дополнительный материал для 7 класса
материал (7 класс) по теме

CLUBBING IN BRITAIN

Going to nightclubs, or ‘clubbing’as it is called, is very popular in Britain. From the age of about 15 young people like to go clubbing at the weekend. Usually friends meet in the evening and go to apub or a cafe, or just sit at home and chat. Then, late in the evening after 10 pm they travel to the centre of the town and wait in a queue outside the nightclub. The clubs are usually special buildings with a big space inside for dancing. There is a bar of course, and often a special room with chairs and sofas where it is less noisy. This is for people who are tired of dancing. They can rest here for a while. Some clubs only play one kind of music, but most have different music on different nights. If you want to go to a club you need to know what kind of ‘night’ the club is offering. For example, if you like ‘Hip-Hip’ then you probably don’t want to go to a ‘Disco’ night.

CLUBBING IN BRITAIN

Going to nightclubs, or ‘clubbing’as it is called, is very popular in Britain. From the age of about 15 young people like to go clubbing at the weekend. Usually friends meet in the evening and go to apub or a cafe, or just sit at home and chat. Then, late in the evening after 10 pm they travel to the centre of the town and wait in a queue outside the nightclub. The clubs are usually special buildings with a big space inside for dancing. There is a bar of course, and often a special room with chairs and sofas where it is less noisy. This is for people who are tired of dancing. They can rest here for a while. Some clubs only play one kind of music, but most have different music on different nights. If you want to go to a club you need to know what kind of ‘night’ the club is offering. For example, if you like ‘Hip-Hip’ then you probably don’t want to go to a ‘Disco’ night.

CLUBBING IN BRITAIN

Going to nightclubs, or ‘clubbing’as it is called, is very popular in Britain. From the age of about 15 young people like to go clubbing at the weekend. Usually friends meet in the evening and go to apub or a cafe, or just sit at home and chat. Then, late in the evening after 10 pm they travel to the centre of the town and wait in a queue outside the nightclub. The clubs are usually special buildings with a big space inside for dancing. There is a bar of course, and often a special room with chairs and sofas where it is less noisy. This is for people who are tired of dancing. They can rest here for a while. Some clubs only play one kind of music, but most have different music on different nights. If you want to go to a club you need to know what kind of ‘night’ the club is offering. For example, if you like ‘Hip-Hip’ then you probably don’t want to go to a ‘Disco’ night.

CLUBBING IN BRITAIN

Going to nightclubs, or ‘clubbing’as it is called, is very popular in Britain. From the age of about 15 young people like to go clubbing at the weekend. Usually friends meet in the evening and go to apub or a cafe, or just sit at home and chat. Then, late in the evening after 10 pm they travel to the centre of the town and wait in a queue outside the nightclub. The clubs are usually special buildings with a big space inside for dancing. There is a bar of course, and often a special room with chairs and sofas where it is less noisy. This is for people who are tired of dancing. They can rest here for a while. Some clubs only play one kind of music, but most have different music on different nights. If you want to go to a club you need to know what kind of ‘night’ the club is offering. For example, if you like ‘Hip-Hip’ then you probably don’t want to go to a ‘Disco’ night.

CONCERT REVIEW

        Have you ever been to a rock concert? I went to one last Saturday at Pinecrest, a public park near Bath, and it was fantastic. It was an all-day event with six different bands, including The Runners, my favourite group. It was only nine o’clock in the morning when I got there, so I watched as they set up the speakers for the sound system. One of the men working there even asked me to help, so I ran over and gave him a hand.

        The concert started at eleven o’clock, and since I had helped earlier I was allowed to sit at the edge of the stage. I was almost close enough to touch the performers. The best part of the concert for me was when The Runners appeared. I couldn’t believe it when Eddie Eason, The Runner’s lead singer, walked out holding his silver guitar. I felt very excited to be so close to my favourite singer. Everyone started clapping. Eddie stopped right in front of me, leaned over, and told me to enjoy the show. Then he started singing all of his hits. We all joined in with him and danced to the music. The rest of the concert was wonderful, and everybody had a great time.        Walking home, I felt exhausted, but also delighted that I had had the chance to see my favourite band and talk to Eddie in front of five thousand people.

POP STYLES

        The Blues: traditional black American music. ‘Blue’ means ‘sad’, and many blues songs are about how hard life is.

        Gospel: originally sung by African slaves. The happy, emotional songs are still heard in churches in the southern USA.

