ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
творческая работа учащихся по английскому языку (8 класс) по теме

Муниципальное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение «Новочелкасинская основная общеобразовательная школа» Канашского района Чувашской Республики

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Авторы: учащиеся 8 класса Иванова Анастасия,

    Мучкова Фаина, Терентьева Маргарита

                                Руководитель: учитель английского языка

                                                 Яковлева Елена Германовна

д. Малое Тугаево – 2013 г.

Contents:

1. Introduction. – 1
2.  The main parts. – 2 - 4

1. The most serious environmental problems.
2. Global deforestation:

- what do we mean by "deforestation";
- how  the old-growth forests have been affected   by humans;
- what  the consequences of loss of forest habitats and   ecosystems are;

-what management strategies are in place to preserve          and restore forests;

3. The crucial problems in order of their importance.
4. The ways of the world improvement.
5. The ways to save the Earth:

4. recycling;
5. organizing a "clean-up day".

3. Conclusion. – 4 -6
4. Supplement. – 8-10

I. Introduction.

The main question we are going to discuss today is the environmental problems.

Since ancient times Nature has served man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase. Today we must pay attention to the main problems our planet suffers from and find the way out. We will decide what can save the Earth. We will listen to and discuss several reports. Look at the plan of our work.

What we are going to talk about today is

1. The most serious environmental problems.
2. Global deforestation:

The main points we will be talking about are
firstly,  what do we mean by "deforestation";

  secondly, how  the old-growth forests have been affected by humans;
 next, what the consequences of loss of forest habitats and   ecosystems are;

 finally, what management strategies are in place to preserve   and restore forests;

         we're going to look at

3. The crucial problems in order of their importance.
4. The ways of the world improvement.
5. The ways to save the Earth

- recycling;

- organizing a "clean-up day".

         We will tell you about the most serious environmental problems. It is very important for us.
Now human beings are killing our planet. Millions of animals die every year because man has polluted their natural homes. Besides, every year people cut down more trees, build more roads, and use more land for farming.

II. The main parts.

Let's start  with the transformation of forested lands by human actions. It is impossible to overstate the importance of humankind's clearing of the forests. The transformation of forested lands by human actions represents one of the great forces in global environmental change.

Just think, originally, almost half of the United States, three-quarters of Canada, almost all of Europe, the plains of the Levant, and much of the rest of the world were forested. About one half of the forests that covered the Earth are gone. Each year, another 16 million hectares disappear.  We'd like to illustrate this by showing you the  table.

 Today, forests cover more than one quarter of the world's total land area, excluding polar regions.  Now let's move on to the next table.

Seven countries (Russia, Brazil, Canada, the United States, China, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo account for more than 60% of the total.

The USA has already experienced its wave of deforestation, with the exception of small areas in the west and Alaska. Our old growth forests were mostly harvested by 1920, particularly in the East.

The world’s tropical forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. A recent estimate is that about 100,000 km2 are deforested each year.  Brazil contains about 3.5 million km2 of tropical forest. This is equivalent to 30% of the world's total.

 You can see  forest fragmentation by roads in Central Africa. This study shows that 42% of forest area in the six countries is within 10 km of a road and more than 90% is within 50 km of a road.

Fire plays a major role in many forest types, including some that are highly fire adapted. Pay attention to the  trends in wildlife area burned in wildfire in USA.

 Everybody knows that forests provide useful wood products:

In poor areas where wood is scarce, people, usually women, walk long distances to gather wood for cooking.

Forests provide useful wood products. Roundwood (whole logs) can be processed into building materials, or made into plywood products, furniture, etc. Pulp is used not only for paper and boxes, but for a wide variety of products (including the “sponge” you used to wash your dishes).

Forests are the source of numerous non-wood products, including bark, dyes, fibers, gums, incense, latexes, oils, resins, shellac, tanning compounds & waxes. Fruits, nuts and berries are harvested as food. Maple syrup is an example of a unique non-wood product from the sap of the maple tree.

Forests influence climate. The within-year fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 in the temperate zone include a spring-through-autumn decline due to plant photosynthesis during the growing season, and an autumn-through-spring rise in CO2 as respiration and decomposition exceed photosynthetic uptake. At a more regional scale, forests influence local climate and weather. Rain forests transport great quantities of water to the atmosphere via plant transpiration. (Water is taken up by plant roots, bringing dissolved minerals into plant tissues. Plants exchange gases with the atmosphere through openings in their leaves, and lose water in the same way. That water loss provides the plant with a means to transport materials upwards, and so is beneficial, so long as water loss is not excessive). Much of that transpired water replenishes the clouds and rain that maintain the rain forest. If the forest is cut, much more of that rain will become river water, flow to distant seas, and the region will become permanently drier. No rain forest can regenerate if this occurs. Forests maintain local climate and strongly influence global fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Before green plants appeared, it is believed that there was very little oxygen in the atmosphere.

