Проект "Диалог Конституций"
проект по английскому языку (9 класс) по теме

                                                               ПРОЕКТ

                                          ТЕМА: «ДИАЛОГ КОНСТИТУЦИЙ»

    Проект создан в форме диалога. Эта форма более приемлема для 9-классников. Учащиеся в форме рассказа каждый о своей конституции поднимают главные вопросы устройства демократического государства, его основных законов и истоков формирования.

                В своей работе учащиеся использовали умения сравнивать, анализировать, применять знания по различным предметам, осуществляя метапредметные связи (история, английский язык, культуроведение, право).

               В проекте осуществлен принцип перехода от конкретного к общему: анализируя документы двух стран, девочки делают выводы о будущем всей планеты, акцентируя свою роль в этом процессе.

              В работе отражается направленная  мотивированность учащихся на изучение политической истории стран, желание проследить эволюцию и становление демократических основ государства.

                                                          Введение

 В своей  работе мы хотели рассказать об  основных документах России и США. Мы считаем, что в форме диалога легче найти понимание. Каждый из авторов гордиться своей страной. А вместе мы граждане единой планеты –Земля. Поэтому мы ответственны за ее будущее.

      Актуальность темы в том, что, рассказывая каждый о своей конституции, мы вносим вклад  в укрепление связей , дружбы между разными народами.

     Гипотеза - оба документа свидетельствуют о развитии демократии в этих странах. Права человека не только декларируются, но и гарантируются обществом. Главная ценность демократического  общества – Человек.

     Методы - анализ текстов конституций, статей.

    Задачи.1.Проанализировать Конституцию РФ и Конституцию США по предложенному плану.

                  2.Использовать знания английского языка в общении.

                  3.Способствовать укреплению толерантности между народами.

                  4. Развитие кругозора.

Практическая значимость проекта:

                1.Систематизация знаний  об основных документах России и США.

                2. Закрепление умений  сравнивать и анализировать  документы.

                3. Использование материалов проекта на уроках и во внеклассной  работе.

 -Здравствуй дорогая Бетти. Давай представим , что ты приехала ко мне в гости.

 Меня зовут Алевтина. Я живу в самой замечательной стране – России. Моя Родина обладает огромными природными ресурсами. Но самое главное богатство - это российский народ. У нас многонациональный ,трудолюбивый и очень талантливый народ. Россия имеет многовековую историю;у нас были революции и кровопролитные войны. Но сегодня я познакомлю тебя с нашей Конституцией- основным законом нашей страны.

      Конечно, наша Конституция намного моложе ,чем ваша. Но она тоже имеет свою историю. А что означает слово «конституция»?

В современной науке конституционного права термин конституция в переводе с латинского означающий «установление», употребляется в двух значениях: конституция юридическая и конституция фактическая. Конституция юридическая – это система правовых норм, принимаемых и изменяемых в особом порядке, имеющих высшую юридическую силу. Они устанавливают: основы общественного строя, форму правления и территориального устройства, основы организации центральных и местных органов власти, их компетенции и взаимоотношения, государственную символику, провозглашают и гарантируют права и свободы человека и гражданина.

Конституция фактическая – это реально существующие основы общественного и государственного строя, действительное положение личности в государстве.

          А теперь я расскажу тебе историю своей Конституции.

В 1917 году в России произошла революция. К власти пришла партия большевиков. Царские законы были уничтожены. Нужны были новые, которые закрепили диктатуру пролетариата.

                   Первая конституция Российской Федерации (РСФСР) была принята V Всероссийским съездом Советов на заседании 10 июля 1918 года  как Конституция (Основной Закон) РСФСР и была опубликована в «Собрании Узаконений РСФСР»].  Основные принципы, которые легли в основу Конституции РСФСР 1918 года  (как и Конституции СССР 1924 года), были изложены в «Декларации прав трудящегося и эксплуатируемого

народа». Конституция 1918 года закрепила диктатуру пролетариата. Лица, жившие на нетрудовые доходы или использовавшие наемный труд, были лишены политических прав.  Данная Конституция была самой идеологизированной из всех советских конституций. Она утратила силу в связи с принятием Конституции (Основного Закона) РСФСР, утверждённой Постановлением XII Всероссийского съезда Советов рабочих, крестьянских, казачьих и красноармейских депутатов от 11 мая 1925 года. 

                В истории Союза Советских Социалистических республик было еще несколько конституций – 1924,1936,!977 годов. Но все они лишь прикрывали неограниченную власть КПСС.

