УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по дисциплине «Английский язык» по теме «Металлы» для специальностей: 15.02.08 «Технология машиностроения» 23.02.02 «Автомобиле – и тракторостроение»
учебно-методическое пособие по теме

Министерство образования Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Заволжский автомоторный техникум»

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
по дисциплине  «Английский язык»
по теме «Металлы»
для специальностей:

15.02.08 «Технология машиностроения»
23.02.02 «Автомобиле – и тракторостроение»
23.02.03 «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта»
13.02.11 « Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и электромеханического оборудования (по отраслям)

Составитель: преподаватель английского языка Лосик Т.М.

2016 год

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ  ЗАПИСКА

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов техникума, обучающимся специальностям:

15.02.08 «Технология машиностроения»

23.02.02 «Автомобиле – и тракторостроение»

23.02.03 «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта»

13.02.11 « Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и электромеханического оборудования (по отраслям) и ставит своей целью подготовить студентов к чтению и переводу оригинальной английской и американской литературы по специальности.

Учебное пособие обеспечивает студентов текстовым, лексическим материалом по теме «Металлы». Оно состоит из 6 уроков. Каждый урок вводит новую лексику по теме. Семантизация слов, специальных терминов и словосочетаний осуществляется многократным называнием слова.. Все задания урока построены по принципу «от простого к сложному» и органически связаны между собой. Также соблюдается принцип повторяемости лексики от задания к заданию, что является одним из основных условий запоминания слов, словосочетаний и специальных терминов.

В основе каждого урока лежит текст. Тематика текстов следующая: «Металлы и их использование», «Виды сталей», «Легированные стали», «Цветные металлы», «Термообработка сталей», «Коррозия металлов». Данная тематика соответствует тематике текстов базового учебника «Английский язык для технических ВУЗов» И.П. Агабекяна. Тексты составлены так, что они объясняют в доступной форме основные металлургические процессы, соответствуют программам специальных дисциплин. Каждый текст сопровождается рядом упражнений, рассчитанных на активизацию лексического и грамматического материала. Задания направлены на обучение различным приемам оперирования с текстом на всех этапах работы, и их выполнение позволяет студентам овладеть навыками  и умениями самостоятельной работы с текстом и подготовиться к речевым высказываниям. Грамматические упражнения построены на знакомом, изученном грамматическом материале и предназначены для повторения данного материала и выполняются в письменной форме. Для совершенствования навыков перевода учебное пособие предлагает упражнения по переводу с русского языка на английский язык, которые выполняются письменно.

LESSON 1.  METALS AND THEIR USE.

Задание 1:

Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

Importance, industry, construction, consist, pure, combine, alloy, iron, copper, lead, cheap, produce, metallurgical, useful, property, strong, separate hardness, plasticity, combination, impurity.

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам из задания 1:

Железо, производить, промышленность, чистый, полезный, важность, пластичность, дешевый, медь, конструкция, свойство, сплав, состоять, свинец, твердость, соединять, примесь, сильный, металлургический, соединение, разделять.

Задание3:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• engineering construction
• pure chemical elements
• combined with some other elements
• properties of alloys
• useful properties
• in different ways
• two thirds of all elements
• one point five two

Задание 4:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

METALS AND THEIR USE

It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering construction have metal parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.

There are large groups of metals:
1) Simple metals- more or less pure chemical elements.
2) Alloys are materials consisting of a simple metal combined with other elements.

About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metal, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals, which are used in industry, are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metal is iron (Fe) which, in the form of alloys with carbon (C) and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metal consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous metal; all the other metals are called nonferrous metals. The most important nonferrous metals are copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), but all these metals are used much less, than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.

Engineering metals are used in industry in the form of alloys because the properties of alloys are much better than the properties of pure metals. Only aluminum may be largely used in the form of a simple metal.

People began to use metals after wood and stone, but now metals are more important for our industry than these two old materials. Metals have such a great importance because of their useful properties. Metals are much stronger and harder than wood and that is why some engineering constructions and machines were impossible when people did not know how to produce and how to use metals. Metal is not so brittle as stone, which was the first, engineering material for people. Strength, hardness, and plasticity of metals are the properties, which made metals so useful for industry. It is possible to find some very plastic wood, but it will be much softer than many metals; stone may be very hard, but it is not plastic at all. Only metals have a combination of there three most useful engineering properties.