        Rhythm and Blues: black workers in the USA moved from farms to the cities. They mixed the blues with gospel and played it electric guitars – this became ‘rhythm and blues’.

        Country and Western: the music of poor white Americans in the 1930s and 1940s. It is still the most popular music in the southern USA.

           Rock and Roll: white teenagers in the 1950s discovered rhythm and blues, but many radio stations would not play ‘black’ music. Elvis Presley was one of the first singers to mix rhythm and blues and country and western. The result was ‘rock and roll’.          

         Rock : a style of popular music that developted from rock and roll.

            Soul: a mixture of gospel and rhythm and blues. Some styles are named after the record label(e.g. ‘Motown’) or they may be given other names such as ‘funk’ or ‘disco’. The most successful soul artists are probably Stevie Wonder and Michael Jackson.

        British Beat: The Beatles in the 1960s mixed rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and soul music. The new style was ‘beat’ music. Groups used drums, bass and two guitars with vocal lead and harmony.

        Heavy Metal: a style based on blues and rhythm and blues, but with the electric instruments so they are loud.

        Reggae: this started in Jamaica and is a mixture of music from African roots and rhytjm and blues. Bob Marley made it popular.

        Rap: in the 1980s DJs in American clubs began half singing and half talking over instrumental records. This is called ‘rap’. West American speech rhythms survive in rap.

           Classical : formal music that people have enjoyed for a long time and is of a very high standard.

            Flamenco : a style of traditional Spanish guitar music for people dancing the flamenco.

            House : a style of popular music with a strong rhythm and drum beats.

            Irish folk : traditional music from Ireland.

            Jazz : popular music from African-American musicians that has many styles from gentle sad tunes to strong rhythms.  

            Salsa: a style of popular music and dancing from Cuba with lots of rhythms.  

Ballet

Ballet began in Italy and France during the Renaissance and is still an important art form in Western culture. In Europe, dancers like the Hungarian Rudolf von Laban, also tried different ballet forms.

Folk Dance

Folk dance is usually traditional and performed by members of a community of nation, for example, the Balkan Kolo, English morris dance, and North American square dance. Folk dances are usually group dances that are taught by one to another. Today, well-known folk dances are often performed for audiences, for example, the Irish Riverdance.

Popular Dance

Popular or social dances often come from folk dances, although they are usually popular for only a short time. Until the eighteenth century, social dances were only held in palaces or the homes of aristocrats. However, in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, social dancing became more popular. Ballroom dancing, which was a formal dance in a large room, became popular in Europe and North America. Central European folk dances, such as waltz and polka, changed and became the most popular examples of ballroom dances.

In the United States the mixing of immigrant cultures produced new forms of dance, such as square dancing and tap dancing. Before the First World War, new ballroom dances came to Europe and America< for example, Fox Trot, Tango, Rumba, Cha-cha. The Argentine Tango was made internationally popular by Carlos Gardel through his songs and films.

From the start of the twentieth century, African-American rhythm and movements also became part of popular social dance: in the 1920s the Charlston; in the 1930s the jitterbug; and then the rock’n’roll dances of the 1950s.

Dancing in couples returned    in the 1970s and 1980s with ‘disco’ music. The acrobatic form of solo dancing began in the poorer parts of large American cities.

DANCE

All people dance, because the human body is made to move. The world offers an exciting variety of dances!

WHAT IS DANCE?

Our bodies can twist, jump, stretch, and turn. Dance blends these movements together, usually with music.

WHY DO WE DANCE?

People around the world dance for different reasons and in different ways. Some dances can express feelings like sadness, anger, or joy. Other dances can tell a story.

Dance may sparkle as an art form, as ballet does, and be performed for an audience. Ballet dancers train for years to learn to leap and turn across a stage.

People may dance as part of an important ceremony, even as part of theirreligion. Some cultures honor their ancestors through dance. Dancesmay celebrate important events, such as a birth, graduation, or marriage.
A dance might be used to help work go faster, as in the Japanese rice-planting dance.
In some cultures a shaman, or healer, might dance to cure an illness.Some societies use dance to reach a state of trance so the dancers canperform acts of strength or courage, such as dancing on hot coals.

