The Romanovs
методическая разработка по английскому языку (9 класс) по теме

Mikhail I

Fyodorovich

Romanov

1613-1645

The 1st Russian Tsar from the boyar Romanov family was born on 12 July, 1596. His reign was marked by the peace treaty with Sweden (which was concluded in the village of Stolbovo, near Tikhvin, according to which Russia took back Novgorod, but lost its outlet to the Baltic Sea.

He was married twice. His 1st marriage was childless, but he had 10 children in his 2nd marriage (to Yevdokia Streshneva) including the future tsar, Alexis.

TSAR

Alexei I

Mikhailovich

Romanov

1645-1676

Alexei was born on 19 March, 1629. He ascended the throne on 13 July, 1645. It was in his reign that the so-called Council Regulations – the 1st complete code of Russian laws – was issued.

He married Maria Miloslavskaya in 1647, had 13 children, including the future Tsars Fiodor, Ivan V and the ruler Sophia. After the death of the Tsarina he married Natalia Naryshkina and had 3 children in this marriage, including the 1st Emperor of Russia – Peter the Great.

On 1 September, 1674 Alexis declared his son Fyodor heir to the throne. Alexis died in the night of 30 January, 1676.

TSAR

Fyodor III

Alexeyevich

Romanov

1676-1682

Fyodor was born on 30 May, 1661. He is a creator of the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy.

In July 1680 the Tsar married Agafya Grushetskaya. On 11 July 1681 the successor Ilya was born to Fyodor, but 3 days later his wife died and on 20 July the little Ilya also passed away. On 14 February 1682 the Tsar married Marfa Apraxina.

Fyodor died on 27 April 1682 at the age of 21, after being the Tsar only for 6 years. Shortly before his death the Tsar made the 10-year-old Piotr (future Peter the Great) his heir.

REGENT

Sophia

Alexeyevna

Romanova

1682-1689

Sophia, the eldest daughter of tsar Alexis and his 1st wife, was born on 17 September, 1657. When her brother Fyodor III died, her half brother Peter was proclaimed tsar. Sophia, as a leader of the Miloslavsky family, objected to a government dominated by the Naryshkins. She incited the discontented streltsy (household troops) to riot. After several members of the Naryshkin family were murdered, her younger brother Ivan V was proclaimed co-ruler with Peter, and Sophia became a regent.

Sophia promoted the development of industry, encouraged foreign craftsmen to settle in Russia and concluded a permanent peace with Poland (1686).

Hoping to eliminate Peter, Sophia tried once more to incite the streltsy against the Naryshkins (August 1689)

The streltsy colonels supported Peter, who overthrew Sophia and forced her to enter the New Maiden Convent where she died on 3 July, 1704.

TSAR

Ivan V

Alexeyevich

Romanov

1682-1696

Ivan V was born on 27 August, 1666. In June 1682, a ceremony of the coronation of the 2 sons of Tsar Alexis (Peter and Ivan) was held. Ivan had a poor health and didn’t participate in the control of the state and didn’t interfere in political affairs.

He married Praskovya Saltykova but had no successor. On 29 January 1696, during the Christmas religious procession, Ivan V got his feet wet and suddenly died.

EMPEROR

Peter I

the Great

Alexeyevich

Romanov

1682-1725

Peter I was born on 30 May, 1672. After the death of his co-ruler Ivan V, Peter became the autocrat. He was an unusually powerful and prepossessing ruler. His military achievements and westernizing reforms of the Russian government, army, and society laid the foundation of the modern Russian state.

The Emperor was married twice. His marriage to Yevdokia Lopukhina (1689) yielded a son, Alexei, who was executed for treason by orders of his father in 1718. Peter I died on 28 January 1725 in the arms of his 2nd wife, Catherine. He left after him 2 daughters, Anna and Elizabeth, and there was also his 10-year-old grandson, Piotr, the son of Tsarevich Alexei.

EMPRESS

Catherine I

1725-1727

Catherine I (original name Marta Skowronska) was born on 5 April, 1684. She was the daughter of a Lithuanian peasant. Catherine was the 1st woman to rule Imperial Russia. She opened the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women including her daughter Elizabeth, and Catherine the Great, all of whom continued the policies of Peter the Great in modernizing Russia.

 Peter I and Catherine I had no less than 11 children, but only 2 daughters, Anna and Elizabeth, attained maturity.

Catherine I died on 6 May 1727 at the age of 43 years. Her reign wasn’t long – only 2 years and 2 months.

EMPEROR

Peter II

Alexeyevich

Romanov

1727-1730

Peter II was born on 12 October 1715. According to the will of Catherine I, he was to succeed the throne.

After the Christmas celebrations of 1730 Peter II caught a smallpox infection and died in the night of 19 January. The male line of the Romanov House interrupted with the death of Peter II.

EMPRESS

Anna

Ioanovna

1730-1740

Anna, the niece of Peter the Great, born on 28 January 1693. She was married to Friedrich Wilhelm, the Duke of Courland.

After the death of Peter II the members of Supreme Secret Council took a decision to offer the throne to the widowed Anna Ioanovna under restrictive conditions limiting her power. Anna Ioanovna accepted the limitations to take the crown, but on 25 February 1730 broke the conditions and abolished the Supreme Secret Council.

She entrusted power to Duke Ernst Johann von Biron, who encircled the Empress with foreigners at all major positions. Shortly before her death she chose as the heir to the throne Ivan, the 2-month son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, and appointed Biron the regent until Ioann VI’s coming of age. Anna Ioanovna died on 17 October 1740.