But it is much more difficult to get the metals from the earth in which they are found than to find some stone or wood, than is why people began to use metals after stone and wood. The first metal, which was produced by the people, was copper; iron was produced much later.
Different metals are produced in different ways, but almost all the metals are found in the form of metal ore (iron ore copper ore, etc.)

The ore is a mineral consisting of a metal combined with some impurities. In order to produce a metal from some metal ore, we must separate these impurities from the metal; that is done by metallurgy.

Задание 5:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту и составьте краткий пересказ текста:

 1. Which metal is the most important for industry?
2. What is an alloy?
3. Can all metals be used in industry?
4. How do we call alloys consisting of iron combined with carbon?
5. Why are ferrous metals used more largely then nonferrous?
6. What properties of metals make them so useful for engineering?

Задание 6:

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. Alloys are materials consisting of a simple metal combined-------------.

2. The most important nonferrous metals are-------------.

3. Metals have a great importance because-----------.

4.Stone may be very hard, but -----------------.

Задание 7:

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму:

1. Metals (to use) by man after wood and stone.

2. Engineering metals (to use) in industry in the form of alloys.

3. Different metals (to produce) in different ways.

4. The first metal which (to produce) by people was copper.

Задание 8:

Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1. Самым важным из технических металлов является железо.

2. Железо используется в промышленности в форме сплава с углеродом.

3. Наиболее полезными техническими свойствами металлов являются твердость, прочность и пластичность.

4. Чистое железо не может быть использовано в промышленности потому, что оно очень мягкое.

Задание 9.

Раскройте скобки и поставьте прилагательные в нужной форме:

1. Nonferrous metals are used (little) than ferrous metals.

2. The ferrous metals are (cheap) than nonferrous metals.

3. Metals have the (great) importance for industry.

4. Metals are (important) for industry then stone and wood.

5. Wood is much (soft) then metals.

6. Strength, hardness and plasticity of metals are (useful) engineering properties.

LESSON 2.  NONFERROUS METALS.

Задание 1:

Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

Nonferrous metals, magnesium, though, application, characteristic properties, possess, replace, cost, conductivity, silver, electric current, equipment, cables, ability, oxygen, resistance, prevent, oxidation, film, immediately, require, tin, foil, brass.

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам из задания 1:

Требовать, проводимость, магний, применение, сопротивляемость, кислород, заменять, электрический ток,  латунь, характерные свойства, способность, хотя, цветные металлы, стоимость, пленка, олово, немедленно, окисление, фольга, оборудование, кабель, обладать, серебро, предотвратить.

Задание3:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• materials having lower cost
• possess a high electric conductivity
• be used for electric equipment
• combine with the oxygen
• a low ability of combining with oxygen
• high resistance to corrosion
• form a protective coating
• prevent the oxidation of the surface of the metal
• require very ductile metals

Задание 4:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

 NONFERROUS METALS.

Such nonferrous metals as copper, aluminum, magnesium, lead, zinc, and tin are widely used in industry, though they are much more expensive than ferrous metals. These metals find many applications because of some characteristic properties they possess. But still scientists and engineers always try to replace the nonferrous metals with some ferrous alloys or other materials having lower cost and possessing the same properties.

Some of the nonferrous metals possess a high electric conductivity. Silver is the best conductor of the electric current, the conductivity of copper and aluminum is a little lower than that of silver, but they are used for electric equipment such as wire, cables, etc., while silver cannot find application in these cases because of its very high cost.

High resistance to corrosion is another useful property of many nonferrous metals. Some of them, such as gold and platinum, do not corrode at all because they cannot combine with the oxygen in the air. Copper and tin also have a low ability of combining with oxygen, which is the cause of their high resistance to corrosion. But aluminum and zinc can easily combine with the oxygen of the air, yet we know that they are highly resistant to corrosion. How can it be? The fact is that these metals form a protective coating which prevents the oxidation of the surface of the metal. This coating, which is a thin film of metal oxide on the surface, is formed immediately when the metal comes in contact with the air, thus protecting it from corrosion.

In many cases it is very important to have a light weight metal as, for example, in building airplanes. Aluminum and magnesium are such metals. Pure aluminum has little use in industry because it is too soft for most applications, but it is widely used as a base for alloys possessing good mechanical properties and very light weight. Magnesium is very light, too, but it has almost no resistance to corrosion and therefore it may be used only in the form of magnesium alloys.