             В 1985 году в нашей стране начался новый период- перестройка. Он наступил после застоя. Это был сложный период в политическом, экономическом, социальном аспекте.

            12 декабря 1993 года была принята новая Конституция. Этот день очень дорог россиянам, так как с принятием основного Закона  стали реальностью права и свободы нашего народа. Главной ценностью Конституции стал Человек. Принятие Конституции связано с именем политического лидера страны Ельцина Б.Н.

• Oh, that’s very interesting! Now I’d like to tell you about American Constitution.

                  The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution originally consisted of seven Articles. The first three Articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislature, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. The fourth and sixth Articles frame the doctrine of federalism, describing the relationship between State and State, and between the several States and the federal government. The fifth Article provides the procedure for amending the Constitution. The seventh Article provides the procedure for ratifying the Constitution.                

                    The members of the Constitutional Convention signed the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Constitutional Convention convened in response to dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation

and the need for a strong centralized government. After four months of secret debate and many compromises, the proposed Constitution was submitted to the states for approval. Although the vote was close in some states, the Constitution was eventually ratified and the new Federal government came into existence in 1789. The Constitution established the U.S. government as it exists today.    

                       Since the Constitution was adopted, it has been amended twenty-seven times. The first ten amendments (along with two others that were not ratified at the time) were proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and were ratified by the necessary three-fourths of the States on December 15, 1791.[3] These first ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights.

                   The Constitution is interpreted, supplemented, and implemented by a large body of constitutional law. The Constitution of the United States was the first constitution of its kind, and has influenced the constitutions of many other nations.

                  Several ideas in the Constitution were new. These were associated with the combination of consolidated government along with federal relationships with constituent states.

                The due process clause of the Constitution was partly based on common law and on Magna Carta (1215), which had become a foundation of English liberty against arbitrary power wielded by a tyrant.  

                 Both the influence of Edward Coke and William Blackstone were evident at the Convention. In his Institutes of the Laws of England, Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta protections and rights to apply not just to nobles, but to all British subjects. In writing the Virginia Charter of 1606, he enabled the King in Parliament to give those to be born in the colonies all rights and liberties as though they were born in England. William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England were the most influential books on law in the new republic.

                British political philosopher John Locke following the Glorious Revolution was a major influence expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by Thomas Hobbes. Locke advanced the principle of consent of the governed in his Two Treatises of Government. Government's duty under a social contract among the sovereign people was to serve them by protecting their rights. These basic rights were life, liberty and property.   

 Articles of the American Constitution

Article One describes Congress (the legislative branch) and outlines its powers and limits including the commerce clause.

Article Two describes the presidency (the executive branch).

Article Three describes the court system (the judicial branch), including the Supreme Court.

Article Four describes the relationship between the states and the federal government.

Article Five describes the process of amendment.

Article Six establishes the Constitution and the laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme law of the land.

Article Seven describes the method of ratification.    

             United States of America can be proud of the fact that the constitution of this country is the oldest of all the currently existing constitutions. Moreover, it consists of only 4.4 thousand words, for such a document it is extremely small, and since its adoption in 1787 did not change significantly.    

• А сейчас я расскажу тебе, как происходит управление в нашем государстве.

Мы проходим мимо Кремля. Здесь находится резиденция президента Российской Федерации. Наш президент избирается на 6 лет всенародным голосованием. Я тоже смогу избирать президента, когда мне исполнится 18 лет. Выборы президента назначаются Советом Федерации - Верхней палатой парламента. Первым президентом Российской Федерации был Ельцин Б.Н.

    Наша законодательная власть представлена парламентом, который называется  Федеральное собрание. Он состоит из двух палат: Совета Федерации и Государственной Думы. В нашей конституции написаны порядок избрания депутатов и работы парламента. Мы проходим мимо высокого здания, в котором заседает Государственная Дума. В советское время это было здание, где располагался Госплан.

 А давай выйдем на набережную Москвы-реки. Там мы увидим здание Белого дома. Не удивляйся, мы так называем здание, где заседает наше правительство. В Конституции РФ мы прочитаем, что это исполнительная власть. Во главе – Председатель правительства.

             А правосудие у нас осуществляется посредством конституционного, гражданского, административного и уголовного судопроизводства. И в статье 118 Конституции РФ это зафиксировано.

       -    We also have three branches of power

       The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate.

