings resulting from less solid structures. At times it works the other way around, as firewalls that protrude through the roof structure are used to "sub-divide" buildings such that the separated parts do not require sprinklers.

The decision to favour AFP versus PFP in the design of a new building may be affected by the lifecycle costs. Lifecycle costs can be shifted from capital to operational budgets and vice versa. AFP, may initially require less capital to install, but due to its nature requires significant operational resources to maintain. PFP on the other hand, may be more costly to install but less costly to maintain. Planners consider the expected life expectancy of a building to make the most beneficial long term decision.

Common items to check for to avoid systemic problems

If any one of the three components of Fire Protection fail, the fire safety plan can be immediately and severely compromised. For example, if the firestop systems in a structure were inoperable, a significant part of the fire safety plan would not work in the event of a fire. Since the overall plan depends on all pieces, it is important to see that each item is in fact functional. Likewise, if there were a sprinkler system or an alarm system, but it's down for lack of knowledgeable maintenance, or if building occupants prop open a fire door and then run a carpet through, the likelihood of damage and casualties is markedly increased. It is vital for everyone to realise that fire protection within a structure is a system that relies on all of its components.

There are many things that can and often do go wrong prior to and during the construction of a building. What happens afterwards, however, can also be substantially hazardous, to the point of entirely defeating the fire protection plan that was put in place during the design-phase of a building. Common operator errors include, but are not limited to, the following: failure to regularly clean grease ducts in commercial kitchens (usually every 3 - 6 months), re-entering firestops without proper repairs, damaging and removing spray fireproofing [1] from structural steel elements, changing of the use or occupancy [2] of parts of a building. Any changes that affect the overall fire protection plan, however small they may appear to the layman, legally require the owner to either gain the approval of the fire prevention officer at the municipal fire department or to apply for a building permit with the local, municipal building department. The permit fee is intended to cover the time and expenses for the Authority Having Jurisdiction to evaluate the contemplated change against applicable code requirements. Failure to obtain such approvals make the owner vulnerable to charges of negligence and culpability in a court of law.

Questions for inspectors

These two questions can be used as a litmus test for a building, offshore construction or ship owner's degree of due diligence:

1. "How many firestops are there in your building/ship, where are they and where do you keep copies of the certification listings that cover each opening?"
2. "Where is your local copy of the current fire code and the construction code(s) that were in effect when you applied for the permit(s)."

The correct responses are the precise number of firestops and a reference to a set of drawings that shows each one with a number and hyperlink or paper reference to the certification listings and the location of the two documents.

The former question tests the owner's knowledge of his or her structure's fire protection and continued compliance with the code by bringing up the example of a common deficiency: the firestopping of existing and new openings in wall and/or floor assemblies required to have a fire-resistance rating. Answers to the latter question expose an owner's ability to keep the fire protection system set up correctly under normal operations and remedial work. The documents are necessary as nobody (including members of an Authority Having Jurisdiction), can be expected to know an entire code by heart. Both fire codes and building codes will refer to one another (to avoid duplication of text).

Examples for remedial work are plumbing work (a new toilet for instance, which could cause the need for a dozen new firestops to be made and breaches of fire barriers), electrical work (say a new recepticle in a wall, which necessitates a conduit and cable), new doors, changing the use of a room, etc.

These materials need to be known by the operators and staff of the building as any routine, seemingly small act, can defeat the overall fire protection plan, which forms the design basis for the building. For example, the installation of some piece of equipment in the building such as a water pump. Depending on where this is installed, it could be construed as a change in occupancy, which in turn requires a building permit to ensure compliance with regulations. Likewise, added piping or cable to run the equipment might necessitate the breaching of a fire-resistance rated wall or floor, where now a firestop is required, which would also necessitate a building permit. If no application for a building permit is made, the Authority Having Jurisdiction is unaware of the change and if the change is not immediately apparent to a fire prevention officer, nobody is the wiser but the owner is culpable.

