Методическая разработка АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК: ОСНОВНОЙ КУРС ( все профессии)
методическая разработка по теме

                                                                                                                     ГБОУ СПО КТСТ

                                                          Методическая разработка

                                        АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК: ОСНОВНОЙ КУРС

                                  ( все специальности)

                                                                                                                                              Составитель: Лебедева О.В.        

                                                                                                                  Ковров, 2013г.

              ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Данная методическая разработка предназначена

для обучающихся всех профессий и включает в себя  разговорные темы, предусмотренные программой курса и тексты для внеаудиторного чтения, а также для работы на практических занятиях и контрольные работы.

 РАЗГОВОРЫЕ ТЕМЫ

I. GREETINGS, ACQUAINTANCE AND SAYING GOOD-BYE (Приветствие, знакомство и прощание)

TOPICAL VOCABULARY:

1. How do you do? - Здравствуйте!
2. Hello! Hallo! Hi! - Привет!
3. Good morning! - Доброе утро!
4. Good afternoon! -Добрый день!
5. Good evening! - Добрый вечер!
6. How are you? - Как дела?
7. How is life? - Как жизнь?
8. How is business? - Как дела? Как жизнь?
9. How is everybody at home? - Как твои домашние?
10. I am glad to see you! - Рад видеть тебя!
11. Nice meeting you! - Рад видеть тебя!
12. Pleased to know you! - Рад познакомиться!
13. Let me introduce myself to you- Разрешите представиться
14. Let me introduce ... - Разрешите представить...
15. Meet my friend (my brother) - Познакомьтесь с моим другом (братом)
16. I'd like to meet... -Я бы хотел(а) познакомиться...
17. I'd like you to meet... - Хочу познакомить Вас с ...
18. Good-bye! Bye-bye!-До свидания!
19. See you again! - До скорого свидания!

20.        See you later! - До скорой встречи!

21. See you soon! - Пока!
22. All the best! - Всего наилучшего!
23. See you tomorrow! - До завтра!

REPLIES:

1. Fine, thanks — Хорошо, спасибо!
2. I'm all right, thank you — Хорошо, спасибо!
3. Not bad. Not too well - Неплохо.
4. Very much the same — Так же.
5. No complaints - He жалуюсь.
6. Life is going its usual way — Жизнь идет обычно.
7. Very well, thanks - Очень хорошо (отлично), спасибо.
8. So-so - Так себе.

3.  -

4.   -

5.   -

6.   -

Прочитайте и переведите следующие диалоги:

1.        -        Good morning, Mike!

• Good morning, Bob!
• How are you?
• Fine. Thanks. How are you?
• Very much the same. Thank you.

2.        - Good afternoon, Miss Bright!

• Good afternoon, Mr. Black!
• How is life!
• No complaints. Thank you. And how are you?
• Life is going its usual way. Thanks.

3.        -        Good evening, Mrs. Smith!

• Good evening, Mr. Green!
• How is business?
• Thanks, not bad! How are you getting on?
• I am doing fine. Thank you.
• Glad to hear it.

4.        -        Hi, Susan! Nice meeting you!

• Hi, Carol! Glad to see you too!
• How is everybody at home?
• All right, thanks. How's Jack getting on?
• He's fine, thanks.
• All the best! See you later!
• See you soon!

5.        -        Let me introduce myself to you. I am George Flake.

• How do you do, Mr. Flake. Pleased to know you. How are you?
• Life is going its usual way, thank you.
• Glad to hear it.

6.        -        Hello, Mary.

• Hi, Tom! How are you?
• Fine, thanks. And you?

• Not bad - but my daughter's not well today.
  Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

7.  -        Hi, Dan! Meet my friend Bob!

• Hello, Bob! Nice meeting you! How are you?
• Fine, thanks. I'm glad to know you too. How are you?
• Very well, thanks. It's a nice day today, isn't it?
• Yes, it is. Let's go to the park!
• With pleasure.

Переведите следующие диалоги на английский язык:

1.  -        Здравствуйте! Как дела?

• Спасибо, хорошо. А как у тебя?
• Жизнь идет по-старому. Я поступил в институт.
• Рад слышать. Желаю удачи!

2.  -

Привет! Познакомься с моим другом Петей. Здравствуйте! Рада с Вами познакомиться. Как поживаете? Неплохо, спасибо. А как Вы? Спасибо, не жалуюсь.

Доброе утро! Как у Вас дела?

