ЕГЭ
презентация к уроку по английскому языку по теме
ЕГЭ и подготовкна к нему является основной темой для старшеклассников. Они готовятся, волнуются, учат, а наша задача, как учителей, помочь им преодолеть страх перед экзаменом, дать им уверенность в своих силах... Вот материал, который я использую на уроках в 10-11 классах при подготовке к ЕГЭ,
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A Good Essay . . . Has a Beginning, Middle and End. Uses Paragraphs Can be Clearly Understood
An Essay Is . . . A written speech, used to talk about a given topic.
The Beginning Has 3 Sentences S1-Intro and a main overview of the main, and primary topic. S2-Thesis Statement (a statement that proves a point) S3-Lead or conversion to start you body section
The Body The Body is the main section of the essay. Can be put into 1 or many paragraphs. Talks about the subjects main points. Each paragraph is a different sub-topic Gives all info. being presented
The End Your ending paragraph sums up the entire essay. In Your Ending . . . Restate your topic Restate you Thesis Statement Briefly touch on every topic in your essay in the last sentence In most essays, the Ending paragraph is what people remember
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The verb to be Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Future (will) am-is-are am-is-are being have-has been was-were was-were being had been will be
The Passive The Parthenon was built in the 5 th century BC. It is visited by thousands of tourists every year.
The Passive to be + past participle affirmative: He was given a book interrogative: Was he given a book? negative: He wasn’t given a book.
He wants to be told the truth. He expects to be given a promotion. The passive of infinitives to be + past participle
The letters must be sent tomorrow. The reports should be typed immediately. The passive of modal verbs modal verb + be + past participle
Look at the prompts and make sentences using the present simple passive , as in the example. Volkswagen cars are made in Germany. a lot of rice/eat/India snails/eat/France Coca Cola/produce/the USA coffee/grow/Brazil beer/produce/Germany
Do we know who built the Parthenon? We use the passive when we don’t know who did the action of the verb.
Match columns to make correct sentences using the past simple passive. Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens. The ‘Mona Lisa’ (paint) The Eiffel Tower (build) ‘ Jurassic Park’ (direct) ‘ Carmen’ (compose) America (discover) The telephone (invent) Alexandria (found) Leonardo da Vinci Steven Spielberg Alexander the Great Georges Bizet Gustave Eiffel Christopher Columbus Alexander Graham Bell
Use The missing climber was found yesterday. Do we know who found the missing climber? Is it important to know who found him? What is important?
Mrs Edison is a businesswoman. She was away on a business trip but now she is back. She wants to know what has been done while she was away. Ask and answer as in the example. - Have they delivered my new desk? - No, it hasn’t been delivered yet. - Have you posted the invitations? Yes, they have already been posted. they/repair/the photocopier? (Yes) you/type/last month's reports? (No) you/place/advertisement in the newspaper?(No) you/pay/the bills? (Yes)
Use We use the passive when the action of the verb is more important than the person who carries out the action.
The ‘Mona Lisa’ was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. The boys were rescued by an old woman. ‘ by Leonardo da Vinci ’ and ‘ by an old woman ’ are the agents . Do we know who painted the ‘Mona Lisa’? Do we know who rescued the boys? The agent is mentioned only when the identity of the agent is important or needs to be stated.
Jim’s car was stolen last night. Do we know who stole Jim’s car?
Champagne is made in France. Is it important to know who makes champagne?
The bank robbers are being chased . Is it obvious who is chasing the bank robbers?
We do not mention the agent when it is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.
Turning the active into the passive S V O Mary sent the invitations. S V agent The invitations were sent by Mary. What happens to the subjects in the active sentence? What happens to the verb? What happens to the object in the active sentence?
He is working hard. Is there an object of a sentence? Only the verbs which take an object of the active sentence (transitive verbs) can be turned into the passive.
Someone informed the police. The police were informed. When the subject of the active sentence is one of the words: people, one, someone, somebody, they, he, etc. the agent is often omitted in the passive sentence.
He sent this postcard to me . I was sent this postcard. Object pronouns become subject pronouns in the passive. A nurse looks after the baby. The baby is looked after by a nurse. When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive sentence as well.
active She types the letters. She is typing the letters. She typed the letters. She was typing the letters. She has typed the letters. She had typed the letters. She will type the letters. She may type the letters. passive The letters are typed. The letters are being typed. The letters were typed. The letters were being typed. The letters have been typed. The letters had been typed. The letters will be typed. The letters may be typed.
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The aim of my presentation is getting students to understand the differences between formal and informal letters; help students master differences in register required for writing in English; prepare students for taking the state exam.
