Методические указания для юристов 2-3 курса
методическая разработка (английский язык) по теме

 Министерство транспорта РФ

Федеральное дорожное агентство

ГОУ СПО

Ивановский автотранспортный колледж

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

для самостоятельной работы

студентов 2-3 курсов

по специальности 0201

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Автор : Рогозная Н.В

Иваново 2007

Рассмотрено и утверждено на              Рассмотрено и утверждено

заседании цикловой комиссии             на заседании методического

социально-гуманитарных                      совета ИАТК

дисциплин

Протокол _____от _____2007г.

Председатель методического совета

_____________

Автор: Рогозная Н.В.

Рецензенты: Жукова Е.Н. – зав.кафедрой иностранных языков ИГАСА

                      Манина И.И. – преподаватель ИАТК

Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов 2-3 курсов, обучающихся по специальности 0201.

Цель издания – способствовать в выполнении  самостоятельной  работы студентов, овладении специальной лексикой, навыками чтения и говорения, обучению перевода специальных текстов с английского языка на русский.

В фокусе внимания настоящей работы находятся все темы, которые изучаются  на 2 и 3 курсах юридической специальности по дисциплине «Английский язык».

Издание  состоит из 10 уроков. Каждый урок включает в себя текст, который сопровождается списком слов по соответствующей тематике. Студентам предлагается ответить на ряд контрольных вопросов, проверяющих степень усвоения материала текста. Серия упражнений направлена на активизацию новой лексики. Приложение содержит карты, таблицы, список тем для докладов.

Lesson 1.  MY FAMILY

1.Read the text and write out new words and expressions:

Baxter Slate

Baxter Slate is a policeman. He is 23 years old. He was born in California. Now Baxter works at the Los Angeles Police Department. He is a patrol officer. His duty is to make uniform patrol in the district and to help detectives with their follow-up investigations. Sometimes Baxter works on the daywatch and other times on the nightwatch. Baxter likes to do police work. He wants to become a captain so he takes police sciences classes at night school twice a week.

          Baxter is married. His wife Clara is 2 years younger than her husband. She is a college graduate but she doesn’t work at present. Clara looks after her children, a boy of 3 and a girl of 1,5. Clara thinks that in future she will get a job and work as an economist.

                        When Baxter finishes his tour of duty, he returns home where he helps his wife, plays with his children and has a rest. If he is not busy with his studies, he usually watches TV, reads newspapers and magazines. On his days off Baxter and his wife often go to the cinema or visit their parents.

Tasks to the text.

I.Find the  Russian equivalents for the following expressions from the text.

Learn the words:

 Police Department; patrol officer; to make uniform patrol; follow-up investigations; on the daywatch/nightwatch; to become a captain ; to take police sciences classes; college graduate; at present; in future; to get a job; to work as a lawyer / investigator; to be busy with smth.; on days off;

II.Think of your own sentences with the given expressions.

III.Answer the questions:

What is Baxter’s duty?

How often does he go to night school?

Is he married?

What does he usually do in the evening?  

Lesson 2.  HIGHER EDUCATION

1. Read the text:

Oxford University

Oxford is a beautiful town on the River Thames about fifty miles from London. Some people say it is more beautiful than any other city in England.

Oxford University was founded in the 12th century as an aristocratic university and has remained so to the present day. The University consists of 32 colleges — 27 colleges for men and 5 colleges for women. There are 16 faculties there. Each college is a completely autonomous body, governed by its own laws. A large college has about 500 students, a small one — about a hundred. Several colleges say they are the oldest, but no other college is as old as Merton, which began in 1264.

The term of studies lasts for 10 weeks. There are 3 terms in the Oxford academic year.

Within the first week the freshman meets his tutor who tells the student about his plans, the lectures which he must take, about the requirements for the examination which he will take, about the course of reading for him. Attendance at lectures is not compulsory. Once every week each undergraduate goes to his tutor's room to read out an essay which he has written and discuss this essay with the tutor.

At the beginning or end of each term the progress of the students is tested by the college examinations. They pay great attention to athletics at the University. The students are engaged in the different kinds of sports, take part in competitions between Oxford and Cambridge Universities.

       This is how a student spends his day. His working hours are  from 9 to 1. At 9 o'clock he sees his tutor or goes to the library, attends lectures. From 2 to 5 he is engaged in sports and all kinds of exercise. From 5 to 7 he works in the library or laboratory. At 7  o'cl ock they have dinner-time. After dinner the students have club activities, debating societies, etc.

By 10 o'clock the student must be in the college, as most оf students live in the colleges, only some of them live in lodgings in the town.

The doors of Oxford University are not open to all. The majority of the students are graduates of private schools, so Oxford University remains an aristocratic university to the present day.

Tasks to the text.

Think of your own sentences using the given expressions:

1. freshman- студент первокурсник.

2.. college — высшее учебное заведение, в котором учатся 3 года

и получают спец. образование (техническо гуманитарное, медицинское и др.). Колледж может существовать как самостоятельная единица также может входить в состав

университета university — это вуз, сост. из колледжей различных специальностей (срок обучения 3 года). Выпускник университета получает степень бакалавра (e.g. the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering etc. )

Institute — это, как правило, научно-исследовательское учреждение

3.        tutor — в английских университетах — это преподаватель, ведущий практические занятия в группе; он следит за учебой и дисциплиной студентов.

4. within the first week — в течение (не позднее) первой недели

5. attendance at lectures is not compulsory — присутствиее (посещение) лекций необязательно

6. to live in lodgings — снимать комнату

7.the progress of the students is tested by the college examinations — успехи студентов проверяются экзаменами в
колледже

8.  a debating society — дискуссионный клуб

9. to take club activities- участвовать в работе кружка

II.Retell the text with the help of the key-words you’ve written out.

III. Active Vocabulary:

law enforcement professional education; law enforcement experts of great practical experience;  a graduate; to graduate from; work as investigators; divisional inspectors the State Auto Inspection Department; other militia services; refreshment courses;  to enter the college; to pass the entrance examinations; an applicant; conditions for getting a good education;  to do one’s best; professional specialization; to provide education; specially equipped laboratories; libraries; proper trainig; the term of training; diploma of a lawyer; lieutenants of militia; tutorials; to get knowledge of…; Operative Detective Activity; Administrative Law; Criminalistics; to be engaged in;  to have scientific societies; various clubs; to patrol the streets; to maintain public order;

IV. Make the report about your college using the words from the active vocabulary.

2. Read the text.

ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

Reforms implemented in 1991 (diversification of Higher Education; humanization; decentralization of management, University autonomy; creation of A non-public (private) sector of Higher Education) allowed for changes in Higher Education including the establishment of a multi-level structure that would meet international standards and mach the country's human resource needs.

