Тренировочные задания по грамматическим темам
учебно-методический материал (11 класс) по теме

SOME OR ANY

1.Complete the sentences using some or any.

I can’t pay. I haven’t got   money.

Have you got   brothers or sisters?

There are   beautiful flowers in the garden.

“Would you like   tea?” “Yes please.”

Do you know   good hotels in London?

We haven’t got   bread, so I am going to buy .

I went out to buy milk but they didn’t have   in the shop.

2. Complete the sentences using something/anything, somebody/anybody, somewhere/anywhere.

There isn’t   in the box. It’s empty.

I can do this job alone. I don’t need   to help me.

Tom lives   near London.

There is   in the garden.

It’s dark. I can’t see   .

Where should we go tomorrow?   warm and sunny.

Where did you put my book?   on that shelf.

There is   at the door.

We haven’t heard   about Peter. Is he ill?

Can I have   to drink?

Don't worry.   can tell you where the post-office in this town is.

John likes his new bike very much. He goes   on it.

Where is my scarf? I can’t find it   .

I have to do   to pass this test. Maybe I should study?

Complete the sentences below with one of the following words :

 some  | any  | a little  |  a few |  much   |  many

(There are sometimes two possibilities.)  (The answers are at the bottom of the page.)        

     1.        Not all of the children went outside.  ____________of them stayed in the classroom.

     2.        I have to go to the supermarket. There isn't _________ coffee left.

     3.        How ________ loaves of bread do we need?  

     4.        Would you like _______ milk?  Yes please. Just  _________________.

     5.        The land is not suitable for agriculture so _________ of the food is imported.

     6.        There are only ______________  people interested in the subject..

7. How _________ of the students have a computer at home?
8. Can you tell me  _____________ about your experience in London?

I can see a house, a lake and _______________ trees.

2        We've got one dog, two cats and _______________ fish.

3        I like _______________ songs by Ricki Martin but not all of them.

4        There are _______________ chocolate biscuits in the cupboard.

5        I can't find _______________ books about dinosaurs.

6        Natalia hasn't got _______________ friends in Athens.

7        There aren't _______________ banana trees in Scotland.

8        Have you got _______________ games for your computer?

9        Are there _______________ messages for me?

Be careful! This is an offer, OK?

10        Would you like _______________ grapes?

1.  I'm thirsty. Can I have ..... water, please?  

        some

        any

 2.  Can you lend me ..... money, please?  

        some

        any

 3.  Do you have ..... better ideas?  

        some

        any

  4.  I don't have ..... CDs.  

        some

        any

  5.  Can I have ..... coffee, please?  

        some

        any

  6.  Would you like ..... chocolate cake?  

        some

        any

  7.  Bob and Mary don't have ..... children.  

        some

        any

  8.  Can you lend me ..... money, please?  

        some

        any

  9.  I haven't written ..... postcards.  

        some

        any

  10.  Does your company have ..... job vacancies?  

        some

        any

English adjectives and adverbs commonly distinguish three degrees: the positive (the basic form), the comparative (expressing a higher degree than is present in something else) and the superlative (expressing a maximal degree).

Comparative and superlative adjectives: formation

The comparative is formed with –er or more; the superlative is formed with –est or most. One syllable adjectives like big and fast tend to prefer –er and –est. Larger ones like beautiful and carefully take more and most.

John is tall.

John is taller than Peter.

John is the tallest man I know.

Susie drives carefully.

Susie drives more carefully than Alice.

Susie drives the most carefully of anybody in Paris.

EXERCISE 1 - COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Pick the correct words in the brackets.

1. My father is as (strong, stronger, strongest) as his father.

2. She is (pretty, prettier, prettiest) than her sister.

3. You are not as (tall, taller, tallest) as your brother.

4. That pond is the (shallow, shallower, shallowest) in this area.

5. That has to be the (interesting, more interesting, most interesting) film I have seen.

6. Which university offers (the good, the better, the best) degree courses?.

7. This clown is not as (funny, funnier, funniest) as the other one.

8. He is easily the (bad, worse, worst) player in the team.

9. The second half of the play was (little, less, the least) interesting.

10. What is (far, farther, the farthest) distance you have ever run?

Exercise 2

1.  I didn't like the book; it rather dull. The film is ..... .  

        as interesting

        more interesting

        the most interesting

 2.  My elder brother is three years ..... than I.  

        older

        elder

        the oldest

 3.  Are you any good at tennis? I am ..... tennis player in the world.  

        the worst

        worse

        bad

 4.  Last Wednesday my friend didn’t come late to work. I came ..... .  

        latter

        the last

        later

 5.  Can you tell me the shortest way to ..... bookstore?  

        the nest

        the nearest

        the nearer

 6.  Who is ..... among your friends?  

        the oldest

        older

        as old

 7.  Eight o’clock is not a very convenient time for me. Ten o’clock is ..... .  

        more convenient

        less convenient

        the most conveniest

 8.  Tim is not at all talkative; he always keeps his thoughts to himself. He is ..... guy I’ve ever met.  

        the most reserved

        more reserved

        reserved

 9.  The more you know ..... you forget. So why study?  

        more

        the most

        the more

 10.  Susan is better-looking than Ada; however, Liz is ..... one.  

        the best-looking

        better-looking

        good-looking

 11.  The ..... said the soonest mended.  

        least

        less

        last

 12.  "This is ..... place to cross the street in," the policeman warned us.  

        more dangerous

        the most dangerous

        so dangerous

 13.  Richard got ..... good marks than Fred in the examinations.  

        less

        fewer

        few

 14.  I think I am seriously ill. Today I feel ..... I felt yesterday.  

        worse

        the worst

        as bad as

 15.  Let’s not go by train. Going by bus is ..... .  

        cheap

        the most cheap

        a lot cheaper

1.                  famous

2.                  cautious

3.                  careful

4.                  understanding

5.                  fat

6.                  strange

7.                  modern

8.                  polite

9.                  lonely

10.              talented

11.              short

12.              brief

13.              favorite

14.              clever

15.              daring

16.              brave

17.              courageous

18.              naughty

19.              little

20.              narrow

21.              bad

22.              dead

23.              quiet

24.              drunk

25.              satisfied

1. Julia was / were watching TV.

2. The girls were / was washing up.

3. John and Peter were / was eating an ice-cream.

4. I was / were working in the kitchen.

5. Sally wasn't / weren't doing her homework.

6. The boys weren't / wasn't playing football.

7. The boys' father wasn't / weren't driving to work.

8. Peter wasn't / weren't making his bed.

9. The girls' mother wasn't / weren't cleaning the house.

10. Mrs Pearson was / were shouting at her pupils.

Fill the gaps using the verb in brackets in the past continuous tense.        

1 ________________ letters all day yesterday. (write)

2        You ________________ very slow about it. (be)

3        You ________________ on the phone for hours and hours. (talk)

4        They ________________ much business before lunch. (do NEGATIVE)

5        She ________________  to me all week. Silly cow. (speak NEGATIVE)

6        It ________________  for long. (rain NEGATIVE)

7        What ________________ you ________________ when I phoned yesterday? (do)

8        ________________ you ________________TV when it happened? (watch)

9        What ________________ you ________________ at the party? (wear)

10        He ________________  horrible to everyone, the nasty pig! (be)

1. I spoke to my teacher. I was  to my teacher.

2. She listened to the song. She was  to the song.

3. My friend laughed at my joke. My friend was  at my joke.

4. She was silly. She was  silly.

5. I sang. I was  yesterday.

6. They did their homework. They were  their homework.

7. My boss planned a meeting. My boss was  a meeting.

8. We had a party. We were  a party.

9. The band played a beautiful song. The band was  a beautiful song.

10. I tried to explain. I was  to explain.

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses

1. A: What (you, do)  when the accident occurred?

B: I (try)  to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

2. After I (find)  the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately)  to the police and (turn)  it in.

3. The doctor (say)  that Tom (be)  too sick to go to work and that he (need)  to stay at home for a couple of days.

4. Sebastian (arrive)  at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not)  there. She (study, at the library)  for her final examination in French.

5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also)  television. That's all she ever does!

6. A: I (call)  you last night after dinner, but you (be, not)  there. Where were you?

B: I (work)  out at the fitness center.

7. When I (walk)  into the busy office, the secretary (talk)  on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily)  at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly)  methods to improve customer service.

8. I (watch)  a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends.

9. Sharon (be)  in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything because she (listen, not) .

10. It's strange that you (call)  because I (think, just)  about you.

11. The Titanic (cross)  the Atlantic when it (strike)  an iceberg.

12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily)  and (try)  to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt)  for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead)  their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue)  over the price of a leather belt. I (walk)  over to a man who (sell)  fruit and (buy)  a banana.

