Мегион,2019.

РАССМОТРЕНО

на заседании ЦМК филологических дисциплин

БУ «Мегионский политехнический колледж»

Протокол № 7 от «16» мая 2019 г.

Составители:

Шульгатая Л.И., преподаватель

Москаленко Е.А., преподаватель 

Сборник заданий  разработан для оказания помощи обучающимся в подготовке к Всероссийской олимпиаде профессионального мастерства.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

1 ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Основа объективной причины изучения предмета – потребность в специалистах средней квалификации, владеющих иностранным языком. Чем раньше начнется овладение, к примеру, технической отраслью знаний и обучению иностранному языку будет придан профильный характер, тем большая вероятность того, что иностранный язык будет использоваться в профессиональных целях.

Необходимо сделать акцент еще и на том, что существует и субъективная причина- мотивация, которая является неоспоримым фактором успешного изучения иностранного языка. Мотивацией при овладении иностранным языком, прежде всего, служит профессиональная потребность студента, который готовится стать высококвалифицированным специалистом со знанием иностранного языка.

Именно здесь особое значение приобретают тренировочные упражнения на понимание основного содержания, на вычленение ключевых слов, на распознавание определенных дефиниций. Студент должен приобрести навыки работы с источниками информации – определением основной мысли текста, логической основы высказывания, извлечение разных видов информации (работа со схемами), приемы компрессии текста и, конечно, умение активизировать эти навыки в устном высказывании. При этом вопрос о том, какие виды работы - с устной речью или письменной - должны превалировать, решается дифференцированно, в приложении к каждой отдельной специальности.

Цель профессионально-ориентированного обучения иностранному языку в СПО, прежде всего, заключается в том, чтобы научить пользоваться языком как средством общения в своей профессиональной деятельности. Занятия по иностранному языку должны обеспечить для этого прочный фундамент из основных знаний, умений и навыков в иноязычной, мыслительной, коммуникативной деятельности и научить ориентироваться в ситуациях общения с зарубежными партнерами. Английский язык важен для обмена опытом и идеями, для сотрудничества специалистов из разных стран.

Развитие рынка телекоммуникационных услуг и внедрение новых телекоммуникационных технологий требует владения английским языком: для перевода документов, технических паспортов, инструкций к оборудованию, произведенному за рубежом и написанным на английском языке, требуется знание терминологии (названия оборудования и технологий).

Ведущими сферами иноязычного общения в профессиональной деятельности выпускников являются следующие: диалог с использованием специальных технических терминов, деловая переписка, составление и перевод технической документации с описанием функционирования и технического обслуживания различного оборудования, беседа с использованием деловой лексики и беседа на бытовые темы, составление факсов, работа с литературой на иностранном языке.

Иноязычное общение становится существенным компонентом профессиональной деятельности выпускников техникума, а роль дисциплины «Иностранный язык» значительно возрастает. Таким образом, овладение иностранным языком к завершению обучения в колледже рассматривается как приобретение коммуникативной компетенции, то есть умения грамотно использовать языковые средства в соответствии с ситуацией общения.

Ставится задача не только овладения навыками общения на иностранном языке, но и приобретения специальных знаний по выбранной специальности. Таким образом, к специалистам предъявляются существенные требования:

- способность к самообразованию;

- способность работать в исследовательском направлении;

- умение представлять себя и свою культуру в условиях иноязычного общения.

Языковая подготовка с профессиональной направленностью способствует не только качественному обучению специалистов, но и формированию студента, как активной личности, готовой к самообразованию, саморазвитию и самосовершенствованию.

Для всех обучающихся изучение английского языка по специальности – это серьезный фундамент для будущей производственной деятельности, это возможность доступа к англоязычной литературе, методикам, обмену опытом со своими коллегами такого же уровня, база для продолжения языкового образования в ВУЗе.

2 ПАСПОРТ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОГО ЗАДАНИЯ

«Перевод профессионального текста»

Критерии оценки

        Методические рекомендации по переводу текста

1. Текст, предназначенный для перевода, следует рассматривать как единое смысловое целое.
2. Начинай перевод с заглавия, которое, как правило, выражает основную тему данного текста.
3. Постарайся понять содержание всего текста, прочитай его целиком или большую его часть, а затем приступай к отдельным его предложениям.
4. Старайся понять основную мысль предложения, опираясь на знакомые слова и выражения, а также на слова, схожие с родным языком или о значении которых можно догадаться из содержания.
5. Выполни перевод всех неизвестных тебе слов.
6. Отредактируй переведенные предложения так, чтобы они были построены на русском языке грамматически и стилистически верно.
7. Когда текст переведен полностью, прочитай его весь целиком и внеси необходимые стилистические поправки.

3 ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

2.09.00.00 Информатика и вычислительная техника

 10.02.01Организация и технология защиты информации

TEXTN1

1. Translate the text in written

INFORMATION SECURUTY

Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access.  The terms information security, computer security and information assurance are frequently incorrectly usedinterchangeably. These fields are interrelated often and share the common goals of protecting the confidentiality,integrity and availability of information; however, there are some subtle differences between them.

These differences lie primarily in the approach to the subject, the methodologies used, and the areas ofconcentration. Information security is concerned with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data regardlessof the form the data may take: electronic, print, or other forms.

Computer security can focus on ensuring the availability and correct operation of a computer system withoutconcern for the information stored or processed by the computer.

Governments, military, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals, and private businesses amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Most of thisinformation is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across networks toother computers.

2. Find and write the full answers to the following questions in the text:

1. What does Information security mean?
2. What is the difference between the terms information security and  computer security?
3. What can computer security be focused on?
4. Who deals confidential information about their employees, customers, products, 

research, and financial status?

TEXT  №  2.