Higher Education in Russia is provided by public and private higher education institutions. Education in public Higher Education Institutions is free of charge. The Russian Government guarantees open and free access to Higher Education on competitive basis.

Higher education in RUSSIA is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Ministry of Education, which is responsible for THE accreditation of Higher Education Institutions and for THE development and MAINTENANCE OF State Educational standards.

Nowadays Higher Education in the Russian Federation IS COMPRISED OF 552 higher education institutions, not including military institutions. Some 2.6 million students WERE enrolled in higher education institutions in 1996 with a teaching staff of over 220,000 professors at university-level institutions.

The government of the Russian Federation has stipulated three levels of study:

- Level I generally TAKES 2 years to study for a Bakalavr's or Specialist's intermediate diploma. This level concentrates on compulsory fundamental courses in the given disciplines. Students holding a Level I qualification may either continue their studies or, if they CHOOSE TO, leave the institution with an intermediate diploma.

- Level II marks the continuation of studies for additional two years leading to a Bakalavr's degree. Consequently, this first academic degree entails four years of study.

- Level III represents an educational level common to both the Magistr's Diploma and the Specialist's Diploma.

There are two levels of doctoral scientific degrees: Kandidat Nauk Degree (the first level) and Doktor Nauk Degree (the second, highest level).

National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation

2000-2025

Strategic goals:

- an overcoming of social, economic and spiritual CRISES; providing citizens with a higher quality of life and greater national security;

- restoration of the status of Russia in the Global (World) community as a great power in the fields of Education, culture, science, high technologies and economics;

creation of a foundation for the social, economic and spiritual development of Russia. Objectives:

The System of Education should provide:

- a historical continuity (succession) of generations; keeping, disseminating and developing the national culture;

-the raising up of patriots of Russia, citizens of THE civil, democratic, social State who respect the laws and liberties of personality and have high moral standards;

all-round and well-timed development of children and youth, formation of skills of self-education and self-realization of personality;

formation of integral understanding and a modern scientific world outlook of children and youth, development of the culture of inter-ethnic relations;

systematically renovating of all aspects of education reflected in changes occurring in the fields of culture, economics, science, techniques and technologies;

continuing education throughout a person's life;

diverse educational institutions and variation of educational programs guaranteed the individualization of Education;

continuity of levels and degrees of Education;

development of a Long Distance Learning Education Program, creation of programs realizing the information technologies in Education;

academic mobility of learners;

development of State's traditions in the work with gifted children and gifted youth, participation of educators in research;

training highly educated and highly skilled specialists; professional development and professional mobility in the conditions of the Informatization of society and the development of new scientific technologies;

Ecological Education forming a protective stance towards nature.

(After Sergei N. Shirobokov)

Tasks to the text. 

Read the article, try to understand what it  is about.

Think of 5-7 questions about higher education in Russia.

Compare the system of education in Russia and the US/GB

Lesson 3. TOWN

1.Read the text:

London

London has many faces. You can find beautiful houses and poor dirty buildings, there are streets full of well-dressed people and streets where dirty children play; big shops which sell wonderful things and small shops full of old clothes.

There is a lot of traffic in the streets of London - lines of buses and cars. Most buses in London are the famous red double-deckers that have two platforms for passengers. Bright-red buses look very nice in the streets of London.
There are also green single-deckers, they run from London to the country.

In Britain the traffic keeps to the left, and not to the right as in other countries. That is why when English people want to cross the street, they must look first to the right and then to the left.

The traffic lights are also different there. The red light means "Stop", the green means "Wait", and only when you see the yellow light, which means "Cross", you may cross the street. "Keep left" is the general rule in Great Britain and people keep left.
People cross the street at the black-and-white zebra crossing, but sometimes they just run across the street.

In London you may see people with unusual occupations, for example, buskers. What is a busker? It is a man who sings or plays in the streets, near cinemas and theatres or at bus stops - and people throw money in his hat. Buskers are usually young people between seventeen and thirty years old. Some of them play classical music and some play pop music.

One o'clock is lunch time in London. The streets are full of people going to have their lunch. Many of them go into a pub to have lunch.

Londoners do not have to go very far to find green parks, because London is very rich in parks and gardens. Londoners are very proud of their parks. One of the most popular parks is Hyde Park. Londoners love it. On Sundays you may see many Londoners there sitting with their families on the grass. Hyde Park is the place for all kinds of parades and meetings.

Task to the text:

Translate the underlined  words and  think of 5-7 questions about London.

Make up the excursion route around London.

Read the following text, translate it and discuss the problem in the class:

Personal Safety

Think ahead and plan your journey, avoiding deserted areas.

Try to avoid walking alone at night, and keep to well-lit main roads where possible. You should try to avoid short cuts like alleyways, waste ground and wooded, bushy areas.

Stay alert: be aware of what’s going on around you.

It is always worth letting someone know where you are going, the route you intend to take and when you expect to return.

Consider investing in a mobile phone. There are various services available for light users.

Try to avoid wearing headphones, your ability to hear traffic, strangers or potential trouble is severly restricted.

In an emergency dial 999

3. Read the dialogue and tell your friend the way from the institute to the centre of the city:

I WANT TO SEE SOMETHING OF THE CITY

Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the centre of the city?

Certainly. Would you like to walk there or to go by underground?

I’d rather walk there if it is not far. I want to see something of the city on my way to the hotel.

And what hotel did you put up at?

The “Metropole”.

Well, it’s  rather  far from here.

Never mind. I’m not in a hurry. If  I am tired,  I’ll take a bus or  a trolley-bus.

Then you may walk straight along Kutuzov avenue. It will lead you to Arbat square and the  Kremlin is not far from there. When you get to the Kremlin, ask for the “Metropole” hotel.

And what can I see on my way to the centre of the city?

Let me see!   Kutuzov  avenue is one of the best avenues of our capital. If you walk  up   the  avenue,   in   about 20 minutes you'll come to the  "Ukraina"  hotel.   It  is  one of the best Moscow  hotels.   In  front of it you'll see a monument  to  Shevchenko. There is a taxi-stand near the hotel and you can take a taxi there if you are tired.