Some applications require very ductile metals, that is, metals that can be easily hammered in different shapes. Some nonferrous metals, such as lead and tin, possess very high ductility; tin may be rolled into very thin sheets, thinner than paper, this sheet tin is called tin foil.

Задание 5.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту и составьте краткий пересказ текста:

1.  Why do nonferrous metals find many applications?

2.  What metals are the best conductors of electricity?

3.  What is one of the most useful properties of many nonferrous metals?

4.  How can aluminum and zinc resist to corrosion?

5.  Which of the nonferrous metals do not rust at all?

6.  Why is magnesium used only in the form of magnesium alloys?

Задание 6.

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. Engineers always try to replace the nonferrous metals with----------.

2. Silver is---------.

3. Copper and tin have a low ability of combining with-----------.

4. A protective coating prevents--------------.

5. Ductile metals can be easily hammered in-------.

6. Tin may be rolled into------.

Задание 7.

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Nonferrous metals (to find) many applications.

2. Gold (not to combine) with oxygen in the air.

3. Copper (to have) a low ability of combining with oxygen.

4. Aluminum (to combine) easily with the oxygen of the air.

5. Magnesium (not to resist) to corrosion.

6. Pure aluminum (to be) too soft for many applications.

Задание 8.

Из данных слов составьте предложения, учитывая порядок слов повествовательного предложения:

1.  to have, important, in, is,  a light weight metal, it, building airplanes.

2.  nonferrous metals, in, because, are, industry, of, used, their characteristic properties.

3.  nonferrous metals, prevents, a protective coating, form, the oxidation, which, of the metal, of the surface.

4.  magnesium, in, only, of magnesium alloys, may, the form, be used.

Задание 9.

Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский:

1.  Хотя цветные металлы гораздо дороже черных, они находят широкое применение в промышленности благодаря своим свойствам.

2.  Серебро, медь и алюминий имеют очень низкое сопротивление электрическому току.

3.  Многие цветные металлы обладают высоким сопротивлением окислению и ржавлению.

4. Цинк широко применяется как покрытие, предохраняющее железо от ржавления.

LESSON 3. KINDS OF STEEL.

Задание 1:

Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

Carbon steel, alloy steel, alloying element, tungsten, low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, tool steel, high-speed steel, rails, bolts, gears, bearings, springs, shafts, tough, strong, cause, resist, rusting, increase.

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам из задания 1:

Легирующий элемент, углеродистая сталь, валы, увеличивать, рельсы, сопротивляться, быстрорежущая сталь, легированная сталь, пружины, инструментальная сталь, заставлять, шестерни, прочный, сильный, вольфрам, среднеуглеродистая сталь, ржавчина, болты, низкоуглеродистая сталь, подшипники.

Задание3:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• is divided into several grades
• as follows
• is known as self-hardening steel
• depend on the percentage of carbon
• is difficult to cut
• may be hardened by heating
• for some special uses
• cause steel to resist rusting
• to increase strength and toughness
• make the grains of steel finer

Задание 4:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

KINDS OF STEEL

There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains some other “alloying elements” such as nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium.

Each kind of steel is divided into several grades as follows:

1. Carbon steels.
a) low carbon steel containing from 0.05 to 0.15 per cent carbon; This steel is also known as machine steel;
b) medium steel containing from 0.15 to 0.60 per cent carbon;
c) high carbon steel containing from 0.6 to 1.50 per cent carbon; this steel is sometimes called “tool steel”.
2. Alloy steels.
a) special alloy steel, such as nickel steel, chromium steel;
b) high-speed steel also known as self-hardening steel.

Carbon steels are the most common steels used in. industry. The properties of these steels depend only on percentage of carbon they contain. Low carbon steels are very soft and can be used for rails, bolts and for machine parts that do not need strength.
Medium carbon steel is a better grade and stronger than low carbon steel. It is also more difficult to cut than low carbon steel.

High carbon steel may be hardened by heating it to a certain temperature and then quickly cooling in water. The more carbon the steel contains and the quicker the cooling is, the harder it becomes. Because of its high strength and hardness this grade of steel may be used for tools and working parts of machines.

But for some special uses, for example, for gears, bearings, springs, shafts, and wire, carbon steels cannot be always used because they have no properties needed for these parts. Some special alloy steels should be used for such parts because the alloying elements make them tougher, stronger, or harder than carbon steels.