                    The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress. Enumerated in Article I, Section 8, these include the powers to levy and collect taxes; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment for counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, promote progress of science by issuing patents, create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court, combat piracies and felonies, declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for, arm and discipline the militia, exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia, and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers. Over the two centuries since the United States was formed, many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government. These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the United States Supreme Court.

               The House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state's population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term. Each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. In order to be elected as a representative, an individual must be at least 25 years of age, and must have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve. In addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia, Guam, Virgin Islands, American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the resident commissioner from Puerto Rico.

 In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population. There are currently 100 senators (two from each of the 50 states), who each serve six-year terms. Approximately one third of the Senate stands for election every two years.  

               The executive branch consists of the President and those to whom the President's powers are delegated. The President is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The President, according to the Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed", and "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution". The President presides over the executive branch of the federal government, an organization numbering about 5 million people, including 1 million active-duty military personnel and 600,000 postal service employees. The forty-fourth and current president is Barack Obama.

              The President may sign legislation passed by Congress into law or may veto it, preventing it from becoming law unless two-thirds of both houses of Congress vote to override the veto. The President may unilaterally sign treaties with foreign nations. However, ratification of international treaties requires a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate. The President may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two-thirds majority in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors". The President may not dissolve Congress or call special elections but does have the power to pardon, or release, criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government (except in cases of impeachment), enact executive orders, and (with the consent of the Senate) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges.

              The Vice President is the second-highest executive official in rank of the government. As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession, the Vice President becomes President upon the death, resignation, or removal of the President, which has happened nine times in U.S. history. Under the Constitution, the Vice President is President of the Senate. By virtue of this role, he or she is the head of the Senate. In that capacity, the Vice President is allowed to vote in the Senate, but only when necessary to break a tie vote. Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the Vice President presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. While the Vice President's only constitutionally prescribed functions, aside from presidential succession, relate to his or her role as President of the Senate, the office is now commonly viewed as a member of the executive branch of the federal government. The U.S. Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing

scholars to dispute whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both.

              The Judiciary explains and applies the laws. This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases.

             Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise. Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office. Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate.

             The U.S. Supreme Court adjudicates "cases and controversies"—matters pertaining to the federal government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the United States Constitution, and, in general, can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. The United States Constitution does not grant the judicial branch the power of judicial review (the power to declare a law Unconstitutional). The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison (1803). There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches. Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals, and below them in turn are the United States District Courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law, and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ("diversity jurisdiction").

 - А теперь давай поговорим о правах человека. Ведь самое главное в нашей Конституци и  -это Человек.

          Права и свободы человека в России закреплены в главе 2 Конституции России «Права и свободы человека и гражданина». Гражданин Российской Федерации обладает на её территории всеми правами и свободами и несёт равные обязанности, предусмотренные Конституцией РФ.

Российской конституцией гарантированы следующие права человека:

1.Личные (большинство из этих прав естественные, то есть не увязаны с принадлежностью человека к государству):

право на жизнь (ст. 20)

право на достоинство (ст. 21, ч. 1)

право на безопасность (ст. 21, ч. 2)

право на свободу и личную неприкосновенность (ст. 22)

право на неприкосновенность частной жизни, личную и семейную тайну, защиту своей чести и доброго имени (ст. 23)

право на тайну переписки, телефонных переговоров, почтовых, телеграфных и иных сообщений (ст. 23, ч. 2)

право на ознакомление с документами и материалами, непосредственно затрагивающие его права и свободы (ст. 24, ч. 2)

право на неприкосновенность жилища (ст. 25)

право на определение и указание своей национальной принадлежности (ст. 26, ч. 1)

право на пользование родным языком (ст. 26, ч. 2)

право свободно передвигаться, выбирать место пребывания и жительства (ст. 27, ч. 1)

право свободно выезжать за пределы РФ и беспрепятственно возвращаться (ст. 27, ч. 2)

свобода совести и вероисповедания (ст. 28)

свобода мысли и слова (ст. 29, ч. 1)

право на информацию (ст. 29, ч. 4)

Политические (возникают вследствие состояния гражданства; часть этих прав может быть ограничена для иностранных лиц):

право на информацию (ст. 29)

право на объединение, свобода союзов, партий (ст. 30)

право на собрания, митинги, демонстрации, шествия, пикетирования (ст. 31)

право на участие в управлении делами государства (ст. 32, ч. 1)

право избирать и быть избранным (ст. 32, ч. 2)