And are there any bookshops in this avenue?

Oh, yes, there is a good  bookshop on the  other side of the avenue. You  can  see  it  from  here.   But   take  care when you cross the street.

I see there is a lot of traffic in this avenue.

There are always  a   lot  of  cars, buses, trolley-buses and lorries  in   it.   You  must  cross  the  street  only by the green light. In any case, if you  want  to  cross  the  street,
take  care  to  look  to  your  left,   and  when  you reach the middle of the street, look to your right.

May I cross the street here?

By no means.   You  must  go  to  the  corner  of  this block and turn there to the left to cross it.

Thank you very much!

You are welcome.

Task to the text:

1. Choose the object on the plan A(P.11) and tell or ask the way to the other object;

Lesson 4. GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The official name of GB is the United Kingdom of GB and Northern Ireland. It occupies the territory of the British Isles. The BI lie to the north-west of Europe and consists of two main islands: GB and Ireland. Their total area is over 244.000 square km. The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North Sea, the English Channel and the strait of Dover which is 18 miles wide. The western coast of GB is washed by the Atlantic ocean and the Irish Sea. GB is one of the world’s smaller countries. Its population is over 57 millions. Four  of every five people are urban. But in spite of all the territory of GB is small, the country has a wide variety of scenery. GB is made of three countries: England, Scotland and Wales. Everyone in Britain speaks English, but in some parts of Scotland and Wales people speak different languages as well. GB with NI forms the UK of GB and NI.

 The capital of the UK is London, in England. England is the largest of three countries which make up GB. The north and the West of England are mountainous, but the rest of the territory is a vast plain. The Lake District in Northern England with its lakes, mountains and valleys is favorite holiday resort. The national symbol of England is a red rose. The capital of England is London. Its economic, political and cultural centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and one of the world’s most important ports. It is situated upon both banks of the river Thames. But while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one, the Severn is the largest river.

Wales is the smallest land of the UK, but it is noted for its picturesque mountains with the highest peaks of GB rivers, waterfalls and lakes. Cardiff is the capital and the largest city in Wales and its also an important industrial centre and port. The national symbol of Wales is a leek or a daffodil.

Scotland is a land which is known for its beauty. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands. This is the region of mountains and rivers, small towns and villages. The highest of mountains is Ben Nevis. The best known between the lakes is Loch Ness where as some people think a large monster lives. The capital of Scotland is Edinburg and the great industrial centre is Glasgow. The national symbol of Scotland is a thistle.

GB’s largest island neighbour is Ireland. This is mainly occupied by the independent Republic of Ireland. Many small islands are also linked with the UK. Most of the land is hilly, though the mountains are not very high. The capital of NI is Belfast. The national symbol of Ireland is a shamrock.

The mountains, the Atlantic ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British isles. The summers are usually cool and rainy. And there is much rain and fog in autumn and in winter. That’s why GB is a very damp country.

The flag of the UK is known as the Union Jack. It is made up of 3 crosses: the cross of St. George, St. Andrew and St. Patrick.

Nowadays the UK is a highly developed industrial power. It is one of the most powerful countries in Europe.

Tasks to the text.

Answer the questions:

1.What is the official name of GB ?

2.What seas and oceans seperate British Isles from the continent?

3.What languages are spoken in GB?

4.Which country is the smallest one?

5.Why the flag of GB is called “the Union Jack”?

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch (a king or a queen) as its Head of State. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as the coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament. In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which has true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch 10 be signed. Only then does it become law. Although a bill must be supported by all three bodies, the House of Lords only has limited powers, and the monarch has not refused to sign one since the modern political system began over 200 years ago. The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members, known as Members of Parliament (abbreviated to MPs), each of whom represents an area (or constituency) of the United Kingdom. They are elected either at a general election, or at a by-election following the death or retirement of an MP. The election campaign usually lasts about three weeks. Everyone over the age of 18 can vote in an election, which is decided on a simple majority - the candidate with the most votes wins. Under this system, an MP who wins by a small number of votes may have more votes against him (that is, for the Other candidates) than for him. This is a very simple system, but many people think that it is unfair because the wishes of those who voted for the unsuccessful candidates are not represented at all. Parliamentary elections must be held every five years at the latest, but the Prime Minister can decide on the exact date within those five years. The British democratic system depends on political parties, and there has been a party system of some kind since the 17th century. The political parties choose candidates in elections (there are sometimes independent candidates, but they are rarely elected). The party which wins the majority of seals forms the Government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The largest minority party becomes the Opposition. In doing so it accepts the right of the majority party to run the country, while the majority party accepts the right of the minority party to criticize it. Without this agreement between the political parties, the British parliamentary system would break down. The Prime Minister chooses about twenty MPs from his or her party to become Cabinet Ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area of government, and for a Civil Service department. For example, the Minister of Defence is responsible for defence policy and the armed forces, the Chancellor of the Exchequer for financial policy, and the Home Secretary for, among other

things, law and order and immigration. The powers of the monarch are not defined precisely. Theoretically every act of government is done in the Queen's name -every letter sent out by a government department is marked "on her Majesty's service" - and she appoints all the ministers, including the prime minister. In reality, everything is done on the advice of the elected government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision - making process.

Tasks to the text.

Divide the text into logical parts.

Make a short report or a dialogue about the life in modern GB.

Speak about:

geographical position of GB;

English science and culture;

well-known Britons;

London’s sights;

Lesson 5. THE USA

1. Read the text:

The United States of America

The United States of America occupy a large territory. The USA is situated in the central and southern part of Northern America. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. It stretches from Canada in the north to Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of California in the south.

In size, the USA is the fourth among the nations after Russia, Canada and China. It has many islands in the Pacific Ocean and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in the Atlantic. It has military bases all over the world.

The USA is divided into three areas: Eastern area – a highland, where the Appalachian Mountains are situated, Central area – a plain, and Western area which is mountainous and includes the Cordilleras and the Rocky Mountains. The highest peak in the Appalachian Mountains is 2,037 metres high. The highest peak of the Cordilleras in the USA is 4,418 metres high. The Appalachian Mountains are very old. The Rocky Mountains are considered to be young.

