Roots of the English language
презентация к уроку по английскому языку (8 класс) по теме

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Celtic Britain (The Iron Age) 600 BC - 50 AD

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The world of Celts

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Who were they? The Iron Age is the age of the "Celt" in Britain. Over the 500 or so years leading up to the first Roman invasion a Celtic culture established itself throughout the British Isles. Who were these Celts?

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What we do know is that the people we call Celts gradually arrived to Britain over the course of the centuries between about 500 and 100 B.C. There was probably never an organized Celtic invasion. The Celts were a group of people loosely tied by similar language, religion, and cultural expression. They were not centrally governed, and quite as happy to fight each other as any non-Celt. They were warriors, living for the glories of battles. They were also the people who brought iron working to the British Isles.

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Language. There was a written Celtic language, but it developed well into Christian times, so for much of Celtic history they relied on oral transmission of culture, primarily through the efforts of bards and poets. These arts were tremendously important to the Celts, and much of what we know of their traditions comes to us today through the old tales and poems that were handed down for generations before eventually being written down.

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Druids It was a sort of super-class of priests, political advisors, teachers, and arbitrators. They had their own universities, where traditional knowledge was passed on by rote. They had the right to speak ahead of the king in council, and may have held more authority than the king. They acted as ambassadors in time of war, they composed verse and upheld the law. They were a sort of glue holding together Celtic culture .

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The main problem with the Celts was that they couldn't stop fighting among themselves long enough to put up a unified front. Each tribe was out for itself, and in the long run this cost them control of Britain.

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It is very strange, but the Celtic language didn’t contribute many words to modern English. We can only find Celtic words in the names of places and rivers such as: Dover, Kent, Avon and the Thames, for example.

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Romans 43 AD

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Julius Caesar came to the British isles in 55 BC, but Romans came to Britain only in 43 AD. They brought their culture and their language.

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The English alphabet came from Latin. Christian monks, who spoke Latin, brought it to England from Ireland. Latin words in English are: street, kitchen, cup, cheese, wine, angel, wall, paper.

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Romans left the British Isles in 410 AD

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Anglo-Saxons

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The Anglo-Saxons contributed to the formation of English most of all.

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The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from " Englaland " [ sic ] and their language was called " Englisc " - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.

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Old English 450-1100 AD The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100. Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English.

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Vikings 789 -900 AD

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By the end of the 8 th century Vikings started to raid the British Isles. They came from Norway and Denmark. They destroyed a lot of villages, churches and monasteries. In 865 they conquered the North and the East of the island. In 878 King Alfred made peace with them.

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Scandinavian words in English are: anger , cake, call, egg, get, give, kick , kill, score, scrub, seat, skill, skirt , sky, take, they, them, their, ugly , want, window, husband.

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Norman Conquest 1066

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Middle English (1100-1500) In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English .

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It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (1340-1400 ), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

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French words in English are: country , court, crime, prison, religion, prince, princess, royal, adventure, change, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, question, special

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Modern English Early Modern English ( 1500-1800 )

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Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.

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This , and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.

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Late Modern English ( 1800-Present )

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The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words .

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Secondly , the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.

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Varieties of English From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is.

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Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up , was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon , ranch , stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).

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Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.