DANCING FOR FUN

We may gather together and dance simply for fun. Many countries have group dances—folk dances—that are passed down through generations. Social dances encourage two people to dance together. These dances come and go: A new dance may be very popular one year, and out of fashion the next. In the 1800s, couples glided through a waltz or polka. Young people kicked up their heels doing the Charleston in the 1920s. Teenagers spun and swung to the 1940s jitterbug. Couples did not even have to touch hands for the 1960s dance craze, the twist. Disco dancing, popular in the 1970s, and today's hip-hop are also social dances.

HOW LONG HAVE PEOPLE DANCED?

Dance probably has been around about as long as people have. Cave paintings thousands of years old show what look like dancing figures. Dancers appear in the art of ancient Egypt and Greece. Through dance, societies asked their gods for good crops or bravery in battle. Hundreds of years ago the Christian church frowned upon dancing. But farmers and villagers still danced for fun. Many of these dances developed into folk dances. Ballet grew out of dances at the royal courts of France and Italy in the 1500s and 1600s. Drama, acrobatics, and music are combined with dance in many cultures. People added make-up, costumes, and masks to turn dance into theatre. These performances tell a story using movements rather than words.

HOW WILL DANCE CHANGE IN THE FUTURE?

Dance constantly changes. People seek new forms of expression. Cultures borrow from one another, and from the past. Latin American dance blends Spanish and Native American styles. African and Asian dances influence dance in Europe and North America. Like our ancestors long ago, we dance for important ceremonies. And like our ancestors, we also dance for the joy of movement, to express our emotions, and to share music and fun

FLAMENCO

When you hear or read the word ‘Spain’, what comes first to your head? Well, for a great many peole Spain means bullfights, toreadors, Don Quixote and the passionate rhythms of flamenco.

   That is for peole outside Spain. For those who live there flamenco is  part of the culture of Andalusia, not of Spain in general. Gypsy music, traditional Andalusian folk songs and Arab melodies from Spain’s Moorish past have all played a part in creating this unique sound. The first flamenco schools  appeared in Seville in the late 1700. Early flamenco was purely vocal accompanied only by rhythmic clapping of hands, but soon the guitar became the core component. The sound of the guitar, the improvisation of the singer and the dramatic movements of the dancers – all these combined together make an unforgettable show. Flamenco doesn’t need a stage. People dance it when they have something to celebrate, wherever they are – at home, in a cafe, in the street ... But the dance requires skill and understanding.

   Flamenco show is a must for every tiurist visiting Spain, and as a result it was so often performed by dancers, who knew very little about the dance, so often imitated and so stereotyped, that true flamenco became something rare and difficult to come by. Top-quality performances   could be seen only at flamenco festivals held throughout Andalusia in summer.

   But in the 1980s flamenco reinvented itself and a new style – new flamenco – was created by a younger generation of flamenco artists, who used not only traditional music, but jazz, pop and South American melodies.

   One of the artists who helped to make flamenco one of the most popular dance forms in the world today is  Joaquin Cortes. “The sexiest Spanish icon since Antonio Banderas”, as thepress describes him, is the most popular flamenco dancer today.

   He was born in Cordoba in 1969 into a gypsy family, and at the age of 12, moved to Madrid where he began his dance training. He joined the Spanish National Ballet when he was 15 and quickly rose to the ranks of solo artist. In 1996 he burst onto the international dance and music scene with his show Gypsy Passion. Since then he has toured all over the world with his company, performing at New York’s Metropolitan Opera House, London’s Albert Hall and the Kremlin’s Congress Palace in Moscow.

   Joaquin Cortes is a celebrity, people recognise him in the street6, he dances before royals and he is often seen at parties with models and stars. One of his friends is Giorgio Armani, who dresses Joaquin not only for his offstage appearances, but makes costumes for his shows. Joaquin tells him how the clothes are going to be used, how they have to move and Giorgio does the sketches. With his looks, his mane of black hair and Armani clothes it’s no wonder Joaquin is often called a sex symdol. He says ,however, that when he sees himself in the mirror, he thinks: “Well, I’m sort of okey, but there are thousands of better-looking people walking down the street.”

   A few years ago the press talked a lot about his relationship with supermodel Naomi Campbell, then there were rumours about him and Jennifer Lopez. But Joaquin likes to keep his private life private. He is single although he adores children and wants to get married and have a very big family. He is still waiting for the right girl to come along. And meanwhile he makes his own choreography, he dances, he tours the world with his company. Once he said that he would retire at 33, but when the deadline was approaching he decided he still had a lot to do and he has plenty to occupy   his time at present – new plans, new shows, new dances.