13. The firemen (rescue)  the old woman who (be)  trapped on the third floor of the burning building.

14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always)  her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect, actually)  me to do them for her.

15. Samantha (live)  in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)  there when the Berlin Wall came down.

Past Continuous - Questions         

Make past continuous 'wh' or 'yes / no' questions         

1) When you arrived at the party  (Alan/dance)?

.

2) When you arrived at the party  (Susie/drink gin)?

.

3) When you arrived at the party  (John and Ann/sing)?

.

4) When you arrived at the party  (Luke/talk to the girls)?

.

5) When you arrived at the party  (Jodie/put on make up)?

.

6) When you arrived at the party  (we/cook)?

.

7) When you arrived at the party  (Jane/play the guitar)?

.

8) When you arrived at the party  (David/read a book)?

.

9) When you arrived at the party  (Francis/sit in the corner)?

.

10) When you arrived at the party  (everybody/have fun)?

.

11) When I saw you and Lucy last night, where  (you/go)?

.

12) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what  (you/do)?

.

13) When I saw you and Lucy last night, who  (you/meet)?

.

14) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what  (Lucy/wear)?

.

15) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what  (you/eat)?

.

16) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what  (you/drink)?

.

17) When I saw you and Lucy last night, why  (Lucy/smoke)?

.

18) When I saw you and Lucy last night, who  (you/talk to)?

.

19) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what  (you/carry)?

.

20) When I saw you and Lucy last night, how  (Lucy/feel)?

Past simple, past continuous exercises

A. Complete the sentences with past simple or past continuous tense.

Every day James Lullaby travels to London. Yesterday he .................................. (drive) his car,

when he .................... (see) a dog in the middle of the road. The dog ............................. (watch)

the car. James ................................... (stop) and .................................. (get) out of his car. As he

....................... (get) out, the dog ....................... (run) away. James .......................... (go) back to

his car. While he ............................... (get) in it, the dog ................................ (appear) again and

............................... (sit) down in the middle of the road. James ...................... (start) the engine,

but the dog ............................. (not move). James ................................. (jump) out of the car and

............................... (shout) at the dog. The dog ............................ (bark) at him and ....................

(start) to run. James ............................. (follow) the dog. Suddenly, he .......................... (see) two

girls lying on the grass. They ............................ (bleed).

B. Make these sentences negative.

Př. James heard a dog on the road. - No, he didn't hear a dog on the road.

1. James was riding a motorbike. - ...................................................................................................

2. James ran over the dog. - ...............................................................................................................

3. James threw a stone at the dog. - ..................................................................................................

4. The dog was barking at James all the time. - ..............................................................................

5. The dog bit James. - .........................................................................................................................

6. The girls were sitting on the grass. - ..............................................................................................

C. A policeman is asking James. Make the policeman's questions.

Policeman: ..................................................................................................................................... ?

(what/do/yesterday at 8 o'clock)

James: I was driving to work.

Policeman: ..................................................................................................................................... ?

(what time/meet/the dog)

James: I saw him at about 8.30.

Policeman: ................................................................................................when you saw the dog?

(drive/fast)

James: No, I wasn't.

Policeman: ..................................................................................................................................... ?

(what/the dog/do)

James: He ran away.

Policeman: ..................................................................................................................................... ?

(how/find/the two girls)

James: I followed the dog, when he came back.

Policeman: ..................................................................................................................................... ?

(see/anyone else)

James: No, I didn't.

Policeman: ..................................................................................................................................... ?

(call/an ambulance)

James: No, I didn't. I drove the girls to the hospital.

Answers

A. Complete the sentences.

was driving - saw, was watching, stopped - got out, was getting out - ran away, went back

was getting - appeared - sat down, started - didn't move, jumped out - shouted, barked - started

followed, saw, were bleeding

B. Make the sentences negative.

1. No, he wasn't riding ... , 2. No, he didn't run over ... , 3. No, he didn't throw ...,

4. No, it wasn't barking ... , 5. No, it didn't bite ... , 6. No, they weren't sitting ...

C. A policeman is asking James.

What were you doing ... ? What time did you meet ... ? Were you driving ... ? What did the dog do? How did you find ... ? Did you see ... ? Did you call ... ?

Make the correct form of the past continuous

1) (he / cook)

.

2) (she / play cards)?

.

3) (I / not / cry)

.

4) (you / not / feel well)

.

5) (where / I / go when I met you)?

.

6) (she / not / sleeping at midnight)

.

7) (I / work)?

.

8) (you / sleep when I got home)?

.

9) (it / rain at lunchtime)

.

10) (what / you / do)?

.

11) (why / she / run)?

.

12) (you / not / read)

.

13) (how / we / do at that time)?

.

14) (he / not / watch a film at 3pm)

.

15) (I / do my homework at eight o’clock)

.

16) (where / it / rain)?

.

17) (you / shop when I called you)

.

18) (she / eat dinner when we arrived)

.

19) (he / live in Tokyo at the time)?

.

20) (it / snow)?

.

Несколько наиболее употребительных устойчивых сочетаний с предлогами

according to => согласно:

We are going there tomorrow according to our plan. =>

Согласно нашему плану, мы отправляемся туда завтра.

as for / as to => что касается:

As for her, she will be happy to have such a husband. =>

Что касается ее, то она будет счастлива иметь такого мужа.

because of => из-за (по причине того, что):

I am here because of the war. =>  

Я нахожусь здесь из-за того, что идет война.

by means of => посредством:

We shall do it by means of water. =>  

Мы сделаем это с помощью (посредством) воды.

due to => благодаря / из-за (по причине того, что):

I am here due to his help. =>  

Я нахожусь здесь благодаря его помощи.

in case of => в случае:

I don't want to be here in case of his coming. =>  

Я не хочу быть здесь (в случае), если он придет.

instead of => вместо:

I shall buy a house instead of a car. =>  

Я куплю дом вместо машины.

in spite of => несмотря на:

I don't like him in spite of his money. =>  

Он мне не нравится, несмотря на свои деньги.

owing to => благодаря:

Owing to his help I feel well now. =>  

Благодаря его помощи, я сейчас чувствую себя хорошо.

thanks to => благодаря:

I bought my house thanks to your help. =>  

Я купил дом благодаря твоей помощи..

Несколько наиболее употребительных глаголов, сочетающихся с существительными или местоимениями посредством предлогов (в русском языке при описании подобных ситуаций предлог не ставится); если существительного/местоимения нет, предлог не нужен:

to listen to smb. / smth. => слушать кого-либо / что-либо:

Примечание:  

здесь и далее  

smb. = somebody => кто-либо;

smth. = something => что-либо

Listen to me, please. => Послушай меня, пожалуйста.

но:

Listen, please. => Слушайте, пожалуйста.

to wait for smb. / smth. => ждать кого-либо / что-либо:

I shall wait for father here. => Я подожду отца здесь.

но:

I shall wait here. => Я подожду здесь.

to smile at smb. => улыбаться:

She smiled at him. => Она улыбнулась ему.

но:

She was smiling. => Она улыбалась.

to ask smb. for smth. => просить у кого-либо что-либо:

She asked me for help. => Она попросила помощи у меня / помочь.

Don't ask them for money. => He проси у них денег.

Примечание:

to ask smb. smth. / to ask smb. to do smth. =>  

спрашивать (просить) кого-либо о чем-либо/сделать что-либо:

They didn't ask me my name. => Они не спросили, как меня зовут.

She asked me to come next time. => Она попросила меня прийти в другой раз.

to look for smb. / smth. => искать кого-либо / что-либо:

Не is looking for his wife. => Он ищет свою жену.

Несколько наиболее употребительных глаголов, сочетающихся с другими словами посредством предлогов, не совпадающих по своему значению с русскими предлогами:

to hint at smth. => намекать на что-либо:

Не hinted at my money. =>  

Он намекал на мои деньги (на то, что у меня есть деньги).

Комментарий:

практически во всех подобных случаях за предметом легко угадывается действие, поэтому в русском языке мы можем использовать придаточные предложения.

to hope for smb. / smth. => надеяться на кого-либо / что либо:

She hopes for your help. =>  

Она надеется на твою помощь (на то, что ты ей поможешь).

to depend on / upon smb. / smth. => зависеть от кого-либо / чего-либо:

Everything depends on them. =>  

Все зависит от них (от того, как они себя поведут).

to leave for => уехать в:

She is leaving for Moscow next week. =>  

Она уезжает в Москву на следующей неделе.

Несколько наиболее употребительных глаголов, не требующих в английском языке после себя предлогов, тогда как в русском языке в подобных ситуациях предлог необходим:

to leave => уехать из:

She left Minsk yesterday. =>

Она уехала из Минска вчера.

