Cardiovascular system and its diseases
презентация к уроку по английскому языку

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Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. Cardiovascular system comprises: blood heart blood vessels

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Cardiovascular system Red indicates oxygenated blood carried in arteries, blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins. The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are loops of circulation. It includes the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood.

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Pulmonary circulation The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.

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Systemic circulation Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart through the aorta from the left ventricle where the blood has been previously deposited from pulmonary circulation, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart.

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Heart The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atrium; and lower left and right ventricles.

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Heart In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

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Diseases of cardiovascular system According to World Health Organization the most widespread diseases of the cardiovascular system in the world are: Atherosclerosis Hypertension Varices Myocardial infarction

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Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque made of fat, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. It limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to parts of the body. Atherosclerosis generally starts when a person is young and worsens with age. Almost all people are affected to some degree by the age of 65. Risk factors include abnormal cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, obesity, family history, and an unhealthy diet. Diagnosis is based upon a physical exam and electrocardiogram.

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Hypertension Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure typically does not cause symptoms. Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, vision loss and chronic kidney disease.

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Varices Varices or varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted. Typically they occur just under the skin in the legs. Usually they result in few symptoms but some may experience fullness or pain in the area. Complications may include bleeding or thrombophlebitis. When varices occur in the scrotum it is known as a varicocele while those around the anus are known as hemorrhoids.

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Myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it occurs in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. Worldwide, about 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2015.

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Keywords Aorta Artery Atherosclerosis Atrial fibrillation Atrium Blood pressure Heart failure Hemorrhoids Hypertension Myocardial infarction Pericardium Plaque Pulmonary circulation Stroke Systemic circulation Valve Varices Vein Ventricle Vessel