1. Translate the text in written

TOOLBOX SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT FOR EDUCATION

Version 3, effective as of October 1st, 2018

IMPORTANT! READ CAREFULLY:

THIS IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT. BY CLICKING ON THE “I AGREE” (OR SIMILAR) BUTTON THAT IS PRESENTED TO YOU AT THE TIME OF YOUR PURCHASE, OR BY DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING, COPYING, SAVING ON YOUR COMPUTER, OR OTHERWISE USING JETBRAINS SOFTWARE, SUPPORT OR PRODUCTS, YOU ARE BECOMING A PARTY TO THIS AGREEMENT, YOU DECLARE YOU HAVE THE LEGAL CAPACITY TO ENTER INTO SUCH AGREEMENT, AND YOU ARE CONSENTING TO BE BOUND BY ALL THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SET FORTH BELOW.

1. GRANT OF RIGHTS

1.1. Unless the Toolbox Subscription has expired or this Agreement is terminated in accordance  to the terms and conditions specified herein, JetBrains grants You a non-exclusive and non-transferable right to use each Product covered by the Toolbox Subscription for non-commercial, educational purposes only (including conducting academic research or providing educational services) for a period of 1 (one) year as follows:

(A) You may:

(i) Install and use any version of the Product covered by the Toolbox Subscription and listed at https://www.jetbrains.com/student on any number of Clients and on any operating system supported by the Product; use software for non-commercial, educational purposes only, including conducting academic research or providing educational services; and

(ii) Make one backup copy of the Product solely for archival purposes/security backup.

(B) You may not:

(i) Rent, lease, reproduce, modify, adapt, create derivative works of, distribute, sell or transfer the Product;

(ii) Provide access to the Product or Your JetBrains Account or the right to use the Product to a third party;

(iii) Reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, modify, translate, or make any attempt to discover the source code of, the Product;

(iv) Remove or obscure any proprietary or other notices contained in the Product; or

(v) Use Products for any commercial purposes.

2. ACCESS TO PRODUCTS

2.1. You must register for a JetBrains Account and have Internet access in order to access or receive Products, or to renew a subscription. Any registration information that You provide to Us via Your JetBrains Account must be accurate, current and complete. You must also update Your information so that We may send notices, statements and other information to You by email or through Your JetBrains Account. You are responsible for all actions taken through Your accounts.

2.2. You may use Your JetBrains Account credentials in the Product so We can verify Your rights to use the Product online. You acknowledge and agree that the Product will periodically connect to JetBrains servers to update this information including changes to JetBrains Account credentials and the Toolbox Subscription plan.

2.3. Alternatively, You may use an offline activation code that You can download in Your JetBrains Account. If you use this option, it is Your responsibility to download a new activation code and apply it to the Product registration screen every time you make changes to the Toolbox Subscription or whenever a Toolbox Subscription is renewed.

2.4. All deliveries under this Agreement will be electronic. You must have an Internet connection in order to access Your JetBrains Account and to receive any deliveries. For the avoidance of doubt, You are responsible for Product download and installation.

2)Questions:

1. Is it possible to use JetBrains for commercial purposes?
2. May you install and use any version of the Product?
3. Is it allowed to modify, adapt the Product?
4. Who is responsible for all actions taken for your accounts?
5. How could you receive all deliveries under this Agreement?

TEXTN3.

Задача 1. Выполните перевод предложенного текста

Задача 2. Ответьте на поставленные вопросы

Условия выполнения задания

Вы – сотрудник образовательной организации, реализующей подготовку студентов среднего профессионального образования по специальности в области информационных технологий. Вам необходимо предоставить возможность руководителю практического обучения оценить целесообразность использования нового электронного устройства для обучения студентов и предоставлено описание данного устройства.

ASUS TINKERBOARD: STRONG COMPETITION FOR RASPBERRY PI

We liked tinkering its own technology gadgets or a self-built media center operates, usually attacks to single board computers. Mini-PCs in credit card format are the ideal solution for driving self-configured systems and executing applications programmed by the user. The leader in this segment is the Raspberry Pi. The device was developed in the context of inspiring young people for programming and crafting with hardware. Therefore, the installed technology is rather weak, but the devices are very cheap. Anyone who wants to have more rake power for his fanatics will find the future with Asus.

Specifications Asus Tinkerboard

Specs for the Tinker Board include a quad core 1.8GHz ARM Cortex-A17 CPU, 2GB LPDDR3 RAM, four USB 2.0 ports, support for gigabit LAN and Bluetooth 4.0, 3.5mm audio jack, microSD slot, Micro USB for power, swappable 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi antennas, and a HDMI 2.0 port with support for 4K video.

Connecting peripherals

To connect a monitor or TV using composite video or HDMI connector. Resolution ranges from 640 × 350 (EGA) to 1920 × 1200 (WUXGA) for HDMI. Composite output is in PAL and NTSC formats.

Speakers or headphones are connected via a standard 3.5 mm jack. Also, the sound can be transmitted via HDMI.

Asus Tinkerboard provides 4 USB-ports, united by an internal hub. These include, among others, can connect a keyboard and mouse.

To save CPU resources, Asus Tinkerboard offers regular connection modules through the 15-pin slots:

• CSI-2 - to connect on the MIPI interface chamber;
• DSI - to connect the regular display.

As a low-level interfaces are available:

• 40 ports of general purpose input-output;
• UART (Serial);
• I²C / TWI;
• SPI with the selector between the two devices;
• pins Power: 3.3 V, 5 V and earth.

With the help of these ports can be connected to external sensors empower the device.

Such sensors may be:

• Analog (photo resistor, temperature sensor);
• Digital (accelerometer, ambient light sensor).

For adverse communication on the Asus Tinkerboard available interfaces:

• Ethernet 10/100 Mbps with access to a standard socket 8P8C (RJ45);
• Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth 4.1, provided the chip Broadcom BCM43438.