 We'd like to expand on this aspect.    The country air, once clean and fresh, now may be polluted by power stations and factories.
        Water is also polluted very much. There is a lot of litter on the beaches, and you can even see thick foam caused by chemical waste.  Pollution is very dangerous for people, wildlife and the environment.

           People don't just pollute the environment. They pollute themselves with cigarettes, alcohol and junk food. These are some of the world's most serious environmental problems. And it is no good pretending they don't exist – they do. What's more, they are getting worse all the time!

 As you see, the ecological problems are dangerous not only for people but also for animals, birds and plants. They need growing space too. Let me elaborate on that.

It is well known that people make all the problems themselves. But they seldom think what will happen then for many people, the facts about alcoholism are not clear. What is alcoholism, exactly? For most people, alcohol is a pleasant. 

III. Conclusion

We hope people in the perfect world always protect nature. They travel on foot or by cars without petrol. So, you can often see people riding bicycles. People are healthy because they don't smoke, drink alcohol or take drags. They always eat healthy food: fruit and vegetables, dairy products. If I could improve our world the first thing I would do is stop people fighting. Secondly, I would, punish strictly those ones who make crimes. Finally, I would also make a law to protect our nature.

          Let us go back to what I said earlier about. As you may understand, our planet is in danger. Among the most serious problems, such as air pollution, water pollution we can underline dangerous diseases, people's interrelations, breaking human rights, crimes and drugs. You can see Crime Rates In Russia Graph  from 1961 to 1991 and an international comparison of homicide rates in selected countries  per 100,000 people, 2004.

         Of course, all of the problems are very important, but we can list them in order of their importance.

1.Drugs
2. Pollution
3. Crimes
4. Endangered animals
5. Dangerous technologies
6. Lack of recycling
7. People and their interrelations

It's clear that not only the environment suffers of the man. Human beings also make harm to themselves.

We are just one of 6,000 million people, who live on our Earth. So can your actions really make a difference to its future?
        Here are some ways in which you, your friends and your family can begin trying to save the Earth right now.

I'm going to conclude by saying:

1. Try not to waste energy.

2. Keep yourself informed about environmental problems.
3. Before you throw anything away, stop and think. Might someone else have a use for it?

4. Take as much rubbish as you can to local recycling centres. You can see Early sorting of recyclable materials: glass and plastic bottles in Poland  and recycling and rubbish bin in a German railway station.

Pay attention to the table  «Environmental effects of recycling.

5. If you have a choice avoid buying packaged goods.
6. Don't waste paper. When you are writing, use both sides of the paper.

7. Walk or cycle whenever possible.
8. Never drop litter.
9. Help to clean up your local environment.
10. Plant trees and flowers.
11. Put out food for wild animals in winter.

 That was the last report at our conference. In conclusion, let us leave you with this thought:

Today you are going camping
With your family, friends or class.
Please help us, don’t drop any litter!
‘Cos’ your litter lives longer than us.

Today you cut down your forests
But the planet needs our leaves.
Please stop it because tomorrow
You'll have no air to breathe!

'Cos nothing is forever
And nature is getting tired.
If we don't stop and think today
Tomorrow the Earth could die.
You can have a bath or a shower
But today is the time to think.
Save the rivers because without them
You'll have no water to drink.

Today we are still in your forests,
In the sky, in the rivers, but look:
Don't kill us! Because your children
Will see us in picture books.

Literature:

1. Gurney, R.J, J.L. Foster, and C. L. Parkinson. 1993. Atlas of Satellite Observations related to Global Change, Cambridge Press, 1993.
2. Janet N. Abramovitz, Sustaining the World's Forests,in State of the World 1998, Norton/Worldwatch, 1998.
3. John Schelhas and Russell Greenberg, Forest Patches in Tropical Landscapes, Island Press. eds. 1996.
4. Thomas M. Lillesand and Ralph W. Kiefer, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Wiley Press, 1994.
5. Internet – resources:

http://www.qwas.ru/russia/edinros/Partiinyi-proekt-Chistaja-voda
http://images.yandex.ru 
http://ru.wikipedia.org 
http://www.ecosystema.ru 
http://www.ecology-portal.ru