JAZZ

   A new type of music called jazz was developed by black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, jazz is still one of the most distinctly American art forms. The first jazz was played by black Americans in the dance halls of New Orleans in the early 1900s. Today, jazz remains a popular musical style not only in the United States but also in countries all over the world.

   The story of jazz is one of a musical form totally unlike any before it, even though jazz grew out of music that had existed for centuries. Jazz was not learned in schools. Many of its creators could not even read music. Early jazz often was not performed in formal concert halls with quiet, seated audiences like other music. Instead, jazz shows were outdoor events during which people marched, moved about, or sometimes rode in horse-drawn wagons.

   The immigrants brought many musical traditions together in America, but this alone did not account for the rise of jazz. Jazz needed the American environment and the experience of a special group of people – the slaves – to give it shape.

   What made jazz different? It was experimental music that broke away from traditional musical forms. While it used the musical scales, melodies, and traditional instruments of the Europeans, it was not meant to be played as written. In fact, very little jazz was written. Jazz was a highly personal music that focused on individual interpretation and rhythm. The jazz musician had the freedom to compose and reshape the music according to his or her feelings. The freedom to change and experiment with the music while playing it – known as improvisation – is a main ingregient of jazz.

   It took time for jazz to grow in a distinct musical form, but this happened around the turn of the century. New Orleans had considerable influence on the development of jazz. It was a city full of music and good times influenced by several cultures – Spanish, French, Anglo-American, and African-American. Dances, parades, parties, shows, and banquets were common events that attracted many musicians. Music could be heard all day long. French dance music, Spanish rhythms from the Caribbean, religious music, blues, slave work songs, and opera all mingled. This atmosphere created an ideal place for jazz to grow.

   But the inspiration for jazz came mainly from music, the feelings – in short, the history – of blacks in America. Black slaves were denied the chance to practice their African customs in America, and most were denied the opportunity to an education. So they found other ways of self-expression. Music was a large part of this, and it developed into distinct styles. Blues and ragtime were the forerunners of jazz, and by the early 1900s, this new and recognizable style of music was being played by bass bands throughout the streets of New Orleans.

  The popularity of jazz in New Orleans began to fall in 1917. Many bars closed down. Musicians, out of work, began to leave the city. Some took Mississippi riverboats northbound. During the 1920s, Chicago became the new centre for jazz. Other musicians traveled from California to New York, and even went on to Europe. As jazz spread, it gained popularity and developed new forms. Jazz musicians have continued to improvise, and because of this, jazz music has continued to change and evolve (развиваться) .

   Jazz means different things to different people, and even the most enthusiastic jazz  fans are sometimes unable to agree on what jazz is or how it should sound. But all agree that jazz is a truly American art form.

MUSIC

        We hear so much music in a week that we may not even notice some of it. Some days, you may hear a school band or orchestra or hear music in a church. You may hear music from records and tapes, or hear on the radio. You hear music during TV shows and movies. People make their own music, too. Whenever you hum or whistle a tune, you are making music. Classes and choirs sing together. Many boys and girls study to become good musicians. They may take singing lessons or learn to play a musical instrument. In some ways, music is a language. People use it to express moods and feelings. Some music is happy, and some is sad. Some is serious, and some can make people laugh. Many popular songs are love songs.

        Everydody likes music: some people enjoy classical music, others are fond of popular music. But are all of them good listeners? One of the most important things is to learn to be a good listener. Only then can one learn to understand music. You may say:’It’s very easy! We hear lots of sounds around us.’ But hearing is not listening. Are you really listening to music on the radio while working, before leaving for school or after coming home? I think not, because our ears take in many other sounds besides the music, such as the noises from outside, conversation, or a baby’s crying.

        To be a good listener means to listen to music without doing anything else. And that’s not very easy. One has to sit still and concentrate on listening. At last it will become a habit. That’s one thing. The other is to read about composers whose music we are interested in, about their works, about conditions under which those people had to live and create. People often say:’I often go to concerts, as I like music very much.’ They may go to a concert of chamber music, attend a symphony concert, a piano, a violin or a choir concert. It’s all the same to them. Does it mean that they love music or they understand it? And what about you?

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

        W.A.Mozart was one of the most amazing musicians who ever lived. At the age of only 5 years he was playing concerts all by himself on the harpsichord – an instrument that is something like a piano.