4K video and 24-bit audio

The manufacturer has a media report , according to recently released the single board Tinker Board. This is nearly the same size as the Raspberry Pi, but has much more powerful hardware on the board. For example, the four-core Rockchip processor RK 3288 allows the playback of video in 4K resolution as well as the output of 24-bit audio signals via the HDMI-2 connector. This makes the small computer particularly interesting for use as a media center. With 2 gigabytes of memory, Tinkerboard has twice as much RAM on board as the competition. Obviously a Gigabit Ethernet connection, WLAN and four USB 2.0 ports are installed.

Comparatively cheap

The arrangement of the connections is identical to that of the Raspberry Pi. Anyone who now feels that they have to grip deeply into their pockets to secure this piece of technology is wrong. The Tinker-Board-Calculator (Raspberry Pi from approx. 37 Euro) costs approx. 60 Euro. A Debian Linux variant is used as the operating system. The device supports the Kodi Mediaplayer. On the software side, however, the computer may have a look at the Raspberry Pi, which has been established and supported by developers for years.

Questions:

1. What kind of Software and Hardware does this system have?
2. Do you like the device from the point of view of its functionality?
3. What should be the cost of this device that it is appropriate to use in educational process?
4. Does it make sense to equip this device with additional elements, such as sensors, or to offer these units separately?
5. Which operating system is preferable to complete this unit?

TEXT N4.

Translate the text in written

WHAT DOES A ROUTER ACTUALLY DO?

What we generally refer to as a router – the box supplied by your broadband provider – is normally a combined router and modem. A router is an “access point” – a device that enables other devices to connect to the same Wi-Fi network, and a modem is what connects that network to the internet. A router acts much like a telephone exchange operator back in the 20th century, coordinating communication between different devices connected to the same network. All data passes through the router on the way to its final destination, making the router the centre of any network. For wireless networks, a Wi-Fi router is also constantly broadcasting its SSID – your Wi-Fi network’s name. This allows new devices to connect to it.

Wi-Fi Standards

As Wi-Fi’s popularity has grown, so too have the standards governing its operation. IEEE 802.11 is the body of rules covering the wide array of different Wi-Fi network types, with each type dictating the speed and operational frequency of the devices connected to it. Most modern devices, both clients and access points, support backwards compatibility, falling back on slower, older connections when faster ones are unavailable.

• 802.11a.Introduced in 1999, 802.11a is an obsolete standard that operated on the 5GHz band, supporting a max speed of 54Mbps.
• 802.11b.Also introduced in 1999 and now deprecated, 802.11b operated on the 2.4GHz band and was capable of a max speed of 11Mb/s.
• 802.11g.Adopted in 2003, 802.11g brought a speed increase of 54Mbps to the 2.4GHz band.
• 802.11n (Wireless N).Arriving in 2009, 802.11n expanded the Wi-Fi standard to support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, resulting in the rise of dual-band access points capable of broadcasting two networks simultaneously, one at each frequency. Speeds can reach upwards of 300Mbps, depending on the power and number of antennas installed on both the access points and the client devices connected to it.
• 802.11ac.Finalised in 2013, 802.11ac ditches the 2.4GHz band and widens the channels in 5GHz, allowing for speeds up to 2167Mbps when broadcasting across four streams at once.
• 802.11ad (WiGig).Developed in 2009 but only recently integrated into consumer electronics, 802.11ad is practical only for a very particular type of wireless network. Operating at the 60GHz band, it has an effective range of around 1/10th of 802.11ac and requires line-of-sight to function optimally. Under the right circumstances, though, 802.11ad is tremendously fast, peaking at speeds of 7Gb/s.
• 802.11ax.Currently in development, 802.11ax is the planned successor to 802.11ac, with a predicted max speed of 10Gb/s. It is expected to be available sometime in 2019.

Frequency

Since Wi-Fi operates using radio signals, it needs to designate a particular frequency for devices to send and receive data on, much as traditional radio stations require listeners to tune in to hear their music. Standard Wi-Fi transmits within the 2.4GHz frequency band. Many modern routers use “dual band” technology, meaning they support connections on both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. This is good news, because the 2.4GHz band can suffer from interference, being the same frequency used by other household wireless devices including cordless phones and microwaves.

Access points can be configured to broadcast on different channels within their designated band; for 2.4GHz, the spectrum between 2.412GHz and 2.484GHz is split up into 13 overlapping channels of 22MHz each, theoretically allowing for multiple 2.4GHz networks to co-exist peacefully in proximity to each other, such as when you and your neighbours all have your own wireless networks running at the same time. Different regions across the world recommend sticking to particular channels for the best performance.

Antennas

The more antennas the merrier. Generally speaking, external antennas are the way to go, as they suffer less interference and broadcast more powerful signals than internal ones. In some cases, antennas are upgradable – although this is generally not the case with routers that come with deals from the main broadband providers. When Apple redesigned its AirPort Extreme, the unit was made taller, with the six internal antennas positioned in the top of the unit to create a higher platform for dispersing the signal.

Speed

Higher speeds are clearly better, but remember that stated speeds are theoretical maximums, and the kind of performance you’ll see in practice may be significantly lower than what it says on the box. At the bare minimum, you’ll want a router that touts at least 300Mbps on the 2.4GHz band and 1000Mbps on 5GHz.

QoS (Quality of Service)

Tucked away inside your router’s configuration settings, the Quality of Service (QoS) feature allows you to define what kind of network traffic your router should prioritise. Here you can add rules for specific applications; if you’re a big online gamer, you might assign a High level of priority to World of Warcraft while dropping Skype and Spotify to Low. The same priorities can also be set for network protocols like FTP and VPN connections.