имеет другие значения (см. Словарь), например:

Не left his car near the house. =>  

Он оставил машину возле дома.

to play => играть (во-что-либо / на чем-либо):

обратите внимание:

играть в игры — без артикля;

играть на музыкальном инструменте — с определенным артиклем

to play football => играть в футбол;

to play the piano => играть на пианино

to need => нуждаться в (с этим глаголом удобно поступать так же, как и с глаголом to like — см. комментарии):

They need your help. — (Они нуждают твою помощь.) =>  

Они нуждаются в твоей помощи. / Им нужна твоя помощь.

to answer => отвечать на:

They didn't answer my letter. =>  

Они не ответили на мое письмо.

I shall answer your question. =>

Я отвечу на ваш вопрос.

to follow => следовать за:

Не followed them. => Он последовал за ними.

to join => присоединиться к / вступить в (организацию):

Their sister didn't want to join us. =>  

Их сестра не захотела присоединиться к нам.

Не joined the party in 1917. =>

Он вступил в партию в 1917 году.

to doubt => сомневаться в:

I don't doubt your feelings. =>  

Я не сомневаюсь в твоих чувствах.

Послеслоги

В английском языке существуют не только предлоги, но и послелоги. В русском языке подобного понятия нет. Что это такое? Определение вытекает из названия: если предлоги предваряют что-либо, т.е. ставятся перед существительными / местоимениями / другими словами, то послелоги следуют за чем-либо, а именно, стоят после глаголов. Назначение предлогов и послелогов в предложении тоже различается: предлоги служат для того, чтобы связывать слова между собой в их взаимодействии; послелоги придают глаголу другое значение или дополняют уже существующее.

Например:

в русском языке есть слова нокдаун и нокаут. Так вот, эти слова — не что иное, как английский глагол knock (ударить) + послелоги down (вниз) и out (наружу / за пределы чего-либо). Смысл получается следующий:

knock down => ударить так, чтобы упал (можно подняться и продолжать бой);

knock out => ударить так, чтобы не смог продолжать бой (выбыл из борьбы / оказался за пределами соревнований)

Многие послелоги совпадают по форме с предлогами (in / on / over / ...); многие имеют только свою форму (away / off / up и др.) и не используются в качестве предлогов.

Иногда послелоги встречаются в составе других слов (стоят в начале или в конце, пишутся слитно или через дефис), образуя совершенно новые смысловые единицы (upstairs / downstairs / uptown / down-town / outside / knockdown и др.):

They are waiting for us downstairs. => Они ждут нас внизу.  

Не looked ridiculous in that get-up. => Он выглядел, смешно в этом наряде.

Послелоги, как правило, имеют одно основное значение и несколько второстепенных. При использовании с глаголом основного значения смысл полученной формы легко определяется:

Come in. => Войдите.

Go out. => Выйдите.

При использовании второстепенных значений смысл сильно искажается, и тогда необходима помощь словаря.

В словарной статье сначала даются значения глагола без послелогов, а уже потом — с послелогами (~~~~~ out / ~~~~~~ in / ~~~~~~ up/ ...).

ЗАПОМНИТЕ:

если в английском тексте глагол стоит с послелогом, то в словаре его нужно искать обязательно с этим же послелогом, иначе смысл ситуации можно воспринять неверно;

в английском языке послелоги используются очень часто;

есть даже специальные словари, где значения глаголов описываются только в сочетании с послелогами;

при произнесении глагола с послелогом вслух ударение обязательно падает на послелог, а не на сам глагол.

Некоторые широко употребительные глаголы являются таковыми только благодаря возможности сочетаться с послелогами. Например, to get — сам по себе во многих случаях вообще никак не переводится, а обозначает просто действие. В сочетании же с послелогами может использоваться для описания самых разных ситуаций:

to get up => сделать действие вверх => встать;

to get out => сделать действие наружу => выйти / выбраться / высвободиться

В английских предложениях могут встретиться одновременно как бы два (даже одинаковых) предлога — ничего страшного, просто один — послелог и относится к предшествующему глаголу, а другой — предлог и относится к следующему за ним существительному / местоимению:

The table was taken out in May. =>  

Стол вынесли (наружу из дома) в мае.

The table was taken in in October. =>  

Стол внесли (в дом) в октябре.

Иногда глагол в английском предложении используется одновременно с двумя послелогами, каждый из которых по-своему дополняет смысловое значение этого глагола:

The car was moving on up the slope. =>  

Машина двигалась (вперед) вверх по склону.

В некоторых случаях послелог может стоять после существительного или местоимения, хотя все равно относится к глаголу:

Не will take the table in after lunch. =>  

Он внесет стол в дом после обеда.

Не looked at his tongue in the mirror and then put it back in. =>  

Он посмотрел на свой язык в зеркало, а затем опять спрятал его.

Послелоги вообще без глагола тоже встречаются в английских предложениях — в подобных ситуациях их значения легко угадываются по контексту:

Her room was about ten minutes' walk from the main entrance, up a lot of stairs and along a lot of corridors. =>  

Ее комната находилась приблизительно в десяти минутах ходьбы от главного входа, нужно было подняться по многочисленным лестницам и пройти много (вдоль многих) коридоров.

Иногда на месте послелога в предложении (т.е. после глагола, но не перед существительным или местоимением) может оказаться предлог, который все равно будет относиться к "своему" слову. Самыми распространенными из таких случаев являются два:

1. В специальных вопросах и придаточных предложениях, образованных по их типу:

Where do you come from? =>  

Откуда Вы (родом)?

I don't know where he comes from. =>  

Я не знаю, откуда он (родом).

2. В предложениях с Passive, когда в качестве сказуемого используется глагол, сочетающийся с другими словами посредством предлога:

She was not being looked for yesterday. =>

Ее не искали вчера.

Не is not being listened to. =>

Его не слушают.

Послелоги очень часто используются в разговорной речи.

Несколько широко употребительных в разговорной речи выражений с послелогами:

Примечание: многие из перечисленных ниже сочетаний имеют и другие (менее распространенные) значения — см. Словарь.

Come on! => Давай! (побуждение к действию):

Come on, help me. =>

Давай, помоги мне.

Come on, let's go. =>

Давай, пошли.

to be in / to be out => быть / не быть дома или в каком-либо другом помещении (офисе /конторе / ...):

Is your husband in? => Твой муж дома?

No, he is out. (= No, he is not in.) => Нет, его нет дома.

Не will be in in a few minutes. => Он будет (дома) через несколько минут.

to be back => возвращаться:

They are not back yet. => Они еще не вернулись.

to come back => возвращаться:

She will not come back. => Она не вернется (назад).

to get back => возвращаться:

We got back (home) at ten o'clock. =>  

Мы вернулись (домой) в десять часов.

to check in => проходить регистрацию (на авиарейс / в гостинице / по прибытии на рабочее место):

Passengers should check in for flight LH232 to Paris. =>

Пассажиров, вылетающих рейсом LH232 в Париж, просят пройти на регистрацию.

to check out => оплатить счет и выписаться из гостиницы:

She will have to check out by noon. =>

Ей нужно будет рассчитаться с гостиницей к полудню.

to come in => входить:

Come on, come in. => Давай, входи.

to get up => вставать / подниматься:

I get up at seven o'clock. => Я встаю в семь часов.

to hold on => держаться:

Hold on to the handle. => Держись за ручку.

to hold on => ждать (особенно часто в телефонных разговорах не класть трубку):

Hold on, I'll get him for you. =>  

Подождите, я позову его.

Hold on, please. =>  

He кладите, пожалуйста, трубку. / Подождите, пожалуйста.

to be on => быть в программе:

Look in the TV guide to see what is on. =>  

Посмотри в программе, что сейчас по телевизору.

What is on at the cinema tonight? =>  

Какой фильм сегодня вечером в кинотеатре?

to go on (+ герундий) => продолжать (делать что-либо):

They went on talking. =>  

Они продолжали разговор /разговаривать.

Go on, please. => Продолжайте, пожалуйста.

on => после глаголов to put / to switch / to turn обозначает включить (в сеть / в рабочее состояние);

off => выключить (из сети / из рабочего состояния):

Не switched on the light. => Он включил свет.

She turned the radio off. => Она выключила радио.

He put on the brakes suddenly. => Он резко нажал на тормоз.

to be on / off => быть включенным / выключенным (вспомните, на электроаппаратуре иностранного производства: on / off):

The radio is on. => Радио включено.

Someone has left the tap on. =>

Кто-то не закрутил кран (течет вода).

The TV is always on in their house. =>  

У них в доме постоянно включен телевизор.

to put smth. on => надеть / поставить / поместить:

She put on a new dress. => Она надела новое платье.

Put a new record on. => Поставь новую пластинку.

Не didn't put his gloves on. => Он не надел перчатки.

to take smth. off => снять:

She took off her dress. = She took her dress off. => Она сняла платье.