EMPEROR

Ioann VI

Antonovich

1740-1741

Ioann was born on 12 August 1740. In the night of 9 November 1740 his mother, Anna Leopoldovna, made a coup and proclaimed herself the Sovereign.

During the night of 25 November 1741 Yelizaveta Petrovna, a daughter of Peter the Great, assisted by soldiers and officers of the Preobrazhensky Guard Regiment, arrested her with her husband and children.

Ioann was killed on 5 July 1764 in the Schlusselburg Fortress.

EMPRESS

Elizabeth

Petrovna

1741-1761

Elizabeth, a daughter of Peter the Great, was born on 18 December 1709.

In inner policy, the government of Elizabeth took all measures for the centralization of power and suppression of peasant disturbances. Russia’s 1st university was founded in Moscow under the supervision of Mikhail Lomonosov and the Academy of Arts was established in St Petersburg.

The Empress abolished capital punishment and tortures of little children.

In 1742, having no successor, Elizabeth summoned from Holstein her 14-year-old nephew Carl Peter Ulrich and proclaimed him the heir to the Russian throne with the name of Piotr Fiodorovich.

Empress Elizabeth died on 25 December 1761. With her death ended the line of Peter the Great in the Romanov Dynasty. All the subsequent Romanovs were not of Russian descent.

EMPEROR

Peter III

Fiodorovich

1761-1762

Peter III, a grandson of Peter the Great, was born on 10 February 1728.

He did not like Russia. His 1st state act was a voluntary refusal to participate in the 7-Years’ War and a truce with Prussia.

On 21 August 1745 the wedding of Peter III and Yekaterina was celebrated in St Petersburg. They had 2 children: the future Emperor Paul I and a daughter, who died in infancy.

In 1762 a conspiracy against him was staged. The Guards swore allegiance to Catherine and she was proclaimed Empress.

EMPRESS

Catherine II

the Great

1762-1796

Catherine II was born on 21 April 1729.

An imperious, authoritative woman, she jealously preserved the principle of autocracy. Taking care of the education of the Russian people, the Empress issued decrees about training children in secondary schools, about the opening of educational establishments and the spread of books.

The Empress died on 6 November 1796.

EMPEROR

Paul

Petrovich

1796-1801

Paul, Peter III’s son, was born on 20 September 1754. His reign is associated with the famous Italian and Swiss campaigns of the Russian Army commanded by A.Suvorov.

Natalia, his 1st wife, died giving birth to her child. Paul was truly happy in his 2nd marriage to Princess of Wurttemberg, named Maria Fiodorovna after her conversion to the Orthodox faith. The couple had 4 sons and 6 daughters. In the night of 12 March 1801 Emperor Paul I was killed by the conspirators in the Michael’s Castle.

EMPEROR

Alexander I

Pavlovich

1801-1825

Alexander, the elder son of Emperor Paul I, was born on 12 December 1777. He married Princess Louise Marie Auguste, named Elizabeth Alexeyevna in Orthodoxy.

In his reign, the Secret Chancellery was eliminated, the State Council was established, universities were opened in St Petersburg, Kharkov and Kazan, and the law “On Free Soil Tillers” was adopted (1803) that allowed the landlords to free their serfs for redemption.

The childless Emperor appointed his junior brother Nikolai his successor. On 19 November 1825 Alexander died in Taganrog.

EMPEROR

Nicholas I

Pavlovich

1825-1855

Nicholas was born on 25 June 1796. His succession began with suppression of the Decembrists’ revolt on Senate Square in St Petersburg on 14 December 1825.

In his reign the predominant state government body was His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery, with a special role given to the “Third Department” (1826), the Administration of the Secret Political Police.

By his marriage to the Prussian Princess, named Alexandra Fiodorovna on her conversion to Orthodoxy, Nicholas I had 7 children, including the future Emperor Alexander II.

Nicholas I died on 18 February 1855.

EMPEROR

Alexander II

Nikolayevich

1855-1881

Alexander II was born on 17 April 1818. On 19 February 1861, by the Emperor’s Manifesto, serfdom was abolished in Russia. For this deed people called him “the Tsar-Liberator”.

On 1 March 1881 he was killed on the Catherine Canal in St Petersburg on the decision passed by the Executive Committee of the Free Will terrorist organization. On the site of his assassination the Cathedral of the “Saviour-on-the-Spilled-Blood” was erected.

Alexander II and his wife Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt, named Maria Alexandrovna in Orthodoxy, had 8 children, including the future Emperor Alexander III.

EMPEROR

Alexander III

Alexandrovich

1881-1894

Alexander III was born 26 February 1845. He ascended the throne on 2 March 1881. In his reign the state’s repressive machinery was considerably strengthened and censure became more severe. He married the Danish Princess Marie Dagmar, named Maria Fiodorovna in Orthodoxy. They had 6 children, including Nicholas II – the last Emperor of Russia.

Alexander III died on 20 October 1894.

EMPEROR

Nicholas II

Alexandrovich

1894-1917

Nicholas was born on 6 May 1868. He ascended the throne on 21 October 1894. He married Alice, a daughter of Grand Duke of Hesse, Alexandra Fiodorovna in Orthodoxy. They had 4 daughters (Olga, Tatyana, Maria, and Anastasia) and a son, Alexei.

Failures at the front in World War I and a ruined state of economy in the rear provoked negative attitude of society to the autocracy. The February Revolution of 1917 put an end to the period of monarchy in Russia.

On 2 (15) March 1917, Nicholas II signed his abdication from the throne in favour of his brother Mikhail in Pskov.

During the night of 17 July 1918 the royal family was shot in Yekaterinburg.

The Romanov Dynasty that ruled Russia for 304 years was brought to an end.