Все так же. Очень много работы. А как Вы поживаете?

У нас все идет по-старому. До встречи!

Пока. Желаю удачи!

Привет! Какой приятный сюрприз*.

Привет! Мир тесен**!

Как поживаешь?

Так себе, а ты?

Очень хорошо. Я женился.

О, поздравляю! Желаю удачи.

Разрешите представиться? Я...

Очень приятно познакомиться. Как у Вас дела? Чем Вы занимаетесь?

Неплохо, спасибо. Я — врач, работаю в больнице. А Вы? Я работаю экономистом в одной из фирм города.

Разрешите представить Вам одного из моих друзей— мистера Смита.

Здравствуйте, мистер Смит! Очень приятно с вами познакомиться.

Это Джеймс Ричардсон — наш новый директор. Здравствуйте, рад встретиться с вами, мистер Ричардсон.

7.   -    Послушайте, кто этот молодой человек в черных очках? Вы его

знаете?

-    Да, конечно. Это наш новый инженер. Давай я познакомлю вас. Спасибо. С удовольствием.

*    What a pleasant surprise!- Какой приятный сюрприз! **  This is a small world! - Мир тесен!

 MY FAMILY AND MYSELF (О себе и своей семье)

TOPICAL VOCABULARY:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

relative - родственник

parents — родители

grandparents - дедушка и бабушка

sister — сестра

brother - брат

cousin - двоюродный брат/сестра

uncle - дядя

aunt - тётя

niece — племянница

nephew - племянник

wife — жена

husband - муж

daughter-дочь

son - сын

mother-in-law — тёща/свекровь

father-in-law - тесть/свёкор

an engineer — инженер

a worker — рабочий

a doctor - врач

a businessman - бизнесмен

an accountant - бухгалтер

a housewife - домохозяйка

to be born - родиться

to study - учиться

25. to consist of- состоять (из)
26. to enter — поступать (в учебное заведение)
27. to finish (to leave) - оканчивать (среднюю школу)
28. to be busy - быть занятым
29. to be married - быть женатым/замужем
30. to get married - выйти замуж/жениться
31. to get retired (on) - уйти (на пенсию)
32. to keep house - вести домашнее хозяйство
33. to live —жить
34. to be ... years old - быть в возрасте .. .лет
35. to have a family of one's own - иметь свою семью
36. native town — родной город
37. old/older/elder—старый/старше/старший
38. young/younger-молодой/младше, младший
39. secondary school - средняя школа
40. to be fond of- увлекаться, нравиться
41. to be interested in -интересоваться

MY FAMILY AND MYSELF

My family is not large. I have a father, a mother and a younger sister. We all live together in Novosibirsk.

My father is 45 years old. He works as a doctor at a hospital. My mother is a teacher of music and plays the piano well. She is a busy woman. My sister's name is Kate. She is three years younger than me. She goes to school.

And my name is Tanya. I was born in Novosibirsk in 1983. Now I am 20. My birthday is on the 26-th of May. I'm not married. Now I am a first-year student of the Novosibirsk State Water Transport Academy. I'd like to become an economist.

I am fond of reading detective stories. I am interested in music, sport and travelling.

Our family is friendly. We often come to see our grandparents who are pensioners. I also have many other relatives: uncles, aunts, cousins. We are happy when we are together.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What is your name?
2. How old are you?
3. Where were you born?
4. When were you born?
5. What are you? What do you do?

6.   Is Novosibirsk your native town?

7.  Is your father a worker?

1. What is his job?
2. Where do your parents live?
3. What does your mother do?
4. What is your sister?
5. How old is your brother/sister?
6. Is he/she younger or older than you?
7. Have you got a brother?
8. What is his name?
9. Are you married?
10. What is your husband/wife?
11. Have you got a son or a daughter?
12. Do you have any friends?
13. Where do your grandparents live?
14. Do you have a family of your own or live with your parents?
15. Where do you study?
16. Have you got any other relatives?
17. What is your hobby?
18. What is your favourite occupation?
19. What are you fond of?
20. Is your family friendly?

Заполните пропуски в данных предложениях:

Let me introduce myself.

My name is ...

My surname or last name is ...

I was born on the ... (date) of... (month) in... (town/city).

Now I am ... years old.

Now I am a first-year student of...

I work as a (an).. .(profession) at...

I am from ...

I am very interested in ...

I am fond of...

My favourite hobby is ...

I finished school ... and entered ...