право обращений в государственные органы (ст. 33)

Экономические (в числе социально-экономических):

свобода предпринимательской деятельности (ст. 34)

право на частную собственность (ст. 35, 36)

право наследования (ст. 35, ч. 4)

свобода труда, право на труд в нормальных условиях (ст. 37)

право на защиту от безработицы (ст. 37)

Социальные (в числе социально-экономических):

право на отдых (ст. 37)

право на материнство, детство и отцовство (ст. 38)

право на социальное обеспечение (ст. 39)

право на охрану здоровья и медицинскую помощь (ст. 41)

право на благоприятную окружающую среду (ст. 42)

право на образование (ст. 43)

Культурные:

свобода творчества и преподавания (ст. 44, ч. 1)

право на участие в культурной жизни; на пользование культурными учреждениями (ст. 44, ч. 2)

доступ к культурным ценностям (ст. 44, ч. 2)

Экологические (выделяются из числа социально-экономических, но классификация признаётся не всеми исследователями):

право на благоприятную окружающую среду (ст. 42)

право на достоверную информацию о её состоянии (ст. 42)

право на возмещение ущерба, причинённого здоровью или имуществу экологическим правонарушением (ст. 42)

Все права и свободы человека защищаются равным образом, в Конституции не устанавливается иерархии прав и свобод.

Права связаны с обязанностями. Обязанности гражданина Российской Федерации:

Соблюдение законов (ст. 15, ч. 2)

не допускать нарушения прав и свобод др. лиц. при осуществлении своих прав и свобод (ст. 17, ч. 3)

заботиться о своих детях, их воспитании (ст. 38, ч. 2)

по достижении 18 лет заботиться о своих нетрудоспособных родителях (ст. 38, ч. 3)

Основное общее образование обязательно (ст. 43, ч. 4)[2]

Родители или лица, их заменяющие, обеспечивают получение детьми основного общего образования. (ст. 43, ч. 4)

Охрана исторических и культурных памятников (ст. 44, ч. 3)

Уплата налогов (ст. 57)

Охрана природы и окружающей среды, бережное отношение к природным богатствам (ст. 58)

Защита Отечества (ст. 59, ч. 1)

                    -Human rights are represented in  the first ten amendments to the Constitution—the Bill of Rights—came into effect on December 15, 1791, limiting the

powers of the federal government of the United States and protecting the rights of all citizens, residents and visitors in American territory.

                 The Bill of Rights protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to keep and bear arms, the freedom of assembly and the freedom to petition. It also prohibits unreasonable search and seizure, cruel and unusual punishment and compelled self-incrimination. Among the legal protections it affords, the Bill of Rights prohibits Congress from making any law respecting establishment of religion and prohibits the federal government from depriving any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law. In federal criminal cases it requires indictment by a grand jury for any capital offense, or infamous crime, guarantees a speedy public trial with an impartial jury in the district in which the crime occurred, and prohibits double jeopardy.

              Many today with only a passing understanding of the U.S. Constitution think first of the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect freedom of religion, freedom of speech, due process, and so forth. But the Bill of Rights was an afterthought, added in 1791 as a condition for ensuring ratification by those states that feared the national government would otherwise have too much power. Indeed, the main restraint on the national government was to come from the doctrine of enumerated powers, as the story behind the Ninth Amendment makes clear. When a bill of rights was first proposed toward the end of the Constitutional Convention, objections were raised on two main grounds. First, such a bill was unnecessary, it was said, since the enumeration of federal powers would preclude government’s infringing any of the proposed rights. And second, since we have in principle an infinite number of rights, which could hardly be included in such a bill, the failure to include those rights would be construed, by ordinary principles of legal reasoning, as implying that only the rights that were mentioned were meant to be protected. To address that objection, therefore, the Ninth Amendment was written: “The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.”

                Thus, the Ninth and Tenth Amendments can be seen as recapitulating the libertarian vision that was first set forth in the Declaration of Independence: we have rights both enumerated and unremunerated; the government has only those powers that have been delegated to it, as enumerated in the Constitution or as implicit in that enumeration. In a word, most of life was meant to be lived in the private sector. Government was there to secure the rights pertaining to that sector and to do the few other things we authorized it to do. It was not authorized to engage in the wide-ranging social engineering the national government practices today.