Layout (address) Formal Moscow,Russia March,24,2011 Sales Manager, Brown & Smith Ltd., 1304 Sherman Ave., Madison, Wisconsin. Informal Moscow,Russia March,24,2011
Greetings for the informal letter Dear Clara, Hi Tania, Hello Bill,
Greetings for the formal letter Most commonly used salutations are as follows: Sir, Sirs, Dear Madam, Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Mr. Brown,
The introductory paragraph (informal style) should be started with a sentence that piques the interest of the reader. Make a few chatty comments or ask a few personal questions. ● How are you getting on? ● I’m really sorry for not getting in touch sooner… ● Thanks for writing back so quickly… ● I just wanted to let you know… ● Sorry I haven’t written for ages… ● Thought I’d better drop you a line to thank you for helping me…
The introductory paragraph (formal style) The first paragraph will generally outline the purpose for the letter and the reason that the letter is being sent. ● I am writing to you with reference to… ● I am interested in applying for the job/position of… ● We are pleased to receive… ● This is to inform you that I have received your letter of… ● I very much appreciate having a reply from you… ● I am most grateful to you for…
The body of the informal letter The introduction should flow smoothly into the body, where you will talk about the main subject of your letter. If you are going to be discussing more than one topic, you can say “To begin with, I need to tell you…”Keep the tone of your informal letter on the conversational level.
The body of the formal letter The body of the letter is the subject matter. It may consist of only one paragraph or as many as necessary to convey the message. Many-paged letters should be numbered. The body of a formal letter is brief. This is because business writing is straight to the point. When we write a formal letter, we want to hit the nail on the head, and not beat about the bush.
The complimentary close of the informal letter Finish the letter with an excuse to stop writing. The appropriate phrases are: ● Must dash now, I have to write my History report… ● Please give my regards to… ● All the best, ● Love, ● Best wishes, ● With love from,
The complimentary close of the formal letter It is customary to close a letter with a closing salutation. Most commonly you will find: ● Yours faithfully, ● Yours sincerely, ● Yours truly, ● Best regards, ● Kindest regards,
The complimentary close of the informal letter Finish the letter with an excuse to stop writing. The appropriate phrases are: ● Must dash now, I have to write my History report… ● Please give my regards to… ● All the best, ● Love, ● Best wishes, ● With love from,
The signature Formal After the complimentary close, leave about two lines, and then write your full name Yours faithfully, Helen Lisova, English teacher Informal Whether you sign only your first name, nickname or full name will depend on the relationship. Love, Helen
Informal Formal the use of contracted verb forms ● I’ve done… ● Why don’t we… The use of phrasal verbs and idiomatic language ● It’s a piece of cake to do the History project for me. Appropriate formulas for writing informal letters (linking words) using the passive forms ● I have been offered … ● I am prepared to come for an interview at anytime… Avoid contractions Linking words
The informal letter sample (Zina Romashkina 10A ) Moscow,Russia 3.02.2011 Dear Tom, I’m glad to hear from you. Thanks for your letter. How are you getting on? I’m writing to you to answer your questions about students` independence from their parents. As a matter of fact , the allowance in Russian universities is so low that It’s not enough for pocket money. And it’s absolutely unreal for students to get a well-paid job, so Russian students have to be financially supported by their parents even though they want to be independent. Students can rent a flat only if parents give them money for that. And only nonresident students can live in university hostels. By the way , did you enjoy your trip to Scotland? What places of interest have you visited? Have you seen the Loch Ness monster? I’m sorry but I must dash now. My mum is coming, we are gonna have dinner soon. Best wishes, Zina
The formal letter sample (a letter of application) Dear sir, I am writing for the position of volunteer worker which I saw advertised in the Guardian last week . I would be interested in teaching Maths to primary children in your camp in Bangladesh. I enclose a copy of my CV. I would like to work for you because I am very interested in teaching. I would also like to learn about a different culture as I feel that intercultural understanding is extremely important. I am hard-working and committed person. For the last three years, I have done voluntary work visiting elderly people in my local area. I have also taught immigrant children so I feel confident I can get on well with people from other cultural backgrounds. I think I could be a good primary teacher of maths due to my teaching experience and since I have Maths ‘A’ level. In addition, I hold a certificate in first aid, which might be useful. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Maureen Taylor Maureen Taylor (Ms)
Typical errors when writing an informal letter 1. The questions are grammatically incorrect; 2. Inconsistency in the tenses: e.g. I was going to town yesterday when a dog bite me and I ran all the way to the hospital. 3. The apostrophe is in the wrong place; e.g. The dog lost it’s collar. 4. The complimentary close is not punctuated, the name is written on the same line; e.g. Take care Michael
Typical errors when writing a formal letter Contractions are often used; e.g. I`m writing to inform you of… 2. The ignorance of passive constructions 3. Formal expressions are substituted with colloquial words; e.g. obtain-get inform me-let me know contact-get in touch
Vocabulary difference Formal Inform me Cancel Contact Obtain Apologise Postpone Compensate Establish Discover Handle Investigate Tolerate Increase Children Many/much Informal Let me know Drop Get in touch Get Say sorry Delay Make up Set up Find out Deal with Check up on Put up with Go up Kids A lot of
Linking words Formal As far as I am concerned, Furthermore, Nevertheless, Despite the fact that, Firstly, Secondly, In addition, Informal Also, However, Actually, In fact, As a matter of fact, Anyway, As you know,
Thank you for your attention! Helen Lisova, English teacher, school #1567 Lisovafox@yandex.ru