Security

While the freedom of being untethered is one Wi-Fi’s biggest draws, it’s also one of its greatest weaknesses. Because all wireless devices transmit data through the open air, anyone within range can theoretically pick up that data and use it for their own purposes. Since nobody wants uninvited guests breaking into their Wi-Fi network and chewing through their data cap or snooping through their personal files, wireless security is an absolute must. There are a few different options available:

• WEP.Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a type of data encryption introduced along with the first 802.11 standard. Though it’s still supported by modern devices, WEP has been obsolete since 2004 thanks to a number of gaping holes in its security protocols. Unless you have absolutely no other option, don’t use WEP.
• WPA.In response to WEP’s vulnerabilities, the Wi-Fi Alliance developed the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) security protocol in 2003. To address one of WEP’s most glaring flaws, WPA used the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to encrypt every data packet sent across the network with its own unique key, making it far more difficult for network attacks to decipher the encryption key by snooping on wireless traffic. TKIP also incorporated a stronger message integrity check than WEP, ensuring that attackers could not intercept and alter data packets as they’re being transmitted through a wireless network.
• WPA2.WPA2, introduced in 2004, enhances WPA with the inclusion of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher, a more secure protocol for encrypting data packets as well as providing additional authentication protocols for ensuring only legitimate devices can connect to the network. WPA2 is the default security protocol for modern networks.
• WPS.Securing your network can be tricky, as anyone who’s looked at the security page of their router will know. This is where Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) comes in. Developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance and released in 2006, the protocol aims to simplify the process of connecting new devices to a secure network. Rather than setting up a password and configuring router settings, WPS-supported access points have a physical button on them you can press to indicate you want to connect a new device. You then have a brief window to connect your device to the network without entering a password. Once connected, network traffic is automatically encrypted using the WPA protocol.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the maximum speed 802.11 ac provides?

1. 2,4 GHz
2. 5 GHz
3. 10 Gb/s
4. 2167Mb/s

1. What standard provides the maximum speed in 2018?

1. 802.11a
2. 802.11c
3. 802.11ac
4. 802.11ad

1. What is 22MHz for WiFi channel?

1. Carrier frequency
2. Center frequency
3. Channel bandwidth
4. Channel wavelength

1. Which protocol is not recommended due to security issues?

1. QoS
2. WPA
3. WEP
4. WPS

ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ:

11.00.00 электроника, радиотехника и системы связи

1. Translate the text into Russian.  

COMPUTER NETWORKS link computers by communication lines and software protocols, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably. Traditionally, networks have been split between wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). A WAN is a network connected over long distance telephone lines, and a LAN is a localized network usually in one building close together.

Originally, networks were used to provide terminal access to another computer and to transfer files between computers. Today, networks carry e-mail, provide access to public databases and bulletin boards, and are beginning to be used for distributed systems. Networks also allow users in one locality to share expensive resources, such as printers and disk-systems.

Distributed computer systems are built using networked computers that co-operate to perform tasks. In this environment each part of the networked system does what it is best at. The high-quality bit-mapped graphics screen of a personal computer or workstation provides a good user interface. The mainframe, on the other hand, can handle large numbers of queries and return the results to the users.

In a distributed environment, a user might use his PC to make a query against a central database. The PC passes the query, written in a special language (e.g. Structured Query Language – SQL), to the mainframe, which then parses the query, returning to the user’s PC only the specific information requested, network traffic is reduced. If the whole file was transmitted, the PC would then have to perform the query itself, reducing the efficiency of both network and PC.

In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs were set up in laboratories and offices around the world. During the early part of this decade, synchronous orbit satellites lowered the price of long-distance telephone calls, enabling computer data and television signals to be distributed more cheaply around the world. Since then, fibre-optic cable has been installed on a large scale, enabling vast amounts of data to be transmitted at a very high speed using light signals.

The impact of fibre-optics will be considerably to reduce the price of network access. Global communication and computer networks will become more and more important part of professional and personal lives as the price of microcomputers and network access drops. At the same time, distributed computer networks should improve our work environments and technical abilities.

2. Choose the correct answer – a, b or c to complete each questions.

1.What special language is used for the mainframe interface?

а. TI-Calculator basic

    b. Oberon-07ru

    c. Structured Query

2. What is a global network?

   a. Network connected in one building close together

   b. Network connected over long distance

   c. Network connected to at least one server

3. What is a mainframe?

   a. A mainframe is a device that can be instructed to carry out arbitrary sequences of arithmetic     or logical operations automatically. 

   b. A mainframe is a very powerful computer. It is used for carrying out calculations at a very fast rate

   c.A mainframe is a large computer which is used for calculations dealing with a huge amount of data

4.What is attributed to fiber optic devices?

   a. printers, monitors, scanners

   b.lasers, amplifiers, multiplexers

   c. loudspeakers, microphones, headphones

TEXT 2.

1.Translate the text into Russian.  

TRANSISTORS

1. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material usually  with three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
2. In 1948 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain built the first working transistor, the germanium point-contact transistor. Shockley then designed bipolar junction transistor (BJT), which was manufactured for several years afterwards. But in 1960 Bell Labs’ scientist John Atalla developed the new design based on William Shockley’s original field-effect theories. Today, most transistors are field effect transistors (FETs).
3. There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing from the base to the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals.
4. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2011, can use as many as 3 billion transistors.
5. The transistor is a fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators and computers, among other things. Many consider it to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century.

2. Answer the questions

1. What terminals has a field-effect transistor?
2. What is a transistor?
3. Where are transistors applied?

ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

13.00.00.для специальности   13.02.11 Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и электромеханического оборудования

Прочитайте текст, переведите его письменно на русский язык и выполните задание графически в соответствии с переведенным текстом.

TRANSFORMERS

Transformers are electric devices due to which electric power from a power plant may be transferred at a high voltage and reduced at the point where it must be used to any value. Besides, a transformer is used to change the voltage and current value in a circuit.

A two-winding transformer consists of a closed core and two coils (windings). The primary winding is connected to the voltage source. It receives energy. The secondary winding is connected to the load resistance and supplies energy to the load.