I would like to tell you about my family. I have a family of my own.

I am married. My wife 's/husband 's name is ...

She/Не is a (an)...

She/Не is ... years old.

Не/She is ... years older/younger than me.

We have a child. His/Her name is ... Не/She is ...

Не/She goes to the kinder-garden/school.

I also have parents and a sister/brother.

They live in...

My family is very ...

Тексты для чтения

ГУ. RUSSIA (THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

TOPICAL VOCABULARY:

1. total area - общая площадь
2. square — квадратный
3. to cover - занимать (площадь)
4. to wash - омывать
5. to border - граничить с
6. river - река
7. lake-озеро .
8. mountain – гора
9. vast plain - обширная равнина

9. mineral resources - полезные ископаемые
10. various - различный
11. temperate climate — умеренный климат
12. legislative powers - законодательные полномочия
13. to exercise - осуществлять, выполнять

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. Russia borders on 14 countries.

The population of Russia is about 150 million people. The capital of Russia is Moscow, its political, administrative, cultural and scientific center.

Russia is a land of long rivers and deep lakes. The Europe's biggest river is the Volga. The world's deepest lake is Lake Baikal. There are high mountains (the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai) and vast plains, forests and steppes.

Russia is very rich in mineral resources: oil, coal, natural gas, iron ore and others. On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate. But most part of the country has temperate continental climate.

The Russian Federation is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Where is Russia situated?
2. What is the total area of the country?
3. What is the climate like in Russia?
4. What is the country washed by?
5. What mineral resources is the Russian Federation rich in?
6. What is the longest river in Europe?
7. How many countries does Russia border on?
8. Who is the head of the country?
9. Who is the President of Russia today?
10. What do you know about Lake Baikal?

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ И ПЕРЕВОДА

Text I: «THE UNITED KINGDOM»

The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is an island nation and constitutional monarchy in north-western Europe, member of the European Union (EU).

Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles. It comprises, together with numerous smaller islands, England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland.

The United Kingdom is bordered to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe, to the east by the North Sea, and to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The only land border is between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242 sq km. The capital and largest city is London.

The names «United Kingdom», «Great Britain», and «England» are often used interchangeably. The use of «Great Britain», often shortened to «Britain», to describe the whole kingdom is common and widely accepted, although strictly it does not include Northern Ireland.

However, the use of «England» to mean the «United Kingdom» is not acceptable to members of the other constituent countries, especially the Scots and the Welsh.

England and Wales were united administratively, politically, and legally by 1543. The crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603, but the two countries remained separate political entities until the 1707 Act of Union, which formed the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single legislature. From 1801, when Great Britain and Ireland were united, until the formal establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the kingdom was officially named the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Hong Kong, which has 200,000 population, was returned to China in 1997.

The mainland of the island of Great Britain is 974 km at its longest and 531 km at its widest; however, the highly indented nature of the island's coastline means that nowhere is more than about 120 km from the sea.

The climate of the United Kingdom is mild relative to its latitude, which is the same as that of Labrador in Canada. The mildness is an effect of the warm Gulf Stream. This current brings the prevailing south-west winds that moderate winter temperatures and bring the depressions which have the main day-to-day influence on the weather. The western side of the United Kingdom tends to be warmer than

the eastern; the south is warmer than the north. The mean annual temperature is 6 °C in the far north of Scotland; 11 °C in the south-west of England. Winter temperatures seldom are below -10 С and summer temperatures rarely higher than 32 °C. The sea winds also bring plenty of moisture; average annual precipitation is more than 1,000 mm.

Rain tends to fall throughout the year, frequently turning to snow in the winter, especially in Scotland, the mountains of Wales, and northern England. The western side of Britain is much wetter than the eastern: average rainfall varies is from 5,000 mm in the western Highlands of Scotland, to less than 500 mm in parts of East Anglia in England.

The population of United Kingdom is more than 56 mln people, but it is one of the world's leading commercial and industrialized nations. In terms of gross national product (GNP) it ranks fifth in the world, with Italy, after the United Japan, Germany, and France.

Text 2: «HISTORY OF LONDON»

The Romans were the first to settle and occupy the Celtic fortress of Londinium. Construction of a bridge in 100 A.D. made London an important junction: it soon became a busy commercial and administrative settlement, and in the 2nd century A.D. a wall was built round the city.