        His father, Leopold Mozart, was also a musician and composer. He took his talented young son to many cities in Europe and arranged for him to play for kings and nobles. For part of the year, father and son travelled. The rest of the year, they were at home in Austria with Wolfgang’s mother and sister.

        Mozart soon began to write music as well as play it. By the time he was 8, orchestras were playing his compositions. He spent the rest of his life playing and composing music. He wrote more than 40 symphoniies for orchestras to play. He also wrote operas, including ‘The Marriage of Figaro’, still one of the most popular in the world.

        Mozart had many disappointments and never earned a very good living. He died in 1791, when he was only 35 years old.

QUESTIONS

1. Many people like music. But are all of them good listeners?
2. Is it difficult to learn to be a good listener?
3. Do you think a person really loves music if he enjoys all kinds of concerts equally?
4. What kind of music do you like – classical, popular or chamber music?
5. What can help you to understand the music of a certain composer?
6. How often do you listen to music? Do you often go to music concerts?
7. Who’s your favourite composer? What do you know adout him,
8. What is your favourite orchestra or pop group?
9. Do you play a musical instrument? Are you good at it? Do you like music lessons? Why?
10. Have you got any records? Are they expensive? What records do you collect?

MUSIC

        We hear so much music in a week that we may not even notice some of it. Some days, you may hear a school band or orchestra or hear music in a church. You may hear music from records and tapes, or hear on the radio. You hear music during TV shows and movies. People make their own music, too. Whenever you hum or whistle a tune, you are making music. Classes and choirs sing together. Many boys and girls study to become good musicians. They may take singing lessons or learn to play a musical instrument. In some ways, music is a language. People use it to express moods and feelings. Some music is happy, and some is sad. Some is serious, and some can make people laugh. Many popular songs are love songs.

        Everydody likes music: some people enjoy classical music, others are fond of popular music. But are all of them good listeners? One of the most important things is to learn to be a good listener. Only then can one learn to understand music. You may say:’It’s very easy! We hear lots of sounds around us.’ But hearing is not listening. Are you really listening to music on the radio while working, before leaving for school or after coming home? I think not, because our ears take in many other sounds besides the music, such as the noises from outside, conversation, or a baby’s crying.

        To be a good listener means to listen to music without doing anything else. And that’s not very easy. One has to sit still and concentrate on listening. At last it will become a habit. That’s one thing. The other is to read about composers whose music we are interested in, about their works, about conditions under which those people had to live and create. People often say:’I often go to concerts, as I like music very much.’ They may go to a concert of chamber music, attend a symphony concert, a piano, a violin or a choir concert. It’s all the same to them. Does it mean that they love music or they understand it? And what about you?

Pop music in Britain and the USA

The 1950s It was the decade that rock 'n' roll really started in the USA, with singers like Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley, and bands like Bill Haley and the Comets. There were some amazing haircuts, too!        

 The 1960s In Britain, this was the decade of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. In America, the Beach Boys (surf music) and Bob Dylan ('protest' folk music) were huge. Other big names in the UK were Pink Floyd and Cream, and in the USA, The Doors, Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead. This was the hippy period - men often wore their hair long, and flared jeans and incredibly bright shirts and jackets were popular.

The 1970s In Britain, punk rock began with the Sex Pistols. They sang songs about anarchy and destruction and called for rebellion. They shocked people by using bad language and insulting the Queen. In those days many teenagers had brightly coloured hair and piercing. Heavy metal started up, with bands like Aerosmith, AC/DC and Kiss. The 1970s were also the period of the first 100% electronically produced disco music.

The 1980s Bands like U2 and REM started in the 1980s. Then hip hop completely changed the music scene with bands like The Beastie Boys and Public Enemy. Some groups played synth-pop, which was music, played on electronic instruments called synthesizers. Depeche Mode and the Pet Shop Boys were very successful at this time.

The 1990s Techno music was started by DJs in the USA, where rock music was still popular. Brit pop was played by two successful bands, Blur and Oasis, who shared the number one spot for years. Rave, house, trip hop, garage music - all different kinds of dance music - made their way into British parties. Boy bands and girl bands like The Backstreet Boys, The Spice Girls and 'N Sync started to appear.            

  THE EARLY 2000s Boy bands continue to do well, and Robbie Williams' style of music makes him a hit. Indie music is played by guitar bands like Travis and Coldplay, and solo singers like Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez have become popular.