It is important to remember that even when a fire prevention officer who conducts an inspection does not find anything amiss, this does not mean that the building is in full compliance with the fire code. There is a limit to the amount of searching and disturbing that a fire prevention officer is legally allowed, financed by the municipality, and able to do. For instance, an inspector may only be given one hour to inspect a school, which would not be enough time for an in-depth check. An inspector may be limited to a quick check on fire extinguishers and maintenance records of the sprinkler system. The written OK given after an inspection is only an "OK" for the parts inspected, which may not include things overlooked which severely breach the code. A passed inspection does not absolve a building owner of his or her responsibility to maintain the entire facility in compliance with the fire code, nor does it give them carte blanche that everything is OK with the Authority Having Jurisdiction.

1. Read the article.
2. Make a list of words to be remembered.
3. Render the contest of the article.
4. Use the pattern:

Список слов и выражений по специальности

 «Пожарная безопасность»:

A

Accident – несчастный случай, авария

Accident prevention – техника безопасности, предупреждение несчастных случаев

B

Basic Life Support (BLS) – оказание первой медицинской помощи

Breathing mask – кислородная маска

Be burnt to ashes – сгореть дотла

C

Chief of a fire-brigade – брандмейстер

Circular saw ("K-12") – циркулярная пила «К-12»

Cutter – режущий инструмент, резак

D

Damage – ущерб, урон

E

Emergency – критическое положение, авария

        The state of emergency – чрезвычайное положение

Emergency ambulance – карета скорой помощи

Emergency bag – сумка для оказания первой медицинской помощи

Emergency response agency –  служба спасения

Emergency station – пункт первой помощи

Emergency vehicle – специальная автомашина, спецмашина (пожарная, полицейская и т.д.)

Escape route – эвакуационный выход

Escape ladder – пожарная лестница

Evacuation plan – план эвакуации

Explosion – взрыв

Explosive – взрывчатое вещество

Extinguish – затушить (пожар)

F

Fire  - огонь, пламя, пожар

        To fire a house – поджечь дом

        To be on fire – гореть, быть в огне

        To set on fire – поджигать

Fire alarm – пожарная тревога, автоматический пожарный сигнал

Fire brigade – пожарный расчет

Fire department – пожарная часть

Firefighter – пожарный

Firefighting – пожарное дело, борьба с пожарами, противопожарные мероприятия

Fire hook – пожарный багор

Fire hose – пожарный рукав, шланг

Fireman – пожарный

Fire plug – пожарный кран, гидрант

Fire prevention – мероприятия по предотвращению пожара, профилактика пожара

Fireproof – огнеупорный, огнестойкий

Fireproof wall – брандмауэр

Fire protection – пожарная безопасность

Fire pump – брандспойт

Fire resistance - огнестойкость

Fire station – пожарное депо

Fire tower – каланча, пожарная вышка

Flammable – огнеопасный, воспламеняемый

Flame – пламя

Flashlight – сигнальный огонь

G

Gas proof – газонепроницаемый

H

Handheld radio – переносная рация

Hazard  - риск, опасность, источник опасности

Hazardous – рискованный, опасный

Helmet – шлем, каска

Hose  - рукав, шланг, брандспойт

Hook – багор

Hydraulic rescue tools  - гидравлические инструменты для спасательных работ

I

Inflammable – возгораемый

Inflammability - возгораемость

P

Personal self rescue rope – индивидуальный спасательный трос

Pike pole – багор с заострённым концом

Put out the fire – затушить огонь

R

Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) – бригада быстрого реагирования

Rescue – спасение, спасать

Rescue operation – операция по спасению

S

Saving life – спасение жизни

Search and rescue team –  поисково- спасательная бригада

Self-preservation – самосохранение

Smoke detector – детектор дыма

Smoke alarm – пожарная сигнализация

Spanner wrench – гаечный ключ

Sprinkler system – (автоматическая) спринклерная противопожарная система

T

Trapped people – люди, оказавшиеся в ловушке в результате несчастного случая

V

Vehicle accident - ДТП

Victim - жертва

W

Water tower – водонапорная башня

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