The Roman Empire fell in the 5th century. London have maintained its trading activity. In the 9th century Danish invaders destroyed much of the city. They were followed by the Saxons led by King Alfred the Great, who entered the city in 8 86. The Danes remained a powerful force in England, however, and it was not until the reign of Edward the Confessor, which began in 1042, that civic stability was re-established, to be cemented by the Norman Conquest in 1066.

William the Conqueror centred his power at the Tower of London, and his White Tower is still the heart of this impressive monument.

The City soon united its economic power with political independence. Late in the 12th century it elected its own Lord Mayor. From 1351 it elected its own council, and by the end of the 14th century the reigning sovereign could not enter the City without permission.

In the reign of Elizabeth I had the arts a renaissance with such great dramatists as Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Ben Jonson.

In 1665, London had been devastated first by the Great Plague, and then by the Fire of London, which destroyed most of the city the following year. During the reconstruction of the city, following the original street pattern, the architect Sir

Christopher Wren was given responsibility for the design of a number of State-funded buildings, including St. Paul's Cathedral.

The western part of London was developed under the Hanoverian Kings: great squares were laid out such as those of Grosvenor, Cavendish, Berkeley, and Hanover, and more bridges were built across the river. Public services were improved, such as the water supply and sewerage systems, and the streets were paved.

In the 19th century London's population began to rise still more rapidly: it increased sixfold over the century as a whole, thanks to influx from all over the British Isles, from Britain's colonies, and from continental Europe. The Industrial Revolution was creating huge numbers of jobs, but never enough to satisfy the hopes of all the poor people who came to the capital. The novels of Charles Dickens tell us about the social problems of that period.

The First World War had little effect on London, but the Depression that followed in the late 1920s and early 1930s hit the whole country, including the capital. There were hunger marches and riots. London was to pay far more dearly during World War II. The intensive bombing of London (The Blitz) in 1940-1941 took the lives of 10,000 people and left 17,000 injured. Countless historic buildings were damaged, including the Houses of Parliament.

After the war London was to re-emerge as a radically different city. The docks had been so severely damaged that reconstruction, a very expensive process, was not reasonable. By the end of the 1950s most of the war damage had been repaired. New skyscrapers were built, outdoing each other in height and spectacular design. The 30-storey Post Office Tower was built in 1965. It is 189 m high. Other significant post-war developments include the 183 m National Westminster Bank Building (1979); and Britain's highest building, the 244 m Canary Wharf Tower on the Docklands site, near to a new City airport.

Text 3: «HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK»

Education after 16 is voluntary in United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Funding for education and research is provided by funding councils set up by Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnics and some other higher education establishments were given the right to become

universities. By the end of 1994, there were some 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

Many of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and video cassettes, supported by local study centres and summer schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1.4 million students in full or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grants to cover tuition fees and living costs.

The size of the grant is determined by parents income. Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

Text 4: «THE UNITED STATES Of AMERICA»

The United States of America is the 4th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the central part of the North American continent.

The United States of America is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states including the states of Alaska and Hawaii. Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands.

The northern boundary is partly formed by the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence River; the southern boundary is partly formed by the Rio Grande. United States also has a sea-border with Russia.

The total area of the United States (including the District of Columbia) is about 9,809,000 sq km.

The country is washed by 3 oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes, with the Great Lakes included. There are also many rivers on the US territory. The longest of them are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia, the Rio Grande and some others. On the US territory there are mountains and lowlands. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the

Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak, Mount McKinley, is located in Alaska.

The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.

The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio-engineering and others.

Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations. The country population is over 250 mln. The national symbol of the USA is its national flag «Stars and Stripes», having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolising the number of the original and present day states.

Officially the country comprises 50 states and one District of Columbia. The states differ in size, population and economic development. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac river and is named after the 1st US President -George Washington. There are many large cities in the country: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Cleveland and some others.

The United States of America is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives - the population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, state and district courts.

There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolised by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolised by an elephant).

Text 5: "AUSTRALIA"

If you go to Australia it will seem to you rather an upside-down world. The seasons are the other way round. Summer is from December to February, autumn from March to May, winter from June to August, and spring from September to November. New Year is at midsummer, and midwinter is in June. Hot winds blow from the north; cold winds blow from the south. The farther north you go, the hotter it gets.

You will be dazzled with magnificent landscapes and unusual plants. It will seem strange to you that trees lose their bark, not their leaves, and a lot of flowers have no smell. Even stranger than plants are the animals. Many of them are found nowhere else in the world. There live kangaroos, koalas, echidnas, platypi and a lot of rare birds.