 Some alloying elements cause steel to resist rusting (corrosion), and such steels are called stainless steels. Stainless steels contain a high percentage of chromium. Chromium also makes steel harder. Nickel is used in steel to increase strength and toughness. Some alloying elements (such as chromium and tungsten make the grain of steel finer, thus increasing the hardness and strength of steel, because the finer the grain is, the stronger the steel becomes.
Heat-resistant steel is made by adding some tungsten and molybdenum, while manganese increases the wear resistance of steel. Vanadium steels resist corrosion and can stand shocks and vibration. 

Tools made of high-speed steel containing tungsten, chromium, vanadium and carbon may do the work at much higher speeds than carbon tool steels.

Задание 5.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту и составьте краткий пересказ текста:

1.  What are two general kinds of steel?

2.  What is carbon steel?

3.  What is an alloy steel?

4.  What is the carbon content of medium-carbon steel?

5.  Where are low-carbon steels used?

6.  Where are high-carbon steels use?

7.  What kind of steel can be hardened?

8.  What steels are called stainless steels?

9.  What parts are generally made of alloy steel?

10. Which alloying elements enable steel to resist rust?

11. Which alloying element makes steel wear resistant?

Задание 6.

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1.  Carbon steel contains__________________.

2.  Alloy steel contains ________________.

3.  Low carbon steel contains _____________.

4.  Low carbon steels are used for ________________.

5.  Alloy steels are used for _____________.

6.  Stainless steels contain a high percentage of _____________.

Задание 7.

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Carbon steel (not to contain) any alloying element.

2.  Medium carbon steel (to contain) from 0.15 to 0.6 per cent carbon.

3.  Alloying elements (to make) the steel tougher and stronger.

4.  Carbon steel (not to resist) corrosion.

5.  Nickel (to increase) strength and toughness of steel.

6.  Low carbon steels (to be) very soft.

Задание 8.

Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский:

1.  Легированные стали имеют лучшие свойства, чем углеродистые стали.

2.  Быстрорежущие стали используются для изготовления инструментов.

3.  Шестерни, пружины и подшипники обычно изготовляют из легированных сталей.

4.  Хром увеличивает сопротивление стали ржавлению.

5.  Марганец делает сталь износоустойчивой.

6.  Молибден и вольфрам увеличивают твердость стали.

LESSON 4. ALLOY STEELS
Задание 1:

Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

mixture, melted, percentage, add, shock, toughness, bearings, gears, purifies, surface, self-hardening, lightness

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам из задания 1:

Подшипники, добавить, смесь, поверхность, легкость, прочность, проценты, самозакаливающаяся, удар, сплавленный, шестерни, очищает

 Задание3:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

-  the melting point

-  can stand vibration, shocks, and wear

-  bluish-white

-  makes the grain finer

-  making different kinds of bearings

-  adds strength and toughness

-  must have high wear resistance

-  to stand heat and shocks

-  should be heated

-  increases its heat resistance

Задание 4:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

ALLOY STEELS.

An alloy is a mixture of two metals melted together to form a new metal with new properties. If a metal is mixed with even a small percentage of another metal, it changes: the color is changed, it becomes harder, the melting point is lowered, etc.

Nickel Steel contains nickel which adds strength and toughness to steel. Nickel steel does not rust easily and is very hard. It is also elastic, that is, it can stand vibration, shocks, and wear. It is used for wire, shafts, steel rails, and some machine parts.

Chromium Steel, also known as chrome steel, contains chromium which is a bluish-white metal. It gives hardness to steel, toughens it, makes the grain finer, and causes it to resist rust. This steel is widely used for making different kinds of bearings. Chromium is the basis for stainless steel, also known as high-chromium steel, which contains from 11 to 18 per cent chromium.
Chrome-Nickel Steel is hard and strong and is used for automobile parts such as gears, springs, and shafts.

Manganese Steel contains manganese which is a hard, brittle, gray-white metal. It purifies steel and adds strength and toughness to it. Manganese steel is so very hard that it is difficult to cut. Wear makes the surface of this steel harder. It is usually cast into shape. It is used for such parts as gears which must have high wear resistance.

Molybdenum Steel contains molybdenum, a white metal, which adds strength and hardness to steel and causes it to stand heat and shocks. Molybdenum steel is used for automobile parts, wire as fine as 0.0004 inch in diameter, bearings, and parts which should be heated when in use.