              The Constitution was not perfect, of course. Its cardinal flaw, in fact, was its oblique recognition of slavery, made necessary to ensure ratification by all thirteen states. That slavery was inconsistent with the grand principles the Founders and Framers had articulated could hardly be denied. They hoped simply that it would wither away over time. It did not. It took a civil war to end slavery, and the passage of the Civil War Amendments to end it as a matter of constitutional law. The Thirteenth Amendment did that in 1865. In 1870 the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited states from denying the franchise on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. And in 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment, for the first time, gave federal remedies against state violations of rights. Prior to that time, the Bill of Rights had been held to apply only against the federal government, only against the government that was created by the document it amended.12 Thus, the Civil War Amendments are properly read as “completing” the Constitution by bringing into the document at last the principles and promise of the Declaration.  

-Bill of Rights includes 10 articles:

1st        1791        Congress must protect the rights of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of petition, and freedom of religion.

2nd        1791        "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." - People have the right to have firearms.

3rd        1791        The government cannot send soldiers to live in private homes without the permission of the owners.

4th        1791        The government cannot get a warrant to arrest a person or search their property unless there is "probable cause" to believe a crime has been committed.

5th        1791        The government cannot put a person on trial for a crime until a grand jury has written an indictment. A person cannot be put on trial twice for the same crime. The government must follow due process of law before punishing a person or taking their property. A person on trial for a crime does not have to testify against themself in court.

6th        1791        Any person who is accused of a crime should get a speedy trial by a jury. That person can have a lawyer during the trial. They must be told what they are charged

 with. The person can question the witnesses against them, and can get their own witnesses to testify.

7th        1791        A jury trial is needed for civil cases.

8th        1791        The government cannot require excessive bail or fines, or any cruel and unusual punishment.

9th        1791        The listing of individual rights in the Constitution and Bill of Rights does not include all of the rights of the people and the states (For example, privacy).

10th        1791        Any powers that the Constitution does not give to the United States belong to the states and the people. This does not include powers that the Constitution says the states cannot have.

Amendment Eleven (1795) Clarifies judicial power over foreign nationals, and limits ability of citizens to sue states.

Unratified Amendment Twelve defined a formula for how many congressmen there would be. Never ratified.

Amendment Twelve (1804) Changes the method of presidential elections.

Amendment Thirteen (1865) Abolishes slavery.

Amendment Fourteen (1868) Defines United States citizen and includes the privileges and immunities, due process and equal protection clauses; regulation of congressional elections; restrains states from infringing upon constitutional protections such as the Bill of Rights and other "fundamental rights" of citizens and persons under the jurisdiction of the United States.

Amendment Fifteen (1870) Ensures right of former slaves to vote.

Amendment Sixteen (1913) Creates the income tax.

Amendment Seventeen (1913) Method for choosing Senators.

Amendment Eighteen (1919) Prohibition of alcohol.

Amendment Nineteen (1920) Women's right to vote.

Amendment Twenty (1933) Details of presidential succession.

Amendment Twenty-one (1933) Repeals prohibition of alcohol.

Amendment Twenty-two (1951) Limits president to two terms.

Amendment Twenty-three (1961) Grants electors to District of Columbia.

Amendment Twenty-four (1964) Limits poll tax.

Amendment Twenty-five (1967) More presidential succession rules.

Amendment Twenty-six (1971) Right of eighteen-year-olds to vote.

Amendment Twenty-seven (1992) Limits congressional pay raises.

                                                                Заключение

 - Дорогая Бетти! Я считаю, что обе наши конституции – это доказательство демократического развития наших стран. Наши государства имеют долгую историю политического развития, которое увенчалось победой прав и свобод человека.  Между нашими государствами есть много противоречий, но основополагающие принципы главных документов наших стран – это народовластие и права человека. И наш с тобой диалог – это доказательство дружбы и понимания между народами России и США. Мы с тобой ровесницы, представители молодого поколения, и мы, как никто, должны понимать, что будущее всей планеты зависит только от нас.

- Dear Alevtina! I agree with you. I think, besides the USA Constitution is the oldest  in the world, but the Russian Constitution have the same old and important for all people values, that must be spread all over the world as basic rules of human existence.

Литература

1. Конституция РФ.
2. Конституция США.
3.  Beau Breslin. From Words to Worlds: Exploring Constitutional

Functionality. The Johns Hopkins Series in Constitutional Thought.    

4.  O. Г. Румянцев. Из истории создания Конституции РФ: о работе Конституционной комиссии (1990-1993гг.)  
5. Билль о правах. Статья из БСЭ.