Примечание:

если после глагола стоит существительное, то послелог может ставиться как сразу после глагола перед существительным, так и после существительного (в коротких предложениях):

Switch on the light. = Switch the light on. => Включи свет.

если после глагола с послелогом ставится местоимение, то послелог должен стоять только после местоимения:

Switch it on. => Включи его.  

I rang her up. => Я позвонил ей.

to see smb. off => провожать кого-либо (в аэропорту / на вокзале / ...):

I was seen off by my friends. => Меня провожали друзья.

to try smth. on => примерять:

She tried on a new dress. => Она примерила новое платье.

Can I try these shoes on? => Я могу примерить эти туфли?

Мы познакомились лишь с несколькими из многих тысяч выражений с послелогами.

Пространственные предлоги

on => на; обозначает на поверхности, поэтому во многих случаях не соответствует русскому предлогу на; слова с этим предлогом чаще всего отвечают на вопрос где?:

on the table => на столе;

но:

Мама ушла на работу. Папа сейчас на дежурстве. — в этих предложениях русские предлоги нельзя перевести английским on.

В некоторых случаях может заменяться upon.

in => в; обозначает внутри, поэтому часто не соответствует по значению русскому в; слова с этим предлогом отвечают на вопрос где?:

in the pocket => в кармане;

но:

Мама ушла в кино. Папа работает в первую смену. — в этих предложениях русские предлоги нельзя перевести английским in.

at => у / при / около; обозначает место действия:

Он стоял у окна. => Не was standing at the window.

at => обозначает принадлежность к большой системе:

Папа работает на заводе. => Father works at the plant.

Я учусь в институте. => I study at the institute.

Примечание:

при использовании всех перечисленных выше предлогов необходимо внимательно следить за ситуацией:

Я учусь в институте, (отношусь к системе вуза) => ... at the institute.

но:

Он сейчас где-то в институте, (внутри) => ... in the institute.

Я остановился в гостинице "Минск", (вписался в систему гостиницы) => ... at the Minsk Hotel.

но:

Мой друг в гостинице, (внутри) => ... in the hotel.

to => в / на; обозначает направленность действия (куда? / кому? / к кому?):

Мама ушла в кино. => Mother went to the cinema.

Мы не пойдем в институт. => We shall not go to the institute.

Она дала мне один доллар. => She gave one dollar to me.

Примечание:

предлог to может и не ставиться в тех случаях, когда речь идет о взаимодействии двух субъектов с участием какого-либо предмета;

все зависит от расстановки слов в предложении: если сначала указывается предмет, а потом тот, на кого направлено действие, предлог ставим, если наоборот — не ставим:

Субъект 1 => Действие => Предмет => to => Субъект 2:

She gave one dollar to me.

Субъект 1 => Действие => Субъект 2 => Предмет:

She gave me one dollar.

They didn't bring a new lamp to us. = They didn't bring us a new lamp. =>

Они не принесли нам новую лампу.

She will send strong cigars to him. = She will send him strong cigars. =>  

Она пошлет ему крепкие сигары.

towards => по направлению к; близок по значению к to, но менее конкретизирован:

Не went to the car. => Он пошел к машине (в машину)

Не went towards the car. => Он пошел по направлению к машине, (но может свернуть в сторону)

of => предлог родительного падежа; т.е. перед словами, стоящими в русском предложении в родительном падеже (кого? / чего?), в английском предложении ставится предлог of:

the door of my room / the car of my wife

of => о / об:

Я о нем ничего не знаю. => I know nothing of him.

Я часто думаю об этом. => I often think of that.

of => часто используется в сочетаниях с глаголом to be, связывая смысловое значение прилагательного из такого сочетания с кем-либо / чем-либо:

to be tired of afraid of proud of и др.:

I'm tired of you. => Я устал от тебя. / Ты мне надоел.

She is proud of her body. => Она гордится своей фигурой.

They are not afraid of us. => Они не боятся нас.

I'm not sure of that. => Я не уверен в этом.

with / by => предлоги творительного падежа; ставятся перед словами, имеющими в русском языке форму творительного падежа (кем? / чем?):

by — если действие совершается человеком или большой системой;

with — если действие совершается неодушевленным предметом (когда в русском языке можно вставить с помощью); в таком значении эти предлоги чаще используются в предложениях Passive:

Машина была куплена моим другом. => The car was bought by my friend.

План выполнялся всей страной. => The plan was being fulfilled by the whole country.

Иногда окна моют водой. => Sometimes the windows are washed with water.

with => с / вместе с:

with me => со мной;

together with boys and girls => вместе с мальчиками и девочками

by => у / около:

by the window => у окна;

by the door => рядом с дверью

for => для:

for me => для меня / for him => для него

from => от / из / с поверхности / у (от) кого-либо:

Она приехала из Москвы. => She came from Moscow.

Я знаю это от нее. => I know it from her.

Он взял какую-то книгу со стола. => Не took a book from the desk.

Я взял эту книгу у него. => I took this book from him.

about => о / об:

Я ничего о нем не знаю. => I know nothing about him.

about => имеет другие значения; часто переводится приблизительно / по / вокруг / кругом; во многих случаях может заменяться around / round:

Он ходил по городу пешком. =>

Не walked about the town. = He walked around the town.

У меня приблизительно десять долларов. =>  

I have about ten dollars. = I have around ten dollars.

Он не хотел идти вокруг того дома. =>  

Не didn't want to go around that house.

after => за / вслед за:

Она пришла вслед за мной. => She came after me.

above => над;

under => под;

behind => за / позади;

without => без (кого-либо / чего-либо);

in front of => перед (впереди кого-либо / чего-либо):

Моя машина перед домом. => My car is in front of the house.

into => в; обозначает действие, направленное внутрь чего-либо:

Она вошла (куда?) в комнату. => She came into the room.

onto => на; обозначает действие, направленное на поверхность чего-либо:

Он положил деньги (куда?) на стол. => Не put the money onto the table.

out of => из; обозначает действие, направленное наружу изнутри замкнутого пространства:

Он достал сигару из коробки. => Не took a cigar out of the box.

Она вышла из комнаты. => She came out of the room.

сравните:

Она приехала из Москвы. => She came from Moscow.

through => сквозь / через:

through the window / through the wall

over => над (сверху):

over the window / over the roof

between => между (двух предметов / лиц):

between two cars / between two women

among => между (среди трех или более лиц / предметов):

among students / among trees

across => через (пространство /предмет):

across the room / the street / the table / ...

near => возле / рядом / около:

near the house / near the car

Временные предлоги

on => ставится с днями недели: on Sunday / on Monday;

с полными датами (когда есть число и месяц): on the first of May;

in => с веками: in the first century;

=> с годами: in 1992;

=> с названиями сезонов: in winter / in spring;

=> с названиями месяцев: in May / in December;  

=> с названиями частей суток, обязательно с определенным артиклем:

in the morning => утром;

in the afternoon => днем;

in the evening => вечером;

но:

at night => ночью

in => через какой-либо (любой) промежуток времени; в этом значении используется со сказуемым в Future :

I'll be back in five minutes. => Я вернусь через пять минут.  

Не will finish school in two years. => Он закончит школу через два года.

at => в; обозначает точное время:

at that moment => в тот момент;

at five minutes past ten => в пять минут одиннадцатого;

at a quarter to nine => без четверти девять

to => без; ставится с обозначением количества минут, оставшихся до того часа, к которому движется малая стрелка циферблата; используется только в тех случаях, когда речь идет о движении большой стрелки по левой половине циферблата:

It is five (minutes) to ten. => Сейчас без пяти десять.

когда большая стрелка движется по правой половине циферблата, используется past => после, и называется час, от которого ушла малая стрелка:

It was ten (minutes) past five. => Было десять минут шестого. (дословно: после пяти)

bу => к какому-либо (любому) моменту:

Не will come by ten o'clock. => Он придет к десяти часам.  

They will marry by the next year. => Они поженятся к следующему году.

She will finish / will have finished her work by his coming back. =>  

Она закончит свою работу к его возвращению.

for => в течение; ставится с обозначением промежутка времени; используется чаще, чем в течение в русском языке, где эти слова обычно опускаются:

She has been sleeping for six hours. =>  

Она спит шесть часов. = Она спит в течение шести часов.

Комментарий:

слово o'clock используется только тогда, когда время называется ровно в часах:

Сейчас пять часов. => It is five o'clock.  

Было десять часов. => It was ten o'clock.

и не ставится во множественном числе; слово hour => час может заменять слово o'clock, а также используется во всех других ситуациях с обозначением времени:

It is ten o'clock. = It is ten hours.  