Tungsten Steel is a self-hardening steel. Tools made from this steel need no hardening. It contains tungsten, a heavy white metal, which has a higher melting point than any other metal. Tungsten adds hardness to steel, makes a fine grain, and increases its heat resistance. Magnet steel contains from 4 to 5 percent tungsten; it holds magnetism well and is used in electrical instrument. Tungsten steel is used for tools for cutting metal at high speed. 

Vanadium Steel contains vanadium, a gray metal, which is brittle and resists corrosion. Vanadium gives lightness, toughness, and strength to the steel and makes a fine grain. Vanadium steel is also highly shock-resistant. It is used for springs, automobile gears, and other parts that vibrate when in use.

Задание 5.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту и составьте краткий пересказ текста:

1. What is an alloy?

2.  How does a metal change if it is mixed with a small amount of another metal?

3.  What steel does not rust easily and is very hard?

4.  What is nickel steel used for?

5.  Which alloying element purifies steel and adds strength to it?

6.  Where is tungsten steel used?

7.  Which alloying element makes steel wear resistant?

8.  Which alloying elements toughen steel?

Задание 6.

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1.  Nickel Steel can stand______________ .

2.  Chromium causes the steel ________________ .

3.  Manganese steel is _________________ .

4.  Molybdenum Steel is used for __________________ .

Задание 7.

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1.  Manganese steels (to be) very hard.

2.  Molybdenum (to add) strength and hardness to steel.

3.  Vanadium (to give) lightness, toughness and strength to the steel.

4.  Vanadium steel (to be) highly shock-resistant.

5.  Tungsten (to have) a higher melting point than any other metal.

6.  Chromium steel (to contain) from 11 to 18 per cent chromium.  

Задание 8.

Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский:

1.  Шестерни, пружины и подшипники обычно изготавливают из легированных сталей.

2.  Хром увеличивает сопротивление стали ржавлению и делает ее более упругой.

3.  Марганец делает сталь износоустойчивой.

4.  Большинство легирующих элементов увеличивает прочность стали.

LESSON 5.

 HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

Задание 1:

Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

Heat treatment, main, hardening, tempering, annealing, critical range, rapidly cooling,  suitable medium, brine, liquid, drawing the temper, take place, uniform, carry out, heating, machine.

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам из задания 1:

 главный, равномерный, нормализация,  проводить, закаливание,  нагревание, критический уровень, быстрое охлаждение, термообработка, соляной раствор, отпуск закала, происходить, подходящая среда, отжиг, жидкость, обрабатывать  

Задание3:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• rapidly cooling in a suitable medium
• reheating the hardened steel
• producing the required physical properties
• having been hardened
• in order to properly harden a piece of steel
• control the heat in the furnace
• relieve internal stresses

Задание 4:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

Heat treatment is a method by which the heat treater can change the physical properties of a metal. There are three main operations in the heat treatment of steel: hardening, tempering, and annealing.

The hardening operation consists of heating the steel above its critical range and then quenching it, that is rapidly cooling in a suitable medium such as water, brine, oil, or some other liquid. Having been hardened, the metal must be given a tempering treatment which consists of reheating the hardened steel to a temperature below the critical range, thus producing the required physical properties. Tempering is also called drawing the temper, because this operation gives a steel object the required temper. Temper is the hardness, toughness, and brittleness of the metal. Having been tempered, the steel becomes stronger because its grain gets finer. Hardened steel is too hard and too brittle for many tools.

The critical points or critical temperatures are the temperatures at which a certain change takes place in the physical condition of the steel. These points are very important because, in order to properly harden a piece of steel, it must be heated to a temperature above the upper critical point. Having known the critical points for certain steel, we can easily control the heat in the furnace. Gas, oil, and electric furnaces are the most commonly used for heat treating metals.

Annealing means making hardened steel softer and removing brittleness. Annealing is the uniform heating of a metal above usual hardening temperatures, followed by very slow cooling.

The slower the cooling, the softer the metal is when cold. Hardened steel is difficult to machine, but having been annealed, it can be easily machined. Annealing may be carried out either to soften a piece that is too hard to machine or to remachine a piece that has already been hardened. Annealing also relieves internal stresses produced by machining.