Australia is the world's largest island and its smallest continent. People often call Australia the "land down-under" because it lies entirely south of the equator.

Australia is the oldest of all continents. Its mountains are the worn and ancient stumps that were once higher than the Himalayas; its desert sands rose from the waves of the sea millions of years ago and still contain fossils of the marine creatures that formerly swam over them. Its animals are ancient and unique. Its wandering aboriginal tribes still live like the men of the Stone Age.

Australia is the driest continent on earth. The four great deserts of central Australia cover 2,000,000 square kilometres. There are few rivers there. Australian lakes, which look impressive on the map, are usually little more than clay and salt pans.

Australia is the flattest of all continents. Unlike any other continent, it lacks mountains of truly alpine structure and elevation. Its most significant mountain chain is the Great Dividing Range running down most of the east coast. Because of its overall flatness and regular coastline, Australia is often called a "sprawling pancake".

An island continent, Australia was cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years. As a result, it was the last continent to be discovered and settled by Europeans.

Australia is the only continent that is also a country. As a country, it has the sixth largest area in the world after Russia, Canada, China, the United States and Brazil.

Australia is the least populated of the continents. Only 0,3% of the world's population live there. However, Australia is the most urbanized country in the world. Two out of three of its citizens live in the eight largest cities.

The capital of Australia is Canberra.

Text 6: "CANADA"

Canada is the second largest country in the world. It covers the northern part of North America and its total area is 9,975,000 square kilometres. Canada's only neighbour is the USA. The border between the two countries is the longest unguarded border in the world.

Canada's motto, "From Sea to Sea," is particularly appropriate because the country is bounded by three oceans - the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. Its vast area includes some of the world's largest lakes and countless smaller ones. One-third of all fresh water on Earth is in Canada.

Canada's name comes from an Indian word kanata, which means "village". The first French settlers used the Indian name for the colony, but the official name was "New France". When the area came under the British rule in 1897, the new country was called the Dominion of Canada, or simply Canada. Canada is a union often provinces and two territories.

Compared with other large countries, Canada has a small population, only about 27,300,000. The country, however, is one of the world's most prosperous. Canadians developed its rich natural resources and, in the process, have achieved a high standard of living.

Canada is a constitutional monarchy. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and Queen Elizabeth II is its official head of state. Although the Queen holds this high position, she doesn't rule. She serves as a symbol of British tradition. Her representative in Canada is the Governor General, whom she appoints on the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister. The Governor's duties are limited to symbolic, mostly ceremonial acts.

The real power belongs to the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The Canadian Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the Senate.

There are two official languages in the country: English and French. All Canadian children have to learn both French and English at school, but Francophones and Anglophones do not enjoy learning each other's language.

"We have two races, two languages, two systems of religious belief, two sets of laws... two systems of everything," said one Canadian journalist.

There was a time when Quebec Province (its population is 90% French) decided to separate from Canada and form a new country. Fortunately, the movement has waned.

The capital of Canada is Ottawa.

Text 7: "WHAT IS A COMPUTER?"

The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements: Hardware Software

•    People Procedures Data/information

When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected - for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite - is an element of the total computer system.

Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.

The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a program and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.

Computers

Computer is an electronic device that can receive a program (a set of instructions) and then carry out this program by calculating numerical information.

The modern world of high technology is possible mainly due to the development of the computer. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems.

Personal computers

Personal computers are also called microcomputers or home computer. The most compact are called laptops. They are portable and work on built-in batteries.

Personal computers are designed for use at homes, schools, and offices. At home they can be used for home management (balancing the family finances, for example) and for playing computer games, watching films or listening to music. Schoolchildren can use computers for doing their homework and many schools now have computers for independent learning and computer-literacy studies. In the office personal computers may be used for word processing, bookkeeping, storage and handling of necessary information.

Personal computers were made possible by two technical innovations in the field of microelectronics: the integrated circuit, or 1С, which was developed in 1959 and the microprocessor that first appeared in 1971. The

1С permitted the miniaturization of computer-memory circuits, and the microprocessor reduced the size of a computer's CPU to the size of a single silicon chip.

Because a CPU calculates, performs logical operations, contains operating instructions, and manages data flows, a complete microcomputer as a separate system was designed and developed in 1974.