They will be here in ten hours, (o'clock — нельзя) =>

Они будут здесь через десять часов.

from => с; обозначает начало промежутка времени: from the first of May, но в этом значении используется редко; чаще используется в сочетании from ... till (реже from ... to) => с ... до; обозначает начало и завершенность промежутка времени:

from 1917 till 1992.

about => около / приблизительно:

They will call us about seven (o'clock / hours). =>

Они позвонят нам часов в семь / приблизительно в семь часов / часов около семи.

after => после какого-либо (любого) промежутка времени или действия:

They will not be working after three o'clock. =>  

Они не будут работать после трех часов.

Не will come here after the meeting. =>  

Он приедет сюда после собрания.

after => через какой-либо промежуток времени; в этом значении используется со сказуемым в Past (сравните in выше):

After a few weeks she got married. =>

Через несколько недель она вышла замуж.

Примечание:

вместо предлога after в этом значении можно использовать наречие later => спустя:

A few weeks later she got married. =>

Через несколько недель она вышла замуж.

before => до / перед каким-либо (любым) промежутком времени или действием:

They had not been working before three o'clock. =>

До трех часов они не работали, (начали работать после трех)

John had called my sister before he went to the airport. =>

Перед тем, как отправиться в аэропорт, Джон позвонил моей сестре.

through => на протяжении всего промежутка времени:

Не can speak through hours. =>

Он может говорить часами.

Не can do it Monday through Friday. =>

Он может делать это начиная с понедельника и до пятницы.

over => свыше / более:

Не has been waiting here over an hour. => Он ждет здесь больше часа.

between => между:

Не will come between three (o'clock) and four (o'clock). =>

Он придет между тремя и четырьмя часами.

near => близко к:

She will come near eight (o'clock). =>

Она придет часов в восемь.

till / until => до:

She will wait till / until ten (o'clock). =>

Она будет ждать до десяти часов.

since => с / с тех пор, как; используется с формулой Perfect:

She has not been here since last year. =>  

Она не была здесь с прошлого года.

during => на протяжении всего промежутка времени:

They clean offices during summer. =>  

Летом / Все лето они убирают помещения.

during => во время (в какой-то момент указанного промежутка времени):

I don't want to call you during her sleep. =>  

Я не хочу звонить тебе, пока она спит.

Simple Past / Present Perfect

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"

B: I don't know. I (see, never)  that movie.

2. Sam (arrive)  in San Diego a week ago.

3. My best friend and I (know)  each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write)  ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.

5. I (have, not)  this much fun since I (be)  a kid.

6. Things (change)  a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start)  working here three years ago, the company (have, only)  six employees. Since then, we (expand)  to include more than 2000 full-time workers.

7. I (tell)  him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)  off into the forest and (be)  bitten by a snake.

8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss)  the bus this morning. You (be)  late to work too many times. You are fired!

9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never)  the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.

10. How sad! George (dream)  of going to California before he died, but he didn't make it. He (see, never)  the ocean.

11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become)  much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take)  two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be)  very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)  a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change)  since the last time I (see)  you. You (grow)  at least a foot!

13. This tree (be)  planted by the settlers who (found)  our city over four hundred years ago.

14. This mountain (be, never)  climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try)  to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) . The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die)  trying to reach the summit.

15. I (visit, never)  Africa, but I (travel)  to South America several times. The last time I (go)  to South America, I (visit)  Brazil and Peru. I (spend)  two weeks in the Amazon, (hike)  for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly)  over the Nazca Lines.

Simple Past / Present Perfect

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses

Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology (change)  a great deal. The first computers (be)  simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not)  much memory and they (be, not)  very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay)  thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do)  very little. Most computers (be)  separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.

Times (change) . Computers (become)  powerful machines with very practical applications. Programmers (create)  a large selection of useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, but today's games (become)  faster, more exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users (get, also)  on the Internet and (begin)  communicating with other computer users around the world. We (start)  to create international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of the past (evolve)  into an international World Wide Web of knowledge.

Too & Enough

Complete the sentences with the correct word

Q1 - There were ....... many questions to answer so I only did three

 too

 enough

Q2 - The coffee was .... to drink so I left it for a minute to cool

 hot enough

 too hot

Q3 - The room wasn't ....... so I turned the heating on

 hot enough

 too hot

Q4 - I didn't buy the jacket because it was ........

 big enough

 too big

Q5 - The shoes were ..... so I didn't buy them

 small enough

 too big

Q6 - It's far ....... to fit inside the bag

 too big

 small enough

Q7 - It was far ....... to pick up

 too heavy

 heavy enough

Q8 - I didn't get it because it was .......

 too expensive

 expensive enough

Q9 - I haven't got ....... to take a holiday this year

 too much time

 enough time

Q10 - It was ...... to carry

 heavy enough

 too heavy

Q11 - There wasn't ....... for everybody to get in

 enough room

 too much room

Q12 - He didn't do ........ to pass the exam

 too much work

 enough work

Q13 - There wasn't ....... to finish so I didn't manage to

 enough time

 too much time

Q14 - She can't sleep because she drinks ......... coffee

 enough

 too much

Q15 - I didn't know him ......., but I was still upset when he died

 too well

 good enough

Q16 - I left the job because I was making .......

 too little money

 too few money

Q17 - I put a scarf on because it was .......

 cold enough

 too cold

Q18 - This town isn't ....... for both of us

 big enough

 too big

Q19 - He isn't ....... to go back to work yet

 well enough

 too well

Q20 - I don't think the exam is ......... for me to have a good chance of passing

 easy enough

 too difficult

Q21 - This room isn't ........ for all the guests; we'll have to get a bigger one

 big enough

 too big

Q22 - She isn't ....... to start driving until next year

 too old

 old enough

Q23 - I haven't got ........ to pay the bill until I get my salary

 enough money

 too much money

Q24 - Everything was much ....... for us to get anything

 too expensive

 cheap enough

Q25 - He speaks far ....... for us to understand him unless we ask him to say it again

 quickly enough

 too quickly

Q26 - They haven't got .......... to buy it

 enough money

 too much money

Q27 - They took ....... on the first part and didn't finish the rest

 too much time

 enough time

Q28 - There's never ........ to do everything I would like to do

 too much time

 enough time

Q29 - The photograph didn't come out because it was ........

 dark enough

 too dark

Fill the gaps with enough or too.

1        I don't feel very well. I've eaten  __________ much.

2        Don't worry. We still have __________ time to get there before it closes.

3        She's __________ young to go to discos.

4        He's __________ young to vote, but old enough to go to war.

5        The disco is  __________ far to walk.

6        The film was rubbish. After 20 minutes I had had __________.

7        This town isn't big __________ for the two of us.

8        That's it. I've had __________. Leave the class immediately!

9        I had __________ much wine at the party and behaved rather badly.

10        If she doesn't get __________ sleep, she's bad tempered all day.

11        This recipe sounds easy __________ . I'll make it for lunch.

12        She's far __________ talkative. After 5 minutes I've got a headache.

13        Everyone got great marks in the exam. It wasn't difficult __________ .

14        This chicken's __________ small for five.

Food and Cooking                                                                        Grammar Test

1. Insert articles, some, апу, much, тапу, (а) lot, (а) little, (а) few where necessary.

1. What time is _______ lunch? 2.Do уоu usually drink _______ tea? 3 _______ people have to bе at work or other activities during _______ normal lunch hours. 4 Americans love to eat _______ peanut butter. 5 _______ hamburger is served on _______ round piece of bread called _______ bun. 6.То eat _______ sugar is not good for your health. 7. The peanut comes from _______ South America, but _______  peanut butter is _______ food that is truly "American". 8. I'm not hungry, I had______ big breakfast. 9. I've got to go to _______ market today, because we don't have _______ fruit and vegetables. 10. _______ evening mеаl is _______ biggest mеаl of _______ day. 11 _______ principal ingredient of _______ salad is _______lettuce. 12 _______ schools have cafeterias, but children prefer to bring _______ traditional "lunch bох" filled bу Mom. 13.There was _______ food in _______ refrigerator. It was nearly empty. 14 _______ morning's breakfast was great: _______ scrambled eggs, _______ bacon, _______ toast, and _______ orange juice. 15 _______ delis serve Jewish food. 16. _______ standard mеаl consists of _______ meat dish, _______ vegetable, and _______ potatoes, _______ rice, or _______  pasta. 17. I'vе eaten so _______ cookies that I'll never eat _______ cookie again. 18. There is _______ water in glass. It's not enough for me. 19 _______ рорсоrn at _______ movies is becoming more and more popular. 20 _______ people prefer _______ natural and organic foods to prepared foods sold in _______ supermarkets.

II Fill iп the blaпks with prepositioпs.