Low carbon steels do not become hard when subjected to such a heat treatment because of the small amount of carbon contained. If it is necessary to obtain a hard surface on a part made of such steel, surface hardening operations must be carried out.

Задание 5.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту и составьте краткий пересказ текста:

1.  What is hardening?

2.  What is tempering?

3.  What is annealing?

4.  What can be used as a quenching medium for hardening steel?

5.  To what temperature should steel be heated for hardening?

6.  What treatment relieves the internal stresses produced by machining?

Задание 6.

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. Heat treatment is a method that changes ________________________.

2. The main operations of the heat treatment are ___________________.

3. The hardening operation consists of heating the steel above its critical range and ________.

4. Quenching is a rapidly cooling in __________________.

5. Tempering is reheating the hardened steel to a temperature________________.

6. Annealing is the uniform heating of a metal above _____________.

Задание 7.

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Hardening, tempering and annealing (to be) the main operations in the heat treatment.

2. The critical temperature (to be) the temperature at which steel is properly hardened.

3. Hardened steel (to be) too hard and too brittle for many tools.

4. Tempering (to consist) of reheating the hardened steel to a temperature below the critical range.

5. Tempering (to give) a steel object the required temper.

6. Annealing (to make) the hardened steel softer and (to remove) brittleness.

Задание 8.

Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский:

1. Закалка состоит из двух операций: нагревания металла до температуры выше критического интервала и быстрого охлаждения его в жидкости.

2. Закаленный металл должен быть подвергнут отпуску, чтобы уменьшить хрупкость и увеличить прочность.

3.  Зная, критические точки для определенной стали, мы можем легко контролировать нагрев печи.

4. Критические точки – это температуры, при которых в физическом состоянии стали происходит определенное изменение.

LESSON 6. CORROSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS.

 Задание 1:

Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

Combustion, pass, in respect, are affected, obtain, equal, essence, incandescent, conform, subject ,distinguish, surrounding media,  are attacked, lacquer, uniform, destruction, destroy, action.

Задание 2:

Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам из задания 1:

в отношении, покрывать лаком, сгорание, получать, сущность, раскаленный, соответствовать, повреждаться, разрушаться, равный, различать, равномерный ,разрушать, проходить, окружающая среда, действие, подвергать, исходный.

Задание3:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

• subject to the action of atmospheric air
• beginning from the surface
• lose their initial appearance
• exposed to an external aggressive (active) medium
• equal intensiveness
• only separate structural components
• the laws of chemical kinetics
• the oxidation and erosion of the valves of internal combustion engines the oxidation and erosion of the valves of internal combustion engines
• incandescent products of combustion
• the essence of electrochemical corrosion
• forming oxide films on the surface
• applying protective metallic coatings on the parts

Задание 4:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст: 

 CORROSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS

Almost all metals and alloys subject to the action of atmospheric air or other surrounding media (for example, sea water, soil, acid and alkali solutions, organic liquids, etc.) are gradually destroyed, beginning from the surface, and lose their initial appearance. This progressive destruction of a metallic surface exposed to an external aggressive (active) medium is called corrosion.

Experience shows that corrosive destruction depends mainly upon the following three factors: (1) the chemical nature of the metal or composition of the alloy and their structures;

(2) the chemical nature of the surrounding medium and the percentage of aggressive matter in metals (oxygen, moisture, acids, alkalis, etc.),

(3) the temperature of the surrounding medium.

As to its character, metal corrosion may be classified as: (1) uniform corrosion, in which the whole surface of the metal or alloy is corroded with equal intensiveness; (2) localized corrosion, in which only certain areas of the surface are attacked; (3) selective corrosion, where only separate structural components of an alloy are affected
and (4) intercrystalline corrosion, which involves destruction of the metal or alloy along its grain boundaries.

According to the mechanism of the corrosion process, it is necessary to distinguish between chemical and electrochemical corrosion.

Chemical corrosion conforms to the laws of chemical kinetics. A typical example of chemical corrosion is the oxidation and erosion of the valves of internal combustion engines by the incandescent products of combustion. A film of corrosion products, usually oxides, is formed on the surface of metal in the course of chemical destruction. In some cases this film may protect the underlying metal against further corrosion, i. e. make it more passive in respect to the surrounding medium.

Electrochemical corrosion occurs in the presence of liquids which are electrolytes containing free ions. The essence of electrochemical corrosion is that the atoms, on the surface of the metal in contact with the electrolytic solution, pass into the solution as ions and leave an equivalent quantity of electrons in the metal.