The value of a voltage across the secondary terminal depends on the number of turns in it. In case it is equal to the number of turns in the primary winging the voltage in the secondary winding is the same as in the primary.

In case the secondary has more turns than in the primary the output voltage is greater than the input voltage. The voltage in the secondary is greater than the voltage in the primary by as many times as the number of turns in the secondary is greater than the number of turns in the primary. A transformer of this type increases or steps up the voltage and is called a step-up transformer. In case the secondary has fewer turns than the primary the output voltage is lower than the input. Such a transformer decreases or steps down the voltage, it is called a step-down transformer.

Common troubles in transformers are an open in the winding, a short between the primary and the secondary, and short between turns. In case a transformer has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. A transformer with a trouble should be substituted.

Draw a diagram of a circuit consisting of two resistors connected in series, a capacitor and an induction coil which are connected with each other in parallel. The series circuit also includes an ammeter. There is a voltmeter at the entrance of the circuit.

ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ:

15.00.00 машиностроение

15.01.20 слесарь по контрольно-измерительным приборам и автоматике

Translate the text in written

MODERN TOOLS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products, the ability to create virtual assemblies of parts, and the ease of use in designing mating interfaces and tolerances.

Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include product lifecycle management (PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations. Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools include finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. No physical prototype need be created until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of a relative few. In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows.

As mechanical engineering begins to merge with other disciplines, as seen in mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is being used with other CAE programs to automate and improve the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE processes, allowing product evaluation to continue even after the analyst goes home for the day. They also utilize sophisticated optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore possible designs, often finding better, innovative solutions to difficult multidisciplinary design problems.

ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

19.01.17 повар, кондитер

19.02.10 технология продукции общественного питания

1. Задание:

1) Из составленной технологической карты переведите рецептуру основного блюда на иностранный язык.

2) Перевести рецепт блюда на русский язык с упорядочиванием нарушенной последовательности этапов его приготовления:

Salmon Shepherd's Pies

Ingredients:

30g butter

1 onion, finely chopped

1 small red capsicum, finely chopped

2 sticks celery, sliced

1 clove garlic, crashed

2 210g cans pink salmon, drained, flaked

½  cup mayonnaise

1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce

2 tablespoon fruit chutney

 500g potatoes

Technological process of preparation, decoration and serving of a dish (item)

1. Melt butter in a frying pan. Add onion, capsicum, celery and garlic; cook over heat until vegetables are tender.

2. Divide mixture evenly between 4 ovenproof dishes (1-cup capacity).

3. Stir in salmon, mayonnaise, sauce and chutney.

4. Boil, steam or microwave potatoes until tender; drain. Mash potatoes,

5. Cook in a moderate oven 180 С for about 20 minutes, or until potato is lightly browned.

6. Spoon potato into a piping bag fitted with a fluted tube. Pipe potato over  top of salmon mixture.

2. Задание:

1)Из составленной технологической карты переведите рецептуру основного блюда на иностранный язык.

2)Переведите рецепт блюда на русский язык с упорядочиванием нарушенной последовательности этапов его приготовления:

Avocado and Bacon Omelette

Ingredients:

2 slices bacon

2 tablespoons butter or margarine

3 eggs

2 slices ripe avocado

½ cup shredded cheese

Technological process of preparation, decoration and serving of a dish (item)

1. In small bowl, beat eggs slightly.

2. In small skillet, cook bacon until crisp; drain on paper towel; keep warm.

3. Pour in eggs. Cook, stirring with fork and shaking pan back and forth until omelette is firm on the bottom, but slightly soft on top. Remove pan from heat.

4. Place bacon, avocado and cheese in the centre. Fold over one-third of the  omelette; put in serving plate.

5. Heat omelette pan slowly until very hot. With fork, swirl butter on bottom and sides of pan. Do not allow butter to brown.

3. Задание:

1)Из составленной технологической карты переведите рецептуру основного блюда на иностранный язык.

2)Переведите рецепт блюда на русский язык с упорядочиванием нарушенной последовательности этапов его приготовления:

Buffalo Chicken Wings

Ingredients:

12 chicken wings (2 pounds)

cooking oil for deep-fat frying

3 tablespoons margarine or butter

hot pepper sauce

bottled blue cheese salad dressing

 celery sticks

Technological process of preparation, decoration and serving of a dish (item)

1.  In a small saucepan melt margarine or butter. Stir in hot pepper sauce.

2. Pour mixture over wings, turning them to coat. Serve wings with blue cheese dressing and celery sticks.

3. Cut off and discard tips of chicken wings. Cut wings at joints to form 24 pieces.

4.  Fry a few wing pieces at a time in deep hot cooking oil for 8-10 minutes or till golden brown. Drainonpapertowels.

4. Задание:

1)Из составленной технологической карты переведите рецептуру основного блюда на иностранный язык.

2)Переведите рецепт блюда на русский язык с упорядочиванием нарушенной последовательности этапов его приготовления:

French Onion Soup

Ingredients:

50 g butter

1 tablespoon olive oil

4 large brown onions, thinly sliced

1 clove garlic, crushed

1 tablespoon sugar

2 tablespoons red wine vinegar

1/3 cup plain flour

½ cup dry sherry

1 cup dry white wine

430 g can beef consomme

11/4 cups water

2 tablespoons olive oil, extra

1 clove garlic, crushed, extra

1 small French bread stick, cut into 2 cm slices

½ cup grated Parmesan cheese

parsley, to garnish

Technological process of preparation, decoration and serving of a dish (item)

1. Heat butter and olive oil together in a large fry-pan. Add onions, cook about 20 minutes until brown.

2. Preheat oven to 210"C. Combine extra olive oil and garlic in a small bowl. Brush over both sides of bread, sprinkle one side with Parmesan. Bake 5 minutes or until crisp and golden.