In 1981, IBM Company offered its own microcomputer model, the IBM PC that became a necessary tool for almost every business. The PC's use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of faster and more powerful personal computers, and its use of an operating system that was available to all other computer makers led to a standardisation of the industry.

In the mid-1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for the growth of personal computers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful 32-bit CPU capable of running advanced operating systems at high speeds.

Another innovation was the use of conventional operating systems, such as UNIX, OS/2 and Windows. The Apple Macintosh computers were the first to allow the user to select icons - graphic symbols of computer functions - from a display screen instead of typing commands. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and users are able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their personal computers.

Text 8: «TYPES OF SOFTWARE»

A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software - programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.

Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a generalpurpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is

first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in.

System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you "teach" your mainboard to "understand" the newly attached part.

Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.

Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

Text 9: "HARDWARE"

What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware - the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing a computer system.

Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:

1. input hardware
2. processing hardware
3. storage hardware
4. output hardware.

Input hardware

The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer.

The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that is used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer о Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low price and convenience.

Processing hardware

The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit and main memory.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing activities that must take place. The design of the CPU affects the processing power and the speed of the computer, as well as the amount of main memory it can use effectively. With a well-designed CPU in your computer, you can perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.

Memory is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.

RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used for creating loading, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data;

ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, nonmodifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.

The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.

Storage hardware

The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing.

Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.

Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.

Floppy disk (diskette) - thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25" and 3.5". 5.25" is not used in modern computer systems because of it relatively large size, flexibility and small capacity. 5.5" disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used.

CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digitized read-only data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays.

Output hardware

The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.

Monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc.

Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics.

Modem is an example of communication hardware - an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.

Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap.

Text 10: "INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET"

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make

commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

Text 11: "History and Future of the Internet"

The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in early 1973 as part of a project headed by Robert Kahn and conducted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, part of the United States Department of De-fence. Later Cerf made many efforts to build and stand-ardise the Internet. In 1984 the technology and the net-work were turned over to the private sector and to government scientific agencies for further development. The growth has continued exponentially. Service-provider companies that make «gateways» to the Internet avail-able to home and business users enter the market in ever-increasing numbers. By early 1995, access

was available in 180 countries and more than 30 million users used the Internet. The Internet and its technology continue to have a profound effect in promoting the exchange of information, making possible rapid transactions among businesses, and supporting global collaboration among individuals and organisations. More than 100 million computers are connected via the global Internet in 2000, and even more are attached to enterprise internets. The development of the World Wide Web leads to the rapid introduction of new business tools and activities that may lead to annual business transactions on the Internet worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

Text 12: "OPERATING SYSTEMS"

When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.

Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.

Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0,3.1 programmes. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating

system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.

UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.

Windows 95 & 98 (Windows 2000) are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system.

Windows 95 requires 486 processor with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

• показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
  Simple/Indefinite;
• признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
• показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
  1.   Britain is famous for the rapid changes in the weather.

2. Canada's great natural resource is its forests.
3. Winter temperature in Britain seldom falls below zero.

2.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая вни
мание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных
именем существительным

1. It is a land of pine forests and green river valleys.
2. The elevator takes visitors to the top of the New York State Observation
   Tower.
3. The English people made the first underground railway travel in the
   world.

3.        Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, переведите их на русский язык.

1. The Tower of London is one of the most popular sights in Great
   Britain.

96836008. You must learn the history of this country as quick as possible.
96836009. London has got a much bigger population than Prague.

4.        Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоиме
ний.

1. Practically any museum in the United Kingdom is free nowadays.
2. No Russian citizen can visit England without visa.

3.  Some people in Russia celebrate St. Valentine's Day at present.

5.        Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовре-
менные формы глаголы и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения
на русский язык .

/.   The warm Gulf Stream brings the prevailing southwest winds.

2. Robots will do all the dangerous and dirty work for us in the nearest
   future.
3. Over the years Agatha Christie wrote more than 80 mysteries and
   sold over 300 million books.

6.        Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Political Parties in Great Britain

Political parties first emerged in Britain at the end of the 17-th century. The Conservative and Liberal Parties are more than three hundred years old. The main British political groupings are the Conservative* and the Labour** Parties and the Party of Liberal Democrats.

The Conservative Party is often called the Tory Party. Today the Tory Party is that of big business, industry, commerce and landowners. Most of the money needed to run the party comes from large firms and companies. The Tories are a mixture of the rich and privileged - the monopolists and landowners. It is very powerful.