        1. There is nо dinner ______ home, let's dine ______ 2. Americans like to stop ______ coffee shops ______ coffee and pastry. 3. Lunch is а short break ______ the day's activities. 4. Many restaurants specialize ______ Chinese food. 5. In Russia women are ______ charge ______ preparing food, although men are taking а more active role _____ the kitchen. 6. What does your usual mеаl consist ______? 7. We serve wine ______ special occasions. 8.Americans continue the custom ______ eating popcorn _____ the movies. 9. I make simple salads _______ lettuce, tomatoes, oil and vinegar. 10. David puts salt and pepper ______ his soup ______ eating it. 11. Let's go _____ the bakery. 12. I need а carton  _____ milk and а large loaf _____ bread. 12 You should cut ______ ______ fried foods, your cholesterol level is out of control! 13. Don’t bug me, it’s my only chance to pig _____ before I go _____ a diet.

III.Complete the seпteпces with, the appropriate modal verb in the right form

1. It looks like rain. We _____ shut the windows. 2. Ann, _______ уоu hand mе that dish? Тhanks. 3. I returned а book to the library yesterday. It was two weeks overdue, so I _______ рау а fine of $1.40. 4  – _______I help уоu, sir?  – Yes, _______ уоu show mе the third watch from the left оn the top shelf? 5. – I don't know whether to turn left or right at the next intersection. – I think уоu _______ рull over and look at the mар. 6. – Andy _______teach his class tonight. – But hе _______ teach tonight! Не’ll be fired if he doesn't show up! 7. Everyone _______ work toward cleaning uр the environment. 8. – Does this pen belong to уоu? – No. It _______ bе Susan's. She was sitting at that desk. 9 . _______ уоu get the milk out of the refrigerator for mе? 10. I got my driver's license! Dad, _______ I borrow the car tonight? 11. Наvе уоu seen mу denim jacket? I _______  find it. 12. – What do уоu like most of all about your promotion? – I _______ get uр at 5:30 in the morning anymore. I _______ sleep until 7:00. 13. You're always too tense. It's not good for уоu. Уоu _______ learn to relax. 14. The baby is only а year old but she _______  already say а few words. 15. When I was younger, I _______ run ten miles without stopping. But now I_______ run more than а mile or two. 16. There was а long line in front of the theater. We _______ wait almost an hour to buy our tickets. 17. – I'd like to go to а warm, sunny place next winter. Any suggestions? – Уоu _______ go to Hawaii or Mexico. 18. – This is Steve's tape recorder, isn't it? – It _______ bе his. Не doesn't have а tape recorder. It _______ belong to Lucy or to Linda. They sometimes bring their tape recorders to class. 19. We _______ answer the phone. It _______ bе very important. 20. _______ you cash this check for mе? 21. When I was small, my Mom _______ always tell me stories before bedtime. 22. I tried to talk some sense into her, but she just _______ listen to reason! 23. Gentlemen, you ________ to read this chapter by tomorrow morning and deliver an oral report on its content. 24. She _______ to be ashamed of herself. Such outrageous behavior! 25. So, you didn’t find what you wanted? Wait, I _______ have something in the storage room.

IV. Give degrees of comparison for the following adjectives:

Tall, noisy, good, little, bad, amiable, expensive, brave, grey, hot, shy

Training / Diagnostic Grammar Test                                

1) Fill in the blanks with necessary articles where appropriate

___ Last Saturday was ____ day when everything went wrong. I wanted to go to ____ London to buy ____ book about ___ old churches. To start with I missed ____ 9:15 train and so had to take ____ longer route through Clapham Junction. Then, when I finally came to ____ London, I found that ____ specialist shop for ____ books on ____ architecture that I had planned to visit was closed. So, as ____ winter was coming closer, I decided to go buy ____ new coat for myself in one of ____ department stores in ____ Oxford Street. After I found and bought it, I had _____ quick lunch at _____ train station cafeteria and got on ____ 3 p.m. train home. After changing trains at Clapham Junction I was alarmed to find that _____ bag with my coat was missing. I took another train back only to learn that every _____ line there was closed because of _____ bomb scare. So I took _____ taxi to Clapham and when I came there I saw _____ lot of police standing around _____ object on _____ platform.  I saw immediately that it was my missing bag – and with horror realized that it was my stupid bag that had caused _____ bomb scare!

2) Change direct speech into indirect speech

1. “Do you ever watch ‘ER’ on TV?” asked Louis. 2) “I may cook myself some spaghetti and then rest for a while,” replied Laura. 3) “Mind your own business!” snapped Bob. 4) “They will probably never decide which car to buy,” added George. 5) “I have wanted to travel to Hawaii my entire life,” confessed Barbara. 6) “I can find the way to the Embassy myself,” Gene assured me. 7) “Does Phil know anything about mountain climbing?” Alice wondered. 8) “I am going to bake some chocolate chip cookies,” announces Lisa. 9) “Don’t be alarmed, ladies, it’s just a short blackout,” shouted the policeman. 10) “You have to do something about this relationship,” insisted Arthur.

3) Write the plural form of the following nouns

capital, college, diary, purse, half, railway, comedy, potato, nucleus, ray, son-in-law, uncle, thesis, volcano, chef, chief,  tooth, radio, passer-by, church, knife, ox, sportsman, curriculum, wife, sheep, fox, alumnus, phenomenon.

4) Insert the right form of the verb to be

1) _____ there any deer in the forest? 2) The scissors ______ totally dull. 3) Maths _____ my favorite subject. 4) The news _____ troubling. 5) The police ____ investigating the crime. 6)  The spaghetti today ____ simply delicious. 7) There ____ different means to solve this problem. 8)  Where _____ my money? 9) The United States ____ a great country. 10) The jeans ____ too long, and there ____ some sort of gunk in the pocket here.

5) Insert the correct form in either Active or Passive Voice

1) – Where is the old chicken coop? – It (to destroy) by a windstorm last year. 2) – We’re still looking for Thomas. – Oh, so he (to find) yet? 3) – Whatever happened to that fortune-teller? – I don’t know. She (to see) around here in a long time. 4) Diana is a wonderful ballet dancer. She (to dance) since she was four. 5) – Those eggs of different colors are very artistic. – Yes, they (to pain) in Russia. 6) What a beautiful dress you’re wearing! – Thanks! It (to make) especially for me by a French tailor. 7) Homer is in jail for smoking pot. – He (to tell) that it was against the law. 8) – The maintenance people didn’t remove the chairs from the ballroom. – Don’t worry. They (to remove) them before the dance begins. 9) Gold (to discover) in California in the 19th century. 10) It (to feel) that military spending is too high. 11) All planes (to check) before departure. 12) Katherine (to eat) at Bob’s house every night this week. 13) – Are the documents ready? – Not yet, but they (to type) right now, as we speak. 14) When I came in, the decision (to make) already. 15) Please, don’t worry. All the letters (to send out) by 5 p.m. tomorrow.

6) Insert correct prepositions

1)  I usually prefer black tea _____ herbal tea. 2) Thanks! I’m really grateful ____ your help. 3) I am fond ____ chocolate, but I just went ____ a low fat diet, so I can’t have any. 4) I am not interested ____ listening to this nonsense. 5) I have always dreamed ____ traveling to Paris one day. 6) I expect the project to be completed _____ Wednesday. 7) I think soccer is a good alternative ____ playing football. 8) Halloween? It’s ____ October. 9) I usually have my lunch break _____ noon. 10) Valentine’s Day is celebrated ____ February 14. 11) Do you believe ____ flying saucers? 12) A milk shake consists ____ ice cream and milk. 13) A jack is used ____ changing a flat tire. 14) She insisted ____ coming with us, sorry. 15) I am not going _____ a date tonight; there is something wrong _____ my stomach. 16) Mozart wrote his first symphony ____ the age of 3 or 4. 17) Pilgrims came to America ____ 1620. 18) I am going to visit Mom ____ the weekend. 19) We’re too busy ____ the moment, try again ___ a week. 20) Sit down, I’ll be back ____ a moment.

7) Choose the correct form of the degrees of comparison

1) I am not sure who’s got (much) on his mind, Sam or Scott. 2) You’re much (good) at drawing than I am. 3)  This is (bad) nightmare of my life! 4) They say, there is (little) chance for a person to be killed by terrorists that for a woman over forty to find a husband. 5) You have to find someone (intelligent) for this kind of work. 6) She is (adorable) creature I have ever seen! 7) Martin is probably (shy) student in the class. 8) I have never been (happy) in my life! 9) It was (gray) time of the whole human history. 10) You couldn’t get any (fat) if you tried with both hands!