The principal corrosion protection methods applied in practice are: (1) alloying metals to obtain chemically inactive alloys of special composition; (2) forming oxide films on the surface of metal parts; (3) applying protective metallic coatings on the parts; (4) protecting the surf ace of metal with a coat of paint or lacquer.

Задание 5.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту и составьте краткий пересказ текста:

1. What process is called corrosion?
2. What factors, does corrosive destruction depend upon?
3. How may metal corrosion be classified?
4. What is a typical example of chemical corrosion?
5. What is the essence of electrochemical corrosion?
6. What are the principal corrosion protection methods?

Задание 6.

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The progressive destruction of a metallic surface is called __________________ .

2. The metals subject to the action ______________ .

3. Chemical corrosion conforms to ____________________ .

4.  A film of corrosion products is formed on _________________ .

5. The film may protect the underlying metal against ______________ .

6. Electrochemical corrosion occurs in the presence of liquids __________________ .

Задание 7.

Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский:

1.  Металлы разрушаются под действием воздуха, воды, кислоты и теряют свой начальный внешний вид.

2.  Температура окружающей среды – один из факторов коррозийного разрушения металлов.

3.  Необходимо различать химическую и электрохимическую коррозию.

4.  Электрохимическая коррозия происходит в жидкостях, которые содержат свободные ионы.

5.  Чтобы защитить металлы от коррозии, металлические части покрывают краской или лаком.

6.   Коррозийное разрушение металлов зависит от химической природы металлов.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ
ДЛЯ
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

ALUMINUM

Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery metal. The atomic weight of aluminum is 26.9815; the element melts at 660° C (1220° F), boils at 2467° C (4473° F), and has a specific gravity of 2.7. Aluminum is a strongly electropositive metal and extremely reactive. In contact with air, aluminum rapidly becomes covered with a tough, transparent layer of aluminum oxide that resists further corrosive action. For this reason, materials made of aluminum do not tarnish or rust.

Aluminum is the most abundant metallic constituent in the crust of the earth; only the nonmetals oxygen and silicon are more abundant. Aluminum is never found as a free metal.

A given volume of aluminum weighs less than one-third as much as the same volume of steel. The only lighter metals are lithium, beryllium, and magnesium. Its high strength-to-weight ratio makes aluminum useful in the construction of aircraft, railroad cars, and automobiles, and for other applications in which mobility and energy conservation are important. Because of its high heat conductivity, aluminum is used in cooking utensils and the pistons of internal-combustion engines.

The metal is becoming increasingly important architecturally, for both structural and ornamental purposes. Aluminum siding, storm windows, and foil make excellent insulators. The metal is also used as a material in low-temperature nuclear reactors because it absorbs relatively few neutrons. Aluminum becomes stronger and retains its toughness as it gets colder and is therefore used at cryogenic temperatures. Aluminum foil is now a common household convenience protects food from spoilage. Because of its light weight, ease of forming, and compatibility with foods and beverages, aluminum is widely used for containers, flexible packages, and easy-to-open bottles and cans. The recycling of such containers is an increasingly important energy-conservation measure. Aluminum's resistance to corrosion in salt water also makes it useful in boat hulls and various aquatic devices.

IRON

Pure iron is soft, malleable, and ductile. Iron is easily magnetized at ordinary temperatures; it is difficult to magnetize when heated, and at about 790° C (about 1450° F) the magnetic property disappears. Pure iron melts at about 1535° C (about 2795° F), boils at 2750° C (4982° F), and has a specific gravity of 7.86. The atomic weight of iron is 55.847.

Chemically, iron is an active metal. It combines with the halogens ,sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, and silicon.  

When exposed to moist air, iron becomes corroded, forming a reddish-brown, ferric oxide commonly known as rust. The formation of rust is an electrochemical phenomenon in which the impurities present in iron form an electrical “couple” with the iron metal. A small current is set up, water from the atmosphere providing an electrolytic solution. Water and soluble electrolytes such as salt accelerate the reaction. In this process the iron metal is decomposed and reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust.  Pure iron, prepared by the electrolysis of ferrous sulfate solution, has limited use. Commercial iron invariably contains small amounts of carbon and other impurities that alter its physical properties, which are considerably improved by the further addition of carbon and other alloying elements.