In the middle of the 19-th century the Liberal Party represented the trading and manufacturing classes. During the second half of the 19-th century many working people looked at the liberal Party as an alternative to the Conservatives and their policy.

The Labour Party, formed in 1900, was the one, which drew away working people's support. It was founded by the Trade Unions. Now its policy is very similar to that of the Liberals. The two-party system means that, if one is dissatisfied with the Government, one votes for the opposition. So one can say there isn't much difference between them.

*    the Conservative Party - Консервативная партия (партия тори) **  the Labour Party - Лейбористская партия

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present

Simple/Indefinite;

признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

/.   Canada covers more than one third of North America.

2. There are no high mountains in Britain.
3. Since 1800 the nation's capital called Washington has kept on
   growing.

2.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая вни
мание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных
именем существительным

/.  Hollywood had become the center of American network television entertainment.

2. At present millions of people have their computer mail addresses.
3. The first stream carriage was invented in France.

3.        Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

/.   You can find wax models of the most famous people in the Madam Tussaud's Museum.

2. The more cities you visit, the better knowledge about history of this
   country you get.
3. Naples is much further south than Riga.

4.        Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоиме
ний.

/.   No European language is so difficult as Hungarian.

2. Any person will admire the Statue of Liberty.
3. Some places in Britain are closely connected with Dickens's name.

1

5.        Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовре
менные формы глаголы и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения
на русский язык

1. Rain tends to fall throughout the year in Britain.

96836048. The Cambridge University started during the 13-th century and grew
          until today.

2. Scientists will find solutions to our most urgent problems.

6.        Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Newspapers in Great Britain

Fleet Street is the home of most national daily and Sunday newspapers. People often say "Fleet Street" to mean "the press".

British newspapers can be divided into two groups: quality and popular. Quality newspapers are more serious and cover home and foreign news while popular newspapers like shocking, personal stories. These two groups of papers can be distinguished easily because the quality newspapers are twice the size of the popular newspapers.

Among the quality daily papers is the "Times" (founded in 1785) - the most authoritative newspaper voice in the country. The "Guargian" appeals to well-educated readers interested in intellectual and social affairs. The "Financial Times" is read by businessmen. The "Daily Telegraph" is bought by educated middle-class readers.

The "popular" press consists of the "Daily Mail", the "Daily Express", the "Daily Star" and the "Daily Mirror". In all newspapers there is a desperate fight to improve their circulations. But it is the worst among the "popular" papers whose main weapons are sex, scandal and sport.

There are also many local papers. Most of these are evening papers and many appear weekly.

ВАРИАНТ 3

1.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи явля
ются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание
выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

• показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
  Simple/Indefinite;
• признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
• показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

1. The brown stone walls of the president's home were painted white.
2. The President speaks to the whole nation on radio and television.
3. At weekends the harbour is crowded with sailing boats.

2.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая вни
мание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных
именем существительным

1. Many inland waterways are used for the transport of heavy goods.
2. This problem was solved by the invention of the internal combustion
   engine.
3. London transport's experience with tunnels brought them another
   record.

3.        Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

/.  Novosibirsk is less crowded than Lisbon.

2. Neither Paris nor London has much heavy industry.
3. Tourism makes the largest contribution to Suzdal's economy.

4.        Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоиме
ний.

/.  Some cities in Europe are more than a thousand years old.

2. A lot of streets in Prague have no traffic.
3. Any visitor of Moscow will notice its busy atmosphere today.

5.        Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовре-
менные формы глаголы и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения
на русский язык

/.   The English Channel separates Great Britain from continental Europe.

2. People will learn to live in peace and understand each other.

96836096. Columbus 'voyages gave Europe its first important knowledge of the
          New World.

6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Climate in Great Britain

The climate in the UK is generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The southwestern winds carry the warmth and moisture into Britain.

The weather is so changeable that the English often say that they have no climate but only weather. Therefore it is natural for them to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something. The weather is the favourite topic of conversation in the UK.

The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. Rainfall is more or less even throughout the year. The driest period is from March to June and the wettest months are from October to January. It is never too hot or too cold. Winters are extremely mild. Snow may come but it melts quickly.

This humid and mild climate is good for plants. The trees and flowers begin to blossom early in spring.

In the British homes there has been no central heating up till recently. The fireplaces are often used. The British bedroom is especially cold, sometimes electric blankets or hot-water bottles are used.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием —s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present

Simple/Indefinite;

признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

/.   New York attracts people from all over.