8) Choose the correct form:

1) I am (used to /used to) living alone. 2) I will never (marry/get married) Tom. 3) He (hasn’t got /has no) a single penny to his name. 4) He (used to / was used to) watch kids play in the back yard. 4) Oh yes, she (is married / married / will marry) to Brian, poor soul! 5) (There are / there is) a lot of snow on the ground this year. 6) We (are having / have / have got) dinner, but won’t you come in! 7) It seems like (there is / there are) a lot of nice cars in this dealership. 8) I (will have / am having) apple pie a la mode, please! 9) She (has no / doesn’t have) clue about what to do next. 10) Normally we (have / have got) lunch at 1 p.m. 11) I (am not having / don’t have / haven’t got) this discussion now!  12) They (don’t  have / aren’t having / won’t have/ haven’t had) their keys with them, I am afraid. 13) We (have got / are having /will have) some money for you next week. 14)

9) Use modal verbs in appropriate forms (can, may, must, to have to, to be to, ought to, should, need, will/would)

1) You _________ to pay a fine if you’re caught speeding.  2) People ___________ kill other people. 3) I am afraid I _____________ to help you next week, since I will be away. 4) You ____________ think such horrible things about your own brother! 5) _______ I trouble you for some water, please? 6) You __________ watch the fish but you ____________ touch or feed them. 7) My little sister _______ do 50 push-ups. 8) It’s getting late, we _________ be getting back. 9) I have invited her three times already, but she is too stubborn, she ________ come! 10) You _________ not be embarrassed. I won’t tell a soul. 11) _______ we really say good bye? It’s so cruel! 12) Officer Thornton ______ to report back to duty at 11:00 tomorrow. 13) We ________ have something for you, let me check. 14) She told me I _______________ come back in an hour. 15) During long winter evenings Grandpa _______  tell me lots of stories.

10) Choose the correct answer.

1) Мау I speak to Dr. Paine, please? – I’m sorry, he ___________ а patient at the moment. Саn I help уоu?

а. is seeing         b. sees         с. has bееn seeing         d. was seeing

2) When are уоu going to ask your boss for а raise? – ___________ to her twice already! I don’t think she wants to give mе оnе.

а. I’d talked         b. I’ve bееn talking         с. I was talking         d. I’ve talked

3) Do уоu think Harry will want something to eat after he gets here? – I hope not. It’ll probably be after midnight, and we ___________

а. аге sleeping         b. will bе sleeping         с. have been sleeping         d. bе sleeping

4) Paul, could уоu please turn off the stove? The soup ___________ for at least thirty minutes.

а. is boiling         b. boiling         с. has been boiling         d. was boiling

5) Is it true that spaghetti didn’t originate in ltaly? – Yes. The Chinese ___________ spaghetti dishes for а long time before Marco Роlo brought this type of pasta back to Italy.

а. have been making         b. have made         с. had bееn making         d. make

6) – I оnсе saw а turtle that had wings. – Stop it, I ___________ уоu!

а. don't believe         b. am not believing         с. didn't believe                 d. wasn't believing

7) .The little girl started to cry. She __________ her doll, and nо оnе was able to find it for her.

а. has lost         b. had lost         с. was losing         d. was lost

8) – Could someone help mе lift the lawnmower intо the pickup truck? – I’m nоt busy. I __________  уоu.

а. help                 b. will have hеlрed         с. аm going to hеlр         d. am helping

9).After ten unhарру years, Janice finally quit her job. She __________ along with her boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for а new position.

а. hadn't bееn getting         b. isn't getting         с. didn't get         d. wasn’t getting          e) hasn’t gotten

10) According to геsеагсh reports, people usually __________ in their sleep 25 to 30 times еасh night.

а. are turning                 b. turn                с. have turned         d. turned        

11) When the hurricane __________ the coast tomorrow afternoon, it will bring a great destructive force with it.

а. reached                 b. will reach         с. is reaching         d. reaches

12) Janet ______ for the FBI until last spring.

а. had worked         b. worked        с. was working         d. has worked

13.) The Age of Dinosaurs ______ much longer that the present Age of Mammals has lasted to date.

а. lasted                 b. was lasting                 с. has lasted         d. had lasted

14) Jim, why don't уоu take some time off? Уоu ______ too hard lately. Take а short vacation.

а. worked         b. work                c. were working                 d. have bееn working

15) It's against the law to kill the black rhinoceros. They ______  extinct.

а. beсаmе         b. have bесоmе                 c. are becoming        d. bесоmе

Tenses Revision

1. Choose the correct answer:

1. Hurry up! We’re waiting for you. What’s taking you so long? – I _______ for an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me.

a. wait   b. will wait   c. am waiting   d. have waited

2. Robert is going to be famous someday. He _____ in three movies already.

a. has been appearing   b. had appeared   c. has appeared   d. appeared

3. Where’s Polly? – She ____.

a. is in her room studying   b. in her room is studying   c. studies in her room   d. has in her room studied

4. Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you? – Jeff? What a coincidence! I _____ about you when the phone rang.

a. was just thinking   b. just thought   c. have just been thinking   d. was just thought

5. What ____ about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing that the old one.

a. are you thinking   b. do you think   c. have you thought   d. have you been thinking

6. When is Mr. Fields planning to retire? – Soon, I think. He ___ here for a long time. He’ll probably retire either next year or the year after that.

a. worked   b. had been working   c. has been working   d. is working

7. Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate? – I ___ a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.

a. make   b. will make   c. am going to make   d. will have made

8. Let’s go! What’s taking you so long? – I’ll be there as soon as I ___ my keys.

a. found    b. will find   c. find   d. am finding

9. Next week when there ______ a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher.

a. is being   b. is   c. will be   d. will have been

10. While I _____ TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.

a. watch   b. watched   c. was watching   d. am watching

11. Fish were among the eariest forms of life. Fish ____ on earth for ages and ages.

a. existed   b. are existing   c. exist   d. have existed

12. The phone ___ constantly since Jack anounced his candidacy for president this morning.

a. has been ringing   b. rang   c. had rung   had been ringing

13. The earth ___ on the sun for its heat and light.

a. is depend   b. depending   c. has depend   depends

14. I don’t feel good. I __ home from work tomorrow.

a. am staying    b. stay    c. will have stayed    d. stayed

15. Today there are weather satellites that beam down information about the earth’s atmosphere. In the last two decades, space exploration __ great contributions to weather forecasting.

a. is making   b. has made   c. made   d. makes

16. On July 20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong __ down onto the moon, the first person ever to set foot on another celestial body.

a. was stepping    b. stepped   c. has stepped    d. was step

17. The plane’s departure was delayed because of mechanical difficulties. When the weary passengers finally boarded the aircraft, many were annoyed and irritable because they _____ in the airport for three and a half hours.

a. are waiting   b. were waiting   c. have been waiting   d. had been waiting

18. If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beach ___ anymore.

a. doesn’t exist   b. isn’t going to exist   c. isn’t existing   won’t be existing

19. Homestead High School’s football team _____ a championship until last season, when the new coach led them to take first place in their league.

a. has never won   b. is never winning   c. had never been winning   d. had never won

20. Many years of intensive language study are required for non-native speakers to be able to qualify as interpreters. By the end of this year, Chen ____ English for three years, but he will still need more training and experience before he masters the language.

a. will be studying   b. has studied   c. will have been studying   d. has been studying

II. Translate into English

1. Сколько дней вы уже читаете эту книгу? 2. Только когда она была уже в поезде, она вспомнила, что оставила книгу дома. 3. Они живут в это доме уже пять лет. 4. Моя сестра была больна уже несколько дней, когда я узнала об этом. 5. Ты знал, что он не написал сочинение? 6. Мы не получаем от нее писем уже несколько месяцев. 7. Сколько лет вы уже работаете на этом заводе? 8. Он уже ушел, когда Лена включила радио. 9. Я работаю над этой проблемой уже три месяца. 10. К счастью, дождь уже перестал, когда мы вышли. 11. Сколько лет вы работаете в этой школе? 12. В одиннадцать часов мы еще работали. 13. В одиннадцать часов мы уже работали три часа. 14. Я уже три раза говорил тебе, что надо переписать упражнение. 15. Я уже целый час читал после обеда, когда пришел папа. 16. Я не приду. Я буду писать сочинение весь вечер. 17. Где ты был с прошлой пятницы? 18. Я уже две недели живу у друзей. 19. Я уже две недели жил у друзей, когда получил письмо. 20. Вы должны отдохнуть. Вы слишком много работали сегодня. 21. Он был счастлив: он написал отличное сочинение. 22. Я ищу тебя весь вечер. 23. Я вдруг вспомнил, что ничего не ел с утра.

Training Grammar Test

A. Use little / a little; few / a few; many / much. 

1. I don’t have ________ books in English, I only have ________.

2. There is too ________ milk for the whole family. We need to get _________ more.

3. Every day Max goes to his mailbox but it’s usually empty. He gets very ________ mail. Last week though he got _______ letters.