3. To serve, place a slice of bread at the bottom of each soup bowl, pour over soup, garnish with parsley.

4. Add garlic and sugar, stir through until sugar has browned. Add vinegar, cook 2 minutes. Sprinkle flour over the onions, cook stirring for 1 minute. Stir in sherry, white wine, consomme and water. Continue stirring until mixture boils and thickens, reduce heat and simmer the soup uncovered for about 25 minutes.

ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

21.01.01 оператор нефтяных и газовых скважин

1. Переведите текст, содержание которого включает профессиональную лексику.

GOLD PROSPECTING

Gold prospecting is the act of searching for new gold deposits. Methods used vary with the type of deposit sought and the resources of the prospector. In some developed countries placer gold prospecting has also become a popular outdoor recreation.  

Prospecting for placer gold is normally done with a gold pan to wash free gold particles from loose surface sediment.

Deeper placer deposits may be sampled by trenching or drilling. Geophysical methods such as seismic, gravity or magnetics may be used to locate buried river channels that are likely locations for placer gold.

Once placer gold is discovered, the gold pan is usually replaced by sluices or mechanical devices to wash greater volumes of material. Discovery of placer gold has often resulted in discovery of hardrock gold deposits.  

Hardrock gold deposits are more varied in mineralogy and geology than placer deposits, and prospecting methods can be very different for different types of deposits. Drilling is often used to explore the subsurface.

Surface geophysical methods may be used to locate geophysical anomalies associated with gold deposits.Most gold today is produced in large open-pit and deep underground mines. However, small-scale gold mining is still common, especially in developing countries.

A recent study by Australian scientists found that termites have been found to excrete trace deposits of gold. According to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), the termites burrow beneath eroded subterranean material which typically masks human attempts to find gold. They believe that studying termite nests may lead to less invasive methods of finding gold deposits.

2. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1. Как выполняется добыча и поиски россыпного золота?
2. Какие геофизические методы могут быть использованы для поиска каналов реки, где расположено золото?
3. Что используется для исследования недр земли?
4. Где в настоящее время производится большинство золота?
5. Что выявило недавнее исследование австралийских ученых?

TEXT 2

MINERAL RESOURCES

         The list of mineral resources found on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). territory is long and is still growing.  Gem stones and precious metals which were practically the only objects of mining in recent times are giving place to oil, gas, coal, iron, non-ferrous and rare metals, apatite and other mineral resources.

         Coal basins have been discovered in many areas of Yakutia. The most promising is the South – Yakutian coal basin located at the Baikal-Amur Railroad. Coal in this basin is high-grade coking and have a low impurity content. The Neryungri deposit in currently mined by an opencast method.

         The Lena coal basin is the largest in the Russian Federation. It covers the Vilyuisk syneclise and Predverkhoyansk fore deep and includes several large coal regions: the Yakutsko-Vilyuisk, Nizhniy-Aldan, Sangar, Zhigansk, etc.  At present, the kangalassy deposit (near Yakutsk) in the Yakutsko-Vilyuisk coal region, deposits in the Nizhniy-Aldan coal region and the Sangar deposit are mined. Only the Zyryanka deposit is currently mined.

          Iron deposits are confined mainly to the Aldan iron-ore province. The iron ores are magnetite, have a complex composition and high iron content.    

          Tin deposits have been mined for a long time in Eastern Yakutia. They can be traced in groups in a wide zone stretching from the Arctic Ocean coast along the Yana River basin to the Suntar-Khayat Range. Tungsten occurs in association with cassiterite.

           Polymetallic deposits have recently been found in the Sette-Daban anticlinorium. Stratiform lead-zinc ores occur in Vendian sediments.

           The importance of apatite deposits located within the Aldan Shield increases.

           In Eastern Yakutia occur mercury and antimony deposits, some of them are currently mined. Zeolite deposits and high-potential bauxite occurrences have been found in Western Yakutia.                                    

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1. Где открыты наиболее перспективные угольные бассейны?

угля в настоящее время?

2. Какие месторождения сосредоточены в Алданской провинции?
3. Наблюдаются ли здесь месторождения олова, и где?
4. Какими полезными ископаемыми богата Восточная Якутия?

TEXT 3.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

A geographic information system is a system for gathering, storing, manipulating, analyzing, managing and presenting of all types of geographical data. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create searches, analyze geographical information, edit data in maps and present the results of these operations.

In 1960 the first true operational GIS appeared in Ottawa, Canada. It was called the Canada Geographic Information System. It was used to store, analyze and manipulate data which was collected for the Canada Land Inventory. This system was used for mapping information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, forestry and land use at a scale of 1:50,000.

In the 20th century GIS data was used with the help of the Internet. Different platforms were used, GIS ran on various operating systems. It could perform specific tasks. Modern GIS technologies use digital information. High-resolution digital terrain and aerial imagery, powerful computers and web technology change the quality and uses of GIS.

Data can enter into GIS from scanned maps, survey instruments, global navigation satellite system, etc. Digital data comes from photo interpretation of aerial photographs. Data can enter into the system in two and three dimensions, elevations are measured using the principles of photogrammetry. Satellite remote sensing provides another important source of geographical data. Satellites use different sensor packages to measure the reflectance from parts of the electromagnetic spectrum or radio waves that were sent out from an active sensor such as radar. Remote sensing collects data that can be processed to identify objects and classes of interests. Data is stored in two ways: raster images and vectors. GIS data represent real objects (roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, etc.) and digital data.

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1. Для чего используется географическая информационная система?
2. С каких источников данные могут вводиться в ГИС?
3. Когда и где появилась первая настоящая географическая информационная система?
4. Для чего использовалась первая географическая информационная система?
5. Что отображают данные ГИС?

ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

 23.00.00 Техника и технологии наземного транспорта

специальность 23.02.05 Эксплуатация транспортного электрооборудования и автоматики

специальность 23.02.03 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта»

TEXT№ 1.