2. The waters of the two streams flow side by side.
3. In summer, when the day's work is over, the families go off to the
   beach.

2.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая вни
мание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных
именем существительным

1. The front wheel was driven by a two-cylinder steam engine.
2. All passenger and control buildings are in the center of the airport.
3. Plastics are employed in a number of aircraft engine applications.

3.        Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. There is less rain in Siberia than in Estonia.
2. There are much more inhabitants in New York than in Chicago.
3. Brazil and Argentina are both the largest South American countries.

4.        Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоиме
ний.

/.   Picasso influenced some modern painters.

2. There is no other so popular author in England as Shakespear.
3. You can meet almost any nationality in London.

5.        Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовре-
менные формы глаголы и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения
на русский язык

1. People all over the world know Wimbledon as the center of tennis.
2. The invention of the petrol engine made flight feasible.
3. We will do shopping, pay our bills and even cook with the help of
   computers.

6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Oxbridge

Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Great Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge to denote the elitarian education. Both universities are independent. Only very rich families can afford to send their sons and daughters to these universities.

The tutorial* is the basic mode of instruction at Oxford and Cambridge. The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (B. A.). Some courses, such as languages or medicine, may be one or two years longer.

Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of a number of colleges. Each college is different, but in many ways they are alike. Each college has its name, its coat of arms**. Each college is governed by a Master. Within the college one will normally find a chapel, a dining room, a library, rooms for students, and also rooms for teaching purposes. There are twenty-four colleges for men, five for women and another five which have both men and women members in Oxford. Almost all colleges are mixed now in Cambridge.

There is a great deal of bicycle traffic both in Oxford and Cambridge. The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs, enough for every interest one could imagine.

*    tutorial — консультации, практические занятия с наставником **  coat of arms - герб

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием —s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present

Simple/Indefinite;

признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

/. The Queen receives a large number of formal and informal visitors in the palace.

2. Numerous canals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia.
3. The Mississippi is one of the world's great continental rivers.

2.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая вни
мание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных
именем существительным

/. The further development of British motor industry is connected with the name of F. Royce.

2. The program also aims to develop a power control system for vehicles.
3. The second generation computers contained transistors.

3.        Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Novosibirsk has much more industry than New York.
2. Sofia has a smaller population than Moscow.
3. Buckingham Palace is one of the most memorable sights in London.

4.        Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоиме
ний.

1. No visitor in London can remain indifferent towards its lively
   atmosphere.
2. Conan Doyle created some popular detective stories about Sherlock
   Holmes.

96836136. Any inhabitant of New Orleans can speak much about juzz.

5.        Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовре-
менные формы глаголы и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения
на русский язык

1. English Universities greatly differ from each other.
2. Scientists will invent anti-aging pills and people will live much longer
   than now.

3.        The Olympic Games began in 777 ВС in Greece and took place every
four years for nearly 12 centuries.

6.        Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Sport in Great Britain

The British are a nation of sport lovers. Many kinds of sport originated from Britain. Football, or soccer is one of the most popular games not only in the British Isles but all over the world. It has a great many fans in Britain. The next popular sport after football is rugby, which is largely an amateur game. It is the Welsh national sport.

In summer the English national sport is cricket. English people love it. Cricket is played in schools, colleges and universities and in most towns and villages by teams, which play weekly games. Test matches with the other cricketing counties are held annually. Even if you do not understand the rules, it is attractive to watch the players, dressed in white playing on the beautiful green cricket fields. It is the most English of all sports.

Golf is Scotland's chief contribution to British sport. This is true of golf which is everywhere in the British Isles a middle-class activity.

Walking and swimming are the two most popular sporting activities, being almost equally undertaken by men and women. Boxing and wrestling, snooker (billiards) and darts, cycling and tennis are the next most popular sports. The interest to such sports as horse-racing and dog-racing can be explained by the Englishman's fondness for gambling.

 РАЗГОВОРЫЕ ТЕGREETINGS,

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

Полякова Т.Ю. и др. Английский язык для инженеров, М.: Высш. шк.

2000.

Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И. Английский для технических вузов,

Высшее образование, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002.

Цветкова И.В., Клепальченко И.А., Мальцева Н.А. Английский язык для поступающих в вузы (тексты для чтения), М., 2004. Ощепкова В.В., Шустилова И.И. О Британии вкратце (тексты для чтения), М.: Просвещение, 1998.