4. You have too _________ sugar in your tea. Two spoonfuls would be enough.

5. I have not finished my work. I need __________ more time. Maybe _______ more minutes.

6. __________ days ago I met a very interesting person. We didn’t spend very ________ time together, only _______ minutes, but we had _______ to talk about.

B. Use Appropriate Degrees of Comparison of the Adjectives in brackets.

1. Martha made too many mistakes in her paper. Her work was ___________________ (плохой) in our class.

2. He is _______________________ (интересный) person I’ve ever met.

3. I can’t go any ______________ (далёкий). Why have you chosen _______________ (далёкий) way?

4. Today is much _____________ (тёплый) than yesterday. It may be ______________ (жаркий) day of the summer.

5. You are _______________ (хороший) friend! I don’t know anyone ___________________ (щедрый).

6. Everything is much _______________ (простой) than you think. The situation is _______________ (серьёзный), than we thought.

C. Use any (-body, -thing, -one); no (-body, -thing, one); none, some (-body, -thing, -one) in appropriate places.

1. ___________ can learn to use this computer. It’s very easy.

2. I didn’t see ______________ of my friends there. ________ of them came to the game.

3. Do you want to say _______________ to him? He is very angry. He doesn’t want to hear ______________ from ________________.

4. There’s _______________ at the door. Go, have a look who it is, but don’t open to ____________ you don’t know.

5. I’ve got ___________ problems, but they’re _________ more difficult than ____________ else’s. I’ll be OK. But if _________ of you would like to help me, I’d be grateful.

6. The room was empty, _________ was there. I looked around and saw ________ books on the table. _______________ must have forgotten them.

D. Insert correct articles  where necessary

My husband and I recently moved to _______ new city. _____ city was small but quite nice. We were going to live there only for _____ short time, so we rented  ____ apartment with _____ furniture, because we didn’t want to bring ___ furniture that we had in our old place. ____ apartment is in ____ good location, in the middle of ____ Franklin Road, near _____ Barklay Bank, right between ____ Coliseum movie-theater and ____ Olive Garden restaurant but this is the only good thing I can say about it. Only one burner on ____ stove works, ____ refrigerator is noisy, ____ bed creaks all the time, the rest of ____ furniture is old too. Last night I saw ____ roach in _____ kitchen. I won’t be surprised if I see _____ mice too. So we may need to look for ____ another apartment soon.

E. Complete the following:

I firmly believe that...                                It is my theory that...

It has been said that...                                It is my impression that...

It seems to me that...

F. Give the plural form of these words

Dish, studio, self, priest, radius, louse, soup, table, hero, cop, donkey, class, ticket, Monday, plate, phenomenon, pill, marsh, crisis, stray, revolution, notch,  chef, problem, spike, verse, story, bee, swab, ABC, mischief, Xerox, copy, appendix, ox, quiz, place, tooth, chief, taxi, supply.

G Translate the following sentences, using the right forms of plurals and possessives.

1. Книга «Дневник Бриджет Джонс» (Bridget Jones) стала бестселлером не только в Британии, но и в других странах.
2. Сейчас многие университеты и колледжи пересматривают (to review) свои учебные планы.
3. Жена моего босса прекрасно готовит пироги и торты.
4. – Где ключи моего секретаря? – По-моему, они в сейфе (a safe) миссис Китс.
5. Выпускники привели своих детей на встречу с ректором университета.
6. Первые полёты в космос (a space flight) Гагарина и Титова прошли успешно.
7. Брак Брэда Питта и Дженнифер Анистон распался (to break down) около года назад.
8. Одно из самых известных стихотворений Бернса посвящено горам Шотландии.
9. Почему-то друзья моих родителей всегда дают мне целую кучу советов.
10. Лица прохожих (a passer-by) казались мне удивительно знакомыми.

Определенный артикль в английском языке употребляется с географическими названиями, которые обозначают:

Стороны света (cardinal points): 
the North (Север)
the South (Юг)
the East (Восток)
the West (Запад)
Но учтите, что если вы обозначаете направление, определенный артикль c географическим названием не нужен.

Полюса, полушария (poles, hemispheres): 
the North Pole (Северный полюс)
the South Pole (Южный полюс)
the Western Hemisphere (Западное полушарие)
the Eastern Hemisphere (восточное полушарие)
the Arctic (Арктика)
the Antarctic (Антарктика)

Регионы (regions): 
the Far East (Дальний Восток)
the north of Canada (север Канады)
the Middle East (Ближний Восток)
the Highlands (северо-запад Шотландии)
the south of England (юг Англии)
the Crimea (Крым)
the Caucasus (Кавказ)

Страны, названия которых представляют собой существительные во множественном числе (countries): 
the Philippines (Филиппины)
the Netherlands (Нидерланды)
the United States of America (США)
the Baltic States (Прибалтика)

Страны, в названии которых присутствуют слова – kingdom (королевство), republic (республика), union (союз), federation (федерация): 
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Объединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии)
the Kingdom of Denmark (Королевство Дании)
the United Arab Emirates (Объединенные Арабские Эмираты)
the Republic of Cuba (Республика Куба)
the German Federal Republic (Германская федеративная республика)
the Russian Federation (Российская Федерация)
the Czech Republic (Чешская Республика)
the People’s Republic of China (Китайская Народная Республика)

Океаны (oceans), проливы (straits), моря (seas), реки (rivers), каналы (canals / channels), водопады (waterfalls), течения (currents): 
the Atlantic Ocean (Атлантический океан)
the Pacific Ocean (Тихий океан)
the Indian Ocean (Индийский океан)
the Black Sea (Черное море)
the Dead Sea (Мертвое море)
the Red Sea (Красное море)
the Thames (Темза)
the Volga (Волга)
the Don (Дон)
the Suez Canal (Суэцкий канал)
the Victoria Fall (водопад Виктория)
the Niagara Fall (Ниагарский водопад)
the Strait of Magellan (Магелланов пролив)
the Bosporus (пролив Босфор)
the Bering Strait (Берингов пролив)
the English Channel (Ла-Манш)
the Panama Canal (Панамский канал)
the Strait of Dover (Дуврский пролив / Па-де-Кале)
the Strait of Gibraltar (Гибралтарский пролив)
the Amazon (Амазонка)
the Nile (Нил)
the Gulf Stream (Течение Гольфстрим)
the Sea of Japan (Японское море)

Полуострова (peninsulas), мысы (capes): 
the Indochinese Peninsula (полуостров Индокитай)
the Balkan Peninsula (Балканский полуостров)
the Iberian Peninsula (Пиренейский полуостров)
the Cape of Good Hope (Мыс Доброй Надежды)
Но:
Cape Horn (мыс Горн)
Cape Chelyuskin (мыс Челюскин)
Группы озер (groups of lakes): 
the Great Lakes (Великие озера)
the Seliger (Селигер)
the Great Salt Lake (Большое соленое озеро)

Но если рядом с названием озера используется слово lake, определенный артикль с географическим названием здесь не нужен:
Lake Baikal (Озеро Байкал)
Lake Ontario (Озеро Онтарио)
Lake Geneva (Женевское озеро)

Группы островов (groups of islands): 
the Virgin Islands (Виргинские острова)
the Canaries (Канары)
the British Isles (Британские острова)
the Bahamas (Багамы)
the Azores (Азорские острова)
the Falkland Islands (Фолклендские острова)

Горные массивы (chains of mountains), холмы (hills): 
the Black Hills (Черные холмы)
the Apennines (Апеннины)
the Rocky Mountains (Скалистые горы)
the Andes (Анды)
the Urals (Уральские горы)
the Alps (Альпы)
the Himalayas (Гималаи)
Но:
Capitol Hill (Капитолийский Холм)
Равнины (plains), долины (valleys), пустыни (deserts): 
the Great Plains (плато Великие равнины)
the Mississippi Valley (долина Миссисипи)
the Sahara Desert (пустыня Сахара)
the Kara-Kum (пустыня Каракумы)
the Kalahari Desert (Калахари)
the Arabian Desert (Аравийская пустыня)

Исключения:
Death Valley (Долина смерти)
Silicon Valley (Кремниевая долина)
Заливы (gulfs / bays). Определенный артикль употребляется в конструкции с предлогом of. Если ее нет, артикль не нужен: 
the Gulf of Mexico (Мексиканский залив)
the Gulf of Finland (Финский залив)
the Gulf of Aden (Аденский залив)
the Bay of Bengal (Бенгальский залив)

Но:
Persian Gulf (Персидский залив)
Hudson Bay (Гудзонский залив)
San Francisco Bay (Залив Сан-Франциско)

Глагол «DOo» - "делать" употребляется в широком смысле для обозначения самой широкой деятельности:

«do a crossword – разгадывать кроссворд
Показать полностью..