CHASSISDYNAMOMETER

Задание 1. Переведите текст, содержание которого включает профессиональную  лексику.

The chassis dynamometer is primarily an advanced diagnostic tool to simulate engine loads that can occur during the movement of a vehicle on the road without having to leave the laboratory environment. The dynamometer measurements help to determine the engine characteristics by measuring its power and torque, as well as wheel power and loss capacity depending on the speed of the engine. The dynamometer located in the AC SA Research and Development Centre is designed for continuous operation with vehicles up to 1000 HP. There are only two facilities of this kind in Poland. It can simulate any test mode (urban, non-urban, mixed), and road conditions to facilitate the precise monitoring of our STAG controllers and mechanical components even at extremely high speeds of 180240 km/h. This is to ensure that the products offered by our company are designed with an allowance of power and will not fail even at extreme engine loads. In addition, the dynamometer station is equipped with a professional gas analyzer to record the current emission level. The exhaust gas contains 1% of toxic substances, hazardous to human life and health (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and suboxides). Each manufactured controller prototype is put to rigorous testing in order to achieve maximum engine power and the least pollution emission. Using the latest achievements in the measuring technique, our engineers are able to examine every detail of motor control and accurately verify on-line (following each software update) the most significant parameters of the engine.

Задание 2. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What is a chassis dynamometer?

2. Can  a chassis dynamometer simulate any test mode?

3. What  are the advantages of the company's products?

 4. What is the dynamometer station equipped with?

TEXT № 2.

Задача 1. Переведите приведённый ниже отрывок из инструкции по техническому обслуживанию, ремонту и эксплуатации автомобилей, используя словарь

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE

The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself. Most automobile engines work on a 4-stroke cycle. The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, exhaust stroke.

To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the piston is at the top dead center and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed. When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder. This is called the inlet stroke.

 On reaching the bottom dead center the piston begins to move upward into the closed upper part on the cylinder, the inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston. This is called the compression stroke.

As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture. As a result of burning mixtures the both valves being closed during its combustion. The gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder. This stroke is called the power stroke.

When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released, and the piston again rises. It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This is called the exhaust stroke which completes the cycle.

Задача 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту письменно.

1. 1. Why is the engine called the internal combustion engine?
2. 2. What stroke is called the inlet one?
3. 3. What is a compression stroke?
4. 4. What takes place in the cylinder on power stroke?
5. 5. What takes place on the exhaust stroke?

TEXT № 3.

Задача 1.Переведите приведённый ниже отрывок из научной  статьи, используя словарь.

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.

The most common conductors are metals. Silver and copper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is to connect a voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance.

It should be taken into consideration that most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes.

Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators. Current passes through insulators with great difficulty.

The most common insulators are air, paper, rubber, plastics.

When an insulator is connected to a voltage source, it stores electric charge and a potential is produced on the insulator. Thus, insulators have the two main functions: to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them and to store electric charge when a voltage source is applied.

Задача 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту письменно.

1. What materials are called conductors?
2. What is the advantage of copper compared with silver?
3. What is the most common function of wire conductors?
4.  What materials are called insulators?
5. What are the two main functions of insulators?

TEXT 4

Задача 1.Переведите приведённый ниже отрывок из публицистической статьи, используя словарь

TRAFFIC CONTROL

Almost all roads are built with devices intended for traffic control. Most notable for a motorist are those that are designed for direct communication with the driver. In a broad sense, they are divided into three categories: signs, signals and road markings. They help the driver to navigate and assign the right of way at intersections. They indicate compliance with laws such as speed limits and parking rules, report potential hazards, indicate passage and non-passing areas. They also provide information and ensure that traffic is orderly and secure.

200 years ago these devices were signs, rather informal. In the late 19th century, signals began to appear in big cities at a few highly congested intersections. They were manually controlled and consisted of semaphores, flags, or in some cases electric lights, and were modeled on railway signals. In the 20th century the signals were automated, first with electromechanical devices, and later with computers.

In the 20th century, traffic control devices were standardized. Before then every locality decided on what its devices would look like and where they would be applied. In the United States standardization was first adopted at the state level, and at the end of the century at the federal level. Each country has a Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and there are efforts to blend them into a worldwide standard.

Задача 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту письменно.

1. What categories of traffic management exist?

2. What are the functions of traffic control devices?        

3. How were the signals automated in the previous century?

4. What happened to traffic control devices in the 20th century?

5. What document controls traffic in each country?

ПЕРЕВОД И РАБОТА С ТЕХНИЧЕСКИМ ТЕКСТОМ НА ИНОСТРАННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ПРОФИЛЬНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

38.00.00 Экономика и управление

38.02.04 Коммерция (по отраслям)

TEXT  № 1.PROFITABILITY

Fixed costs and variable costs

A fixed cost is a cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods or services produced or sold. It is one of the two components of the total cost of running a business, along with variable cost.

Fixed costs remain more or less the same regardless of the level of costs. Typical examples are salaries of permanent employees, advertising, interest on bank loans, insurance, heating and lighting.

Variable costs increase directly in proportion to the level of sales. Typical examples are parts and materials, wages of temporary employees, sales commissions, delivery charges. etc.

There are items that are difficult to categorize, and all costs vary to some degree. But advertising for example, is usually considered to be a fixed cost because a) it has a fixed budget for each accounting period and b) advertising costs for a whole brand will not be increased or decreased immediately in proportion to the sales of individual product line.

Breakeven analysis

Once you know specific values for the various costs, the first thing you’re able to do is a breakeven analysis.

Every business student knows the classic graph of how costs and revenue rise at a different rate as sales increase, and how there is a breakeven point where they cross. The breakeven point is the sales volume you need to exactly cover all your costs.

Breakeven analysis can be used for deciding whether a new product idea is worth developing, and for computing the new sales figures that would be necessary if you decide to increase fixed costs (eg by renting more office space).