By far the greatest amount of iron is used in processed forms, such as wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Commercially pure iron is used for the production of galvanized sheet metal and of electromagnets. Iron compounds are employed for medicinal purposes in the treatment of anemia, when the amount of hemoglobin or the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood is lowered. Iron is also used in tonics.

COPPER.

Copper (element), symbol Cu, brownish-red metallic element that is one of the most widely used of metals. Copper is one of the transition elements of the periodic table. The atomic number of copper is 29.

Copper was known to prehistoric people and was probably the first metal from which useful articles were made. Copper objects have been found among the remains of many ancient civilizations, including those of Egypt, Asia Minor, China, southeastern Europe, Cyprus (from which the word copper is derived), and Crete (Kríti). It was known to Native Americans, and American ores were found by the European explorers. It is also found in the pure state.

Copper melts at about 1083° C (about 1981° F), boils at about 2567° C (about 4753° F), and has a specific gravity of 8.9. The atomic weight of copper is 63.546.

Because of its many desirable properties, such as its conductivity of electricity and heat, its resistance to corrosion, its malleability and ductility, and its beauty, copper has long been used in a wide variety of applications. The principal uses are electrical, because of copper's extremely high conductivity, which is second only to that of silver. Because copper is very ductile, it can be drawn into wires of any diameter from about 0.025 mm (about 0.001 in) upward. The tensile strength of drawn copper wire is about 4200 kg/sq cm.

Copper has been used for coins throughout recorded history and has also been fashioned into cooking utensils, vats, and ornamental objects. Copper was at one time used extensively for sheathing the bottom of wooden ships to prevent fouling. Copper can easily be electroplated, alone or as a base for other metals. Large amounts are used for this purpose, particularly in making electrotypes, reproductions of type for printing.

Pure copper is soft but can be hardened somewhat by being worked. Alloys of copper, which are far harder and stronger than the pure metal, have higher resistance and so cannot be used for electrical purposes. They do, however, have corrosion resistance almost as good as that of pure copper and are very easily worked in machine shops. The two most important alloys are brass, a zinc alloy, and bronze, a tin alloy. Both tin and zinc are sometimes added to the same alloy, and no sharp dividing line can be drawn between brass and bronze. Both are used in enormous quantities.

CARBON

Carbon, nonmetallic chemical element, known by the symbol C, that is the fundamental building block of material in living organisms and is important to many industries. Carbon occurs in nature in nearly pure form in diamond and graphite. It is also the major component of coal, petroleum, asphalt, limestone, and most materials made by plants and animals.

 A carbon atom can chemically combine with atoms of other elements, as well as with other carbon atoms, to form molecules. Molecules that contain two or more elements make up compounds. Carbon can form more compounds than can any other element except hydrogen.

Of all the elements, carbon is the only one suitable for building the variety of molecules necessary to sustain life. Carbon atoms can attach to each other to form chains, rings, or a crystal mesh.

 Scientists, industry, and consumers use different forms of carbon and carbon-containing compounds in many ways. Industries use carbon to make steel from iron, purify metals, and add strength to rubber. In the form of diamond, carbon can cut most other substances. Carbon compounds can be burned as fuel to heat food or homes, as well as form many different molecules for all sorts of human needs.

 Carbon has many industrial uses. At high temperatures, carbon combines with iron to make steel. The chemical composition of steel determines its physical properties. Carbon steel with about 1.5 percent carbon is used to make sheet steel and tools. Steel used for automobile and aircraft engine parts contains about 1 percent carbon. High strength steel used for transportation equipment and structural beams contains about 0.25 percent carbon. Stainless steel for engine parts or kitchen utensils contains from 0.03 to 1.2 percent carbon. Carbon, in the form of coke, can also react with tin oxide and lead oxide to yield the pure metals tin and lead.

 Natural and synthetic diamonds can cut nearly every other known material. Gem cutters, surgeons, and manufacturers use diamond knives and drills. General Electric Company produced the first synthetic diamond in 1955. Today tiny synthetic diamonds are commonly used as abrasives. Producers of metal tools use lasers to heat carbon dioxide over a metal surface, making the carbon atoms coat the surface with a diamond film. This diamond coating can make cutting tools last much longer than untreated tools.

People burn fossil fuels to generate energy. Burning, or combustion, is the reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce new substances and energy (in the form of heat). When coal burns, carbon