The north-eastern part of the USA is the region of the five Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Huron, Michigan. Erie. and Ontario) which are connected by channels cut by rapids. The greatest of these rapids is the Niagara Falls. The St. Lawrence River joins the water of the five lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. In the west of the USA there is another lake called the Great Salt Lake.

The main rivers of the USA are the Mississippi (it is the second largest river in the world after the Nile); the Missouri, the Yukon, the Colorado, the Columbia, the St. Lawrence, and the Hudson.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. is the capital of the USA. It stands on the River Potomac. George Washington chose it to be the nation’s capital on December 1, 1800. The district is named after Columbus who discovered America in 1492.

Washington, D.C. is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the USA. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.

Washington, D.C. is the seat of federal government and there is the White House, the official residence of the President. President John Adams and his wife were the first to live there. It was in November 1800. The White House is the oldest building in Washington, D.C. It has the most

famous address in the United States –1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. There are 3 floors and 132 rooms in the White House. The rooms for public functions are on the first floor. The President

and the First Family use the second and the third floor.

The United States Capitol is the tallest building in Washington, D.C. and the most famous building in the USA because this is where the laws are made.

Washington, D.C. doesn’t belong to any state. It is a city and a district – the District of Columbia (D.C.). The state of Washington is in the north-west of the USA. Washington, D.C. is on the East Coast.

Tasks to the text:

Answer the questions:

What is the capital of the USA?
2. Where is it?
3. When did it become the nation’s capital?
4. Who is it named after?
5. Why is it the most unusual city?
6. Who was the first President to live in the White House?
7. Describe the White House.
8. Where are laws made? What else do you know about the US Capitol?
9. What is the difference between Washington, D.C. and the state of Washington?

Make up 5 – 6 true or false statements to the text above.

The Make-up of the Congress

3. What do you know about?:

the US President?
2. the House of Representatives?
3. the Senate?
4. the Congress?
5. the branches of the US government?

4. Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS:

1. Presiding Officer in the House of Representatives.
2. It is made in the United States Capitol.
3. The first President of the USA.
4. The person who discovered America and after whom Washington district is named.
5. The tallest building in Washington, D.C.
6. The month the presidential election is held.
7. The legislative branch of the US government.
8. The place where the President lives and works.

DOWN:

4. The 42nd President of the USA.
9. The river Washington, D.C. stands on.
10. The head of the executive branch of the US government.
11. A person who works in the US Senate.
12. The President who was the first to live in the White House.
13. It has 3 branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.

Lesson 6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE US & THE UK

The American system of government is established by the United States Constitution, which provides for three separate but equal branches of government--legislative, executive, and judicial. Together, these branches make, execute, and interpret the laws that govern our country. Because each branch has both individual and shared powers, no one branch has more authority than the other two, and each is accountable to the others. This "checks and balances" system means that the balance of power in our government remains steady.

Under the Constitution, the federal government is divided into three branches.

The legislative power is vested in Congress and made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representative. There are 435 members in the House of Representative and 100 senators. Each state elects two members of the 100-member Senate.

The executive branch is headed by the President, who proposes bills to Congress, enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and with the approval of the Senate, makes treaties. President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him.

The vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency.

The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states. The Supreme court may rule the law to be unconstitutional.

Now about the elections. The President is chosen in nation-wide elections every 4 years together with the Vice-President.

 Constitution has been amended 26 times. The Bill of Rights guarantee individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolish slavery, grant the vote to women and allow citizens to vote at age 18.

The system of government in Great Britain

In theory, the constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which "executes" laws, i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.

Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as MPs, or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, also an MP, usually the leader of the political party with a majoity in the House of Commons.

The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government departments or ministries. Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials. Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants are employed.

The House of Lords consisits of the Lords Temporal and Lords Spiritual. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of York and Canterbury, together with twenty-four senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers who have inherited their titles; life peers who are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation; and the Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve the House of Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appear cases.

Tasks to the text.

Compare  types and structure of British government and theUS government

Make the table of types of the governments.

Lesson 7. POLICE WORK IN GREAT BRITAIN, THE USA

LAW AND ORDER
– the British Police

How much do you know about the British police? Before you read the article, decide for yourself whether the following statements are true OR false.

1. There is one police force in Britain, organized by the central government.
2. Some British police officers do not wear a uniform.
3. All British police officers carry guns.

1.Read the article below and then answer the questions at the end:

           The British police officer, sometimes called the “bobby” after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force – is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Policemen and policewomen are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in the streets (“pounding the beat”) or driving in cars (known as “panda cars” because of their distinctive markings). The police have regular meetings with social workers, community readers and health officers. They visit schools and talk to children. In some districts primary schools have “adopted” police officers who take on a school as their special responsibility. They play with the children and talk to them and try to show them that the police are their friends to whom they can go if they are in trouble.

Few people realize that the police in Britain are organized very differently from many other countries.
Most countries, for example, have a national police force which is controlled by the central government. Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by the central government’s Home Office. Instead, there is a separate police force for each of the 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a police authority – a committee of local county counselors and magistrates.

The forces co-operate with each other, but it is unusual for members of one force to operate in another area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has been a very serious crime. A Chief Constable, who is the most senior police officer of a force, may sometimes ask for the assistance of London’s police force, based at New Scotland Yard known simply as “the Yard”.

In most countries, the police carry guns. The British police generally do not carry firearms, except in Northern Ireland. They aren’t armed to avoid street gunfights in which innocent people might get killed. In the Metropolitan Police Force (London) over 16 per cent are trained to use firearms, but in Avon and Somerset, only 4 per cent. The average is about 10 per cent – well below that of any other police force in the world. A few police men are regularly armed, for instance, those who guard politicians and diplomats or who patrol airports. In certain curcumstances specially trained police officers can be armed, but only with the signed permission of a magistrate.

All members of the police must have gained a certain level of academic qualifications at school and undergone a period of intensive training. Today it is part of the training of every police officer to learn something about the background of the immigrant communities, but in many places there is still hostility and suspicion between the police and black immigrants. This is partly because of the high unemployment rate of immigrants. They have nowhere to go and nothing to do, and so wander about the streets together in groups. Many of them have problems at home, and they often live in very poor housing. When the police see them together on the streets, they tend to expect trouble, and often stop and question these young people, who are angered by this interference with their freedom as citizens. The relationship between the police and the non-whites may improve as more uniformed officers patrol their districts on foot. In addition, since the considerable rise in pay, many more people are applying for work with the police force.

Like the army, there are a number of ranks: after the Chief  Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10 per cent of the police force. The police are helped by a number of Special Constables – members of the public who work for the police voluntarily for a few hours a week.Each police force has its own Criminal Investigation Department (CID). Members of CID are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms. Their job is to make sure that drivers obey the parking regulations. They have no other powers – it is the police who are responsible for controlling offences like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.

The duties of the police are varied from assisting at accidents to safeguarding public order and dealing with lost property. One of their main functions is, of course, apprehending criminals and would – be criminals.

By Natalya Predtechenskaya

Tasks to the text.

Translate the  underlined  words from the text with the dictionary.

Write the outline of  the text.

NEW SCOTLAND YARD, the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police and, by association, a name often used to denote that force.

The London police force was created by an act introduced in Parliament in 1829 by the home secretary, Sir Robert Peel (hence the nicknames "bobbies" and "peelers" for policemen). This police force replaced the Bow Street Police, a small body of paid police in London who had been organized in the mid-18th century by the novelist and magistrate Henry Fielding. The original headquarters of the new London police force were at 4 Whitehall Place, with an entrance in Great Scotland Yard, from which the name originates. (Scotland Yard was so named because it stood on the site of a medieval palace that had housed Scottish royalty when the latter were in London on visits.)

At first the new police force, like their Bow Street predecessors, encountered little cooperation from the public, and when Scotland Yard stationed its first plainclothes police agents on duty in 1842, there was a public outcry against these "spies." The police force had gradually won the trust of the London public by the time Scotland Yard set up its Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in 1878, however. The CID was a small force of plainclothes detectives who gathered information on criminal activities. The CID was subsequently built up into the efficient investigative force that it now constitutes. It presently employs more than 1,000 detectives.

By the late 19th century, the London police headquarters at Scotland Yard had grown increasingly overcrowded, and so in 1890 a new headquarters building was completed on the Thames Embankment and named New Scotland Yard. In 1967 the headquarters were moved to a new

building off Victoria Street (10 Broadway), also called New Scotland Yard.

The area supervised by the London Metropolitan Police includes all of Greater London with the exception of the City of London, which has its own separate police force. The Metropolitan Police's duties are the detection and prevention of crime, the preservation of public order, the supervision of road traffic and the licensing of public vehicles, and the organization of civil defense in case of emergency. The administrative head of Scotland Yard is the commissioner, who is appointed by the crown on the recommendation of the home secretary. Beneath the commissioner are a deputy commissioner and four assistant commissioners, each of the latter being in charge of one of Scotland Yard's four departments; administration, traffic and transport, criminal investigation (the CID), and police recruitment and training. The CID deals with all aspects of criminal investigation and comprises the criminal record office, fingerprint and photography sections, the company fraud squad, a highly mobile police unit known as the flying squad, the metropolitan police laboratory, and the detective-training school.

Scotland Yard keeps extensive files on all known criminals in the United Kingdom. It also has a special branch of police who guard visiting dignitaries, royalty, and statesmen. Finally, Scotland Yard is responsible for maintaining links between British law-enforcement agencies and Interpol. Although Scotland Yard's responsibility is limited to metropolitan London, its assistance is often sought by police in other parts of England, particularly with regard to difficult cases. The Yard also assists in the training of police personnel in the countries of the Commonwealth.

Task to the text: 1. Read, translate the text with  the dictionary and  divide it into logical parts.

2. Make a brief outline of the text.

Retell the story with the help of words  and the plan you’ve written out.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the investigative arm of the US Department of Justice. The FBI’s investigative authority can be found in Title 28, Section 533 of the US Code. Additionally, there are other statutes, such as the Congressional Assassination, Kidnapping, and Assault Act (Title 18, US Code, Section 351), which give the FBI responsibility to investigate specific crimes.

MOTTO
The FBI motto is “Fidelity, Bravery, and Integrity."

MISSION
The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners. The organization with these responsibilities has not always been called the FBI.

CORE  VALUES
The FBI will strive for excellence in all aspects of its missions. In pursuing these missions and vision, the FBI and its employees will be true to, and exemplify, the following core values:

• Adherence to the rule of law and the rights conferred to all under the United States Constitution;
• Integrity through everyday ethical behavior;
• Accountability by accepting responsibility for our actions and decisions
and the consequences of our actions and decisions;
• Fairness in dealing with people; and
• Leadership through example, both at work and in our communities.

THE DIRECTOR

The FBI is headed by a Director who is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. On October 15, 1976, in reaction to the extraordinary 48-year term of J. Edgar Hoover, Congress passed Public Law 94-503, which limits the term of each FBI Director to ten years.

The current Director, Robert S. Mueller, III, was confirmed as Director of the FBI by the Senate on August 2, 2001. He took the oath of office on September 4, 2001. Director Mueller previously served as US Attorney for the Districts of Northern California and Massachusetts and as Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Department of Justice’s Criminal Division. Director Mueller has experience in the private practice of law and is a Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers. For three years, he also served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps. Director Mueller holds a bachelor of arts degree from Princeton University, a master’s degree in international relations from New York University,and a law degree from the University of Virginia.

HEADQUARTERS
FBI Headquarters is currently located in the J. Edgar Hoover Building on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC The Special Agents and support personnel who work at Headquarters organize and coordinate FBI activities around the world. Headquarters personnel determine investigative priorities, oversee major cases, and manage the organization’s resources, technology, and personnel. Headquarters also has a role in gathering and distributing information. If a Special Agent in Boise, Idaho, has some information that would help an Agent in New York City solve a case, Headquarters is responsible for making sure the information gets from Boise to New York.

Headquarters plays a key role in fighting terrorism. It is the focal point for intelligence, not only from around the country, but from the CIA and various countries overseas. Headquarters takes the intelligence information it collects, analyzes it, and sends it to field offices, state and municipal police departments, and other federal agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security.

As the FBI has grown, some Headquarters functions have been moved to other locations. The Criminal Justice Information Services Division is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. The Laboratory and Investigative Technologies Divisions are located in Quantico, Virginia. Other specialized facilities, such as high-tech computer forensics centers, are at various locations across the country.

THE FIELD
The nuts and bolts work of the FBI is done in its 56 field offices and their 400 satellite offices, known as resident agencies. It is the Special Agent in the field who looks for clues, tracks down leads, and works with local law enforcement to catch and arrest criminals. A Special Agent in Charge oversees each field office, except for the largest field offices, in Washington, DC; Los Angeles; and New York City, which are headed by an Assistant Director.

INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
In addition to its field offices across the United States, the FBI has 45 offices known as Legal Attachés or “Legats” located around the world. Legats are our first line of defense beyond our borders. Their goals are simple—to stop foreign crime as far from American shores as possible and to help solve international crimes that do occur as quickly as possible.

To accomplish these goals, each Legat works with law enforcement and security agencies in their host country to coordinate investigations of interest to both countries. Some Legats are responsible for coordination with law enforcement personnel in several countries. The purpose of these Legats is strictly coordination; they do not conduct foreign intelligence gathering or counterintelligence investigations. The rules for joint activities and information-sharing are generally spelled out in formal agreements between the United States and the Legat’s host country. The entire worldwide Legat program is overseen by a Special Agent in Charge located at FBI Headquarters.

Task to the text: 1. Read, translate the text with  the vocabulary and  divide it into logical parts.

2. Make a brief outline of the text.

3. Retell the story with the help of words  and the plan you’ve written out.

Lesson 8. CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS

1. Read and translate the text, paying attention to the underlined words.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS IN THE USA

Basically, the steps in .the criminal court processes are as follows: arrest and booking, arraignment, trial and appeals (if any).

A person who comes into contact with the criminal courts must initially be arrested. The arrest may take place with or without using a warrant (e.g. when an offense takes place in the presence of the officer, or when  there  is probable or reasonable cause to believe that a felony or misdemeanor has been committed. A felony is a serious offense punishable by death or imprisonment. A misdemeanor is a less serious offense punishable by a fine or up to one year in jail, or both). Even after an arrest the suspect may be released without being prosecuted for a variety of reasons: mistaken identity, lack of proper  evidence, etc.

After the arrest is mader the suspect is booked. The booking card of the law enforcement agency contains information such as the date and time of arrest, the charge or crime for which the person was arrested, the name of the arrested person, the name of the arresting officer. Here the accused is photographed, fingerprinted, and temporarily released on bail, if possible. The record or booking card is permanently kept in the files of the police department. On important cases; the prosecutor may be present at the booking, but usually he will enter the case during the arraignment or initial appearance of the suspect before a magistrate or other judicial officer. Before turning to the prosecution of the suspect, it must be remembered that the investigative work of the police may continue even though the accused is involved with the prosecution or court phases of the criminal justice system.

At arraignment, summary trials can be held for petty offenses without further processing.  During the initial appearance before a magistrate, judge or justice of the peace, the accused is to answer the charges against him. During the arraignment procedure, the charge may be dismissed by the court for a legal reason or the prosecutor may request to have the charges dropped. The initial appearance may also serve as the trial for minor offenses that have payment of a fine or a relatively short time in jail as punishment; Once the judge finds a verdict of guilt, the accused is sentenced to a jail  or payment of a fine. The defendant may also be placed on probation  for a specified length of time. If sentenced to jail, he may be granted  parole.        

The purpose of preliminary hearing in the lower court is to determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe that a felony was committed and whether there is reasonable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime. It is here that a preliminary testing of the evidence takes place. As a result the accused may be released because of having been arrested not for probable cause, or he may be placed on bail or moved back to jail until his case is tried by the higher court.

If there is a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed by the accused, the prosecutor is given statutorily defined number of days to file formal charges against the defendant. The charge is filed on the basis of information from citizen complaints and police investigations.  

Then another arraignment is held. If the defendant pleads guilty a date  for him to be sentenced is set  by the judge. If the defendant pleads not guilty, he may request to have a jury trial or be tried by the court without a jury. At the trial if the defendant is convicted, a date for sentencing is set.

Before imposing the actual sentence ah investigation by the probation officer takes place to assist the judge in deciding on a penalty. The defendant may be fined, sentenced to jail, or placed on probation. During this period the defendant can appeal his conviction. As a rule, the appeal stays the execution of the sentence. If the appeal is unsuccessful or the defendant decides not to appeal, the penalty is imposed.

 The defendant is then involved in the corrections of the criminal justice system. It is here that reabilitation of offenders is supposed to occur. This is the purpose of correctional establishments.

To reduce the risk of convicting an innocent person, there are checks and reviews at all stages of the criminal justice system.

(Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society,  E.Beckman)

Tasks to the text:

I. Find English equivalents in the text:

уголовный процесс; обвинение; судебное разбирательство; обжалование; произвести арест; ордер; слвершить тяжкое преступление; тюремное заключение; подозреваемый; правоохранительные органы; обвиняемый; снимать отпечатки пальцев; картотека; упрощенное судопроизводство; мелкие правонарушения; суд низшей инстанции; слушать дело; подвергать уголовному преследованию; признать себя виновным; суд присяжных; вынести приговор; определить наказание; осудить условно; передать на поруки; перевоспитать; испраительные учреждения.

II. Learn these new words.

Make up your own sentences using the word combinations from the text.

Try to retell  the story about the criminal justice process.

Lesson 9. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

Classes of evidence.

Evidence can be categorized according to its potential value as proof. Certain types of evidence can be individualized, or associated with a unique source, whereas other types cannot be pinpointed but can aid in identification because they fall into particular classes. Types of evidence that can be individualized are handwriting, typewriting, fingerprints, footprints, tire marks, impressions or casts of nonstandard items, striated markings on bullets, tool marks, objects with random fractures or tears, and substances that have undergone an alteration that makes them unique among others of the same class. Among evidence that only identifies a certain class are blood and other body fluids, narcotics, toxicological materials, fibres, soils, inks, and many kinds of materials produced in batches.

Examinations can be either "unilateral" or comparative in nature. Blood-typing and establishing the distance from which a weapon was fired are unilateral examinations, whereas studies of handwriting or spent bullets involve comparisons with other examples.

Еvidence and its examination.

An investigation at the scene of a crime, particularly in crimes of violence, is the first phase of the laboratory function. Many jurisdictions have mobile crime laboratories, in which some of the regular laboratory tests can be performed by specially trained police personnel called evidence technicians.

Crime sites must be searched to locate pertinent physical evidence, which may range from latent fingerprints to bloodstains to pieces of a broken automobile headlight. Evidence must be marked for identification, preserved, and protectively packaged for transportation to the laboratory. In addition, records (written or photographic) must be made of each piece of evidence and its exact location with respect to the crime. The law requires that the "chain of evidence" remain unbroken and makes police accountable for every item of evidence from the time of its discovery to its ultimate presentation in court.

Certain laboratory procedures and tests are carried out in the field when time is limited or when there is a possibility that the evidence might be disturbed. Among such procedures or tests are dusting for fingerprints, making casts of footprints and automobile tracks, making blood tests, and collecting specimens of organic and inorganic materials from the environment.

Forensic science

Forensic science has come to play an increasingly important part in the investigation of serious crimes. One of the first significant developments was identification by fingerprints. It was discovered in the 19th century that almost any contact between a finger and a fixed surface left a latent mark that could be exposed by a variety of procedures, the most common being the use of a fine powder. It was accepted in 1893, by the Troup Committee established by the Home Secretary, that no two individuals had the same fingerprints, and this proposition has never been seriously refuted. Fingerprint evidence was accepted for the first time in an English court in 1902.

The original purpose of recording and collecting fingerprints was to establish and to make 

readily available the criminal record of particular offenders, but fingerprinting is now widely used as a means of identifying the perpetrators of particular offenses. Most major police forces maintain collections of fingerprints taken from known criminals at the time of their conviction, for use in identifying these individuals should they commit later crimes. Fingerprints (which may be incomplete) found at the scene of the crime are matched with fingerprints in the collection. According to the British standard, if the sets of fingerprints share at least 16 characteristics, it is considered virtually certain that they are from the same person. Searching fingerprint collections had historically been a time-consuming manual task, based on various systems of classification, but systems for electronic storage and rapid searching of fingerprint collections were developed and implemented in the 1980s.

A broad range of other scientific techniques is available to law enforcement agencies attempting to identify suspects or to establish beyond doubt the connection between a suspect and the crime in question. Examples include the analysis of bloodstains and traces of other body fluids (such as semen or spittle) that may indicate some of the characteristics of the offender. Fibres can be analyzed by microscopy or chemical analysis to show, for instance, that fibres found on the victim or at the scene of the crime are similar to those in the clothing of the suspect. Hair samples, and particularly skin cells attached to hair roots, can be compared chemically and genetically to those of the suspect. Many inorganic substances, such as glass, paper, and paint, can yield considerable information under microscopic or chemical analysis. Examination of a document in question may reveal it to be a forgery, on the evidence that the paper on which it is written was manufactured by a technique not available at the time to which it allegedly dates. The refractive index of even small particles of glass may be measured to show that a given item or fragment of glass was part of a particular batch manufactured at a particular time and place. Such information may help to identify the kind of automobile involved in a hit-and-run accident. Computer networks allow investigators to search increasingly large bodies of data on material samples, but the creation of the necessary data bases is a lengthy process.

Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica

Tasks to the text:

I. Answer the questions:

1.What was the first system of identification?

When was the first fingerprint classification worked out?

Why is fingerprinting the best means of identification?

Is forgery of fingerprints possible?

How can a forged fingerprint be detected?

Translate the underlined words and make up your own sentences with these  words.

Fingerprints

Fingerprints found at the scene of a crime can be evidence connecting an individual with a crime. Fingerprints can be either visible or latent. Visible prints--formed by dirt or blood, for example--or three-dimensional prints formed in soft matrices, can be photographed directly. Latent fingerprints, which are not ordinarily visible, can be brought out by dusting techniques 

when the surface is hard and by chemical techniques when the surface is porous. In dusting for fingerprints, a fine powder of contrasting colour is applied with a fine brush. The powder clings to the residual oils and fats in the print and the excess powder is removed with the brush. On porous surfaces such as paper, fuming iodine, silver nitrate, or ninhydrin solutions are used to develop the latent fingerprints. The most effective developer of latent fingerprints is ninhydrin, which can reveal prints that are several years old.

Fingerprints are identified on the basis of agreements in a significant number of individualities, commonly known as "points." These are the bifurcations, ending ridges, and dots in the fingerprint pattern. If sufficient points are found with spatial relationship to other points, a basis exists for identifying a fingerprint. It was formerly considered necessary to have 12 points to identify a fingerprint, but in current practice, a lesser number is often used. Palm prints and footprints are identified in the same manner as fingerprints.

Tasks to the text:

Give all possible word combinations:

prints (скрытые, видимые, невидимые, пластичные)

evidence (вещественные, косвенные, прямые, подтверждающие, убедительные)

fingerprints (найти, обработать порошком, проявить, подделать)

evidence (искать, измерять, извлекать, разрушать, загрязнять, собирать)

the scene of the crime (осматривать, охранять, фотографировать)

II   Do the following tasks:

Divide text into logical parts.

Give the name to each part.

Give the contents of each part in 1-3 phrases.

Give the summury of the whole text.

Lesson 10. MY FUTURE PROFESSION

Legal professions in GB

Solicitors. There are about 50000 solicitors, a number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up by far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-to-day work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts, and may represent their client in a Magistrates court.

Barristers. There are about 5000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitor and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyer are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings. The highest level of barristers have the title QC (Queens Counsel).

Judges. There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges.

Jury. A jury consist of twelve people (Jurors), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listen to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.

Magistrates. There are about 30000 magistrates (Justices of the Peace or JPs), who judge cases in the lower courts. There are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.

Coroners. Coroners have medical or legal training (or both ), and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths.

Clerks of the court. Clerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.

Tasks to the text:

Compare legal professions in Russia and Great Britain.

Write the topic about your future profession.

III.

Appendix 1. THE USA QUIZ

What is the official name of the USA?

Where is the USA situated?

Which countries does the USA border on?

What is the population of the USA?

What is the type of the state?

How many states are there in the USA?

Which four states of the USA begin with the word NEW?

Which 2 of the states are separated from the others?

Name the main political parties of the country and say which animals symbolize each party?

Describe the flag of the state.

How many presidents have been in the USA before G. Bush?

What is the largest city?

What is the biggest state?

What are the biggest rivers, the largest lakes and highest mountain chains?

What is the climate in the USA?

Which branches of heavy & light industry are highly developed in the USA?  

What can you say about the capital of the state?

Which kinds of sports are the most popular in the USA? (4)

Which famous American document begins with the words, “We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union…”

Appendix 2.

The Constitution defines the fundamental law of the United States federal government, setting forth the three principal branches of the federal government, outlining their jurisdictions, and propounding the basic rights of U.S. citizens. It has become the landmark legal document of the Western world, and is the oldest written national constitution currently in effect. The essential principle of the document is that government must be confined to the rule of law.

The Constitution of the USA guarantees the right of each individual over age 18 to take part in government. The government cannot take this right away. For their part, citizens in a democracy have the responsibility to participate in government.

Through the years, the Constitution has remained the basis of American government. It states the important rights in which Americans believe. All law in the United States is based on the Constitution. In addition, the Constitution describes how the national government is organised. It provides ways to make, change, and enforce the laws of the United States.

The national government only has certain powers. The Constitution gives all powers to the states and the people. This makes the United States a federal republic, or union of states.The federal government decides matters that affect all the states or the people as a whole. Individual states are responsible for local government. For example, each state controls its own schools, highways, and law enforcement.

Appendix 3. Bill of Rights.

The conventions of a number of the States having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added.

Article the first [Not Ratified]
After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.

Article the second [Amendment XXVII - Ratified 1992]
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

Article the third [Amendment I]
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article the fourth [Amendment II]
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Article the fifth [Amendment III]
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Article the sixth [Amendment IV]
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article the seventh [Amendment V]
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Article the eighth [Amendment VI]
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

Article the ninth [Amendment VII]
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Article the tenth [Amendment VIII]
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Article the eleventh [Amendment IX]
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Article the twelfth [Amendment X]
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Appendix 4. Administrative Map of the USA.

Appendix  5.   United States. Factbox

Task 1. Draw the map of the USA. Match all geographical places mentioned in this text on it.

Task 2. Find information and write a report about one state (students’ choice).

Additional information:

1. America was discovered by Columbus in 1492. It was called the “New World”. Later it was named after Amerigo Vespucci who said he had been there before Columbus.

2. At first there were 13 stars and 13 stripes on the national flag of the USA. There was one star and one stripe for every state in the new country on July 4, 1777. Then new states were added and new stars appeared on the flag. Now there are 50 states and 50 stars on the American flag. The 13 stripes represent the original 13 states.

Americans have a special holiday – Flag Day – celebrated on June 14.

3. The national motto is “In God We Trust”. It first appeared on US coins after April 22, 1864, when it was written on a 2-cent piece. On July 30,1956 it became the national motto.

Appendix 6.  Write a report on the following questions; Choose any of the topics.

Places to See in London.

My Favourite American Writer.

Famous Britons.

Customs and Traditions of  GB.

 Political System of GB.

Sports in GB.

Massmedia. Newspapers of  GB.

Constitutional Law of GB / USA.

Education in GB/ US.

The Discovery of the US.

My Favourite American City.

Presidents of the USA.

Interpol.

Russian Militia.

Crimes & Law.

The System of Courts in Russia.

Feel free to offer your own topic for the report.

Appendix 7. Physical Map of Great Britain.

Appendix 8. Physical Map of the USA.

Список использованной литературы:

Ахманова О.С. Англо-русский словарь. – М.: Совет.энциклопедия, 1972.

Андрианов С.Н., Берсон  А.С. Англо-русский юридический словарь- М.: Рус.яз., 1993.

Брускина Т.Л. Шитова Л.Ф. Краткий русско-английский фразеологический словарь.- СПб.: Из-во «Лань», 1999.

Вахмистров В.В.  Английский язык. – М.: Высшая школа, 1968.

Голицинский Ю.Б. Великобритания: Пособие по страноведению. – СПб.: Каро, 2002.

Маккей А., Ботнер М.Т., Гейтс Дж.И. Словарь американских идиом. – СПб.: Издательство «Лань», 1997.

Куценко Л.И., Г.И. Тимофеева. Английский язык. Учебное пособие/ Под ред.И.И.Сущинского. -  М.: МЮИ МВД России, 1996.

Ощепкова В.В. Шустилова И.И. О Британии вкратце: Книга для чтения на английском языке. – М.: Лист, 1999.

Ощепкова В.В. О США вкратце: Книга для чтения на англ.языке. – М.: Иностранный язык, Оникс, 2003.

Хорнби А.С. Оксфордский интенсивный английский для взрослых.- М.: Буклет, 1993.

Hornby A.S. Oxford Student’s Dictionary of Current English.- Oxford: Oxford University Press,1984.

Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language –New York/Avenel: Gramercy Books, 1994.

        Ресурсы Интернета:

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk

URL: http://www.ox.ac.uk

URL: http://www.just-English.ru/abc.html

URL: http://www.edufind.com/English/grammar/toc.cfm.

URL: http://www.edu.ru

URL: http://nota.triwe.net/English11

URL: http://www.number-10.gov.uk.

URL: http://www.royal.gov.uk/

URL: http://titania.cobuild.collins.co.uk./direct.info.html

URL: http://ucl.ac.uk/English-usage/ice.html

The White House - URL:  http://whitehouse.gov.

URL:  http://oed.com

 URL: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/

URL:  http://www.english.language.ru/tests

URL:  http://www.rambler.ru/dict/enru/

 URL: http://www.britannica.com/

 http://www.gale.com/free_resourses/lit_kit/guide.htm

http://www.fbi.gov.

Карта Великобритании. – URL: http://strlondon.narod.ru/main.html

Карта Великобритании. – URL: http://www.tury.ru/index.php/countries

Карта США – URL: http://WWW.AMONDSMITH.RU/usa.htm

System of Russian Education - URL: http://www.useic.ru/russian_education/

 Metropolitan Police -  URL: http://www.met.police.uk

Энциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия – URL: http://www.km.ru

Содержание

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА…………………………………… ..2

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ УРОКОВ:

      Lesson 1.   MY FAMILY………………………………………………………3                        

  Lesson 2. HIGHER EDUCATION…………………………………..………...4

  Lesson 3. TOWN…………………………………………………………….…7

  Lesson 4. GREAT BRITAIN…………………………………………………10

  Lesson 5. THE USA…………………………………………………………..12

  Lesson 6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE US & THE UK…………….17

  Lesson 7. POLICE WORK IN THE USA, BRITAIN………………………..18

  Lesson 8. CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS…………………………………26

  Lesson 9. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE…………………………………………..28

  Lesson 10. MY FUTURE PROFESSION…………………………………….30

  III.  APPENDIX………………………………………………………………32

  IV.СПИСОК  ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ……………………..38