1. Translate the text in written

2. Find and write the full answers to the following questions in the text:

1. How do variable costs go up?
2. What is not a fixed cost: insurance, delivery charges, rent, heating and lighting?
3. Is advertising considered to be a fixed or variable cost? Why?
4. What is understood under breakeven point?
5. Why is it important to know the breakeven point?

Vocabulary:

breakeven – безубыточность

tocovercosts – покрыватьрасходы

revenue – прибыль

salesfigures – показателипродаж

TEXT № 2

ECONOMY  OF  THE   U.S.A.

          The United States of America is a highly developed industrialized country. Shipbuilding, electronics, automobile industry, aircraft industry, space research are highly developed in the States.

          Each region of the United States has characteristics of its own due to the differences in climate, landscape and geographical position.

          Great Lakes, Atlantic Coast, Pennsylvania, New Jersy are biggest industrial regions of the country.

          The United States has a lot of mineral deposits or resources such as coal, gold, silver, copper, lead and zink. The south, especially Texas is rich in oil. The coalfields of Pennsylvania are rich in coal. There are plenty of coal mines.

          Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska is the richest farming region of America and it is known as the Corn Belt. The land is fertile and well watered. They grow mostly corn and wheat there. Much livestock is also raised here.

          There is a lot of fruit raising area. For example, California oranges, grapefruit, lemons, as well as other fruits, wines and vegetables are shipped all over the States and to other parts of the world. The most important crops grown in the States are also tobacco, soy-beans, peanuts , grapes and many others. There are a lot of large and modern cities, but a great proportion of the country consists of open land dotted with farmhouses and small towns. The usual average town, in any part of the United States, has its Main Street with the same types of stores selling the same products. Many American residential areas tend to have a similar look. As to big cities their centres or downtowns look very much alike. Downtown is the cluster of skyscrapers imitations of New York giants.

          New York City is die first biggest city of the States. Its population is more than eight million people. It is a financial and advertising business centre. It is also a biggest seaport of the Hudson River. Industry of consumer goods is also developed here.

          Chicago with a population of more than three and a half million is the second largest city in the U.S.A. It deals in wheat and other grains, cattle meat processing and manufacturing. Other big cities are Huston, an oil refining and NASA space research centre, New Orleans, a cotton industry centre, Los Angeles with Hollywood, Phyladelphia, a shipping commercial centre, Detroit, a world's leading motor car producer and many others.

Exercises:

№ 1. Answer the questions using the text:

         What industries are highly developed in the U.S.?

         What mineral deposits are there?

         What plants are grown in the U.S.?  Why?

         What can you say about the usual average town?

№ 2. Find the English equivalents in the text:

благодаря различиям в климате;

        земли плодородны и хорошо орошаемы;

        выращивают кукурузу и пшеницу;

        разводят много скота;

        большие площади заняты фруктовыми садами;

        вывозятся в другие штаты и страны.

№ 3. Sum up what the text says about:

the biggest industrial regions of the U.S.A.

         New York

         Chicago

         Huston

         New Orleans

.

TEXT № 3

СOSTS AND SUPPLY

Companies have to spend money in order to make money. The money they spend to manufacture their goods or provide their services are called costs. Any company that doesn’t keep track of costs will soon be in trouble. And there are many different kinds of costs to keep track of such as fixed costs and variable costs.

Costs are important for two reasons. Firstly, there is a relationship between costs and profit. Profit is overall revenue minus costs. Secondly, there is a relationship between costs and supply.

One type is fixed costs that don’t change. They are costs that the company has to pay each month or each year. The value of fixed costs will not rise or fall in the short term. Examples include the rent the company pays, the interest they have to pay each month on any loans and the salaries they have to pay for permanent employees. The good news about fixed costs is that they don’t change with increases in production. Variable costs, however, change with the size of production. Examples of variable costs are the raw materials needed for production, the cost of electricity and the cost of maintaining machines that are working more. Also, the company may need to get more part-time employees. Their hourly pay is another variable cost.

In a perfect world, variable costs will increase steadily as production increases. This is called constant return to scale. However, sometimes, variable costs rise at a faster rate than production. This nasty situation is called a dis-economy of scale. On the other hand, companies sometimes get lucky. Variable costs can rise at a much slower rate than production. This is called an economy of scale.

constant return to scale – постояннаяотдачаотмасштаба

dis-economy of scale – потериотмасштаба

economy of scale – эффектмасштаба

Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы в соответствии с прочитанным текстом:

1. What is the difference between fixed and variable costs?
2. How are costs related to profit?
3. How do variable costs change?
4. How can the wages of part-time employees influence on variable costs?
5. How does production influence on fixed costs?

Задание 2. Переведите текст с английского языка на русский.

Литература:

1. КарповаТ.А. English for Colleges. Английский язык для колледжей / Т.А. Карпова. — Москва : КноРус, 2016. – 281 с.
2. Английский язык для технических направлений : учеб. пособие для СПО /О.В.Кохан -М.: Издательство Юрайт, 2017.-181 с.- Серия: Профессиональное образование.(для 11.00.00.)
3. Шляхова В.А. Английский язык для студентов автомобилестроительных специальностей средних профессиональных учебных заведений: Учеб. пособие / В.А. Шляхова. – М.: Высшая школа, 2008. – 120 с.: илл.
4. Боярская О.А. Английский язык для специалистов по организации перевозок. Englishfortransportation / О.А. Боярская, Л.В. Педько, Е.В. Слесаренок; кол. авт. Белорусский национальный технический университет, Кафедра английского языка N1 . - Минск : БНТУ, 2009. – 111 с.
5. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для студентов энергетических специальностей: Учебное пособие для вузов и техникумов / А.Л. Луговая. 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. (СПО) - М.: «Высшая школа», 2009 – 115с.

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