Oliver Cromwell
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Oliver Cromwell’s republic.

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known in England for his overthrow of the monarchy and temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth and for his rule as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653 until his death.

1628 – 29 and 1640-42 – Cromwell was elected the Member of Parliament for Huntingdon and Cambridge.

In 1643 – 1650 - Lieutenant General in Parliament’s army.

In 1650 – 1653 – Lord General.

In 1653 – 1658 - Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599 in family of a poor landlord. He went on to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, then a recently founded college with a strong Puritan ethos.  Cromwell made an independent style of Puritanism an essential part of his life.

He returned home, marriage and live as an ordinary country gentleman; when the English Civil War broke out in 1642, he was a middle-aged father of five children with no military training. He entered the English Civil War on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians and became a key military leader.

Nicknamed "Old Ironsides", he was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to command of the entire army. In 1649 he was one of the signatories of Charles I's death warrant. After the execution of King Charles I, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, Ireland and Scotland. He was a member of the Rump Parliament (1649-1653), which selected him to take command of the English campaign in Ireland during 1649-50. He led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651.

Commonwealth of England, Ireland and Scotland was the period from 1649 to 1653 when England, along later with Ireland and Scotland, was ruled as a republic. The republic's existence was initially declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth", adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them.

Rump Parliament (1649 – 1653)

The Rump Parliament exercised both executive and legislative powers. The members of the Pump and Long Parliament did not support the political position of the Grandees in the New Model Army. After the execution of King Charles I, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic.

Reforms:

The Church of England was retained, but episcopacy was suppressed and the Act of Uniformity 1558 was repealed in September 1650.

Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure; for example, all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in Law French or Latin. However, there were no widespread reforms of the common law.

The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behavior, such as closing down theatres and requiring strict observance of Sunday.

The dissolution of the Rump in 1653 was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Army ruled alone.

In 1653 a new constitution known as the Instrument of Government made Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland", this period now usually known as the Protectorate.

Yet within a decade, according to one leading Royalist statesman and historian, he “mounted himself into the throne of the three kingdoms [England, Wales, and Scotland] without the name of a king but with greater power and authority than had ever been exercised or claimed by any king.”

Reforms:

Spiritual and moral reform. It aimed to restore liberty of conscience and promote both outward and inward godliness throughout England.

On the General-majors were pinned the responsibilities of moral and religious character. Police powers should inculcate piety, to fight against drunkenness and debauchery.

He encouraged Jews to return to England in 1657 in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the Civil Wars.

A new constitution was created – the Humble Petition and Advice. It established a second chamber in parliament - an  Upper House of Cromwell's appointees that could act as a check on the Lower House. This House served many of the functions of the old House of Lords.

The office of Lord Protector was become hereditary.

During this period, there were two wars with Holland and Spain.

An open military dictatorship of Cromwell was quite effective, but not very popular in English society.

Cromwell died from malaria. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. After the Royalists returned to power, they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. His severed head was displayed on a pole outside Westminster Hall until 1685.

His son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector. Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the Army, and was forced to resign in May 1659, ending the Protectorate.

In 1660 Charles II could be invited back from exile to be king under a restored monarchy.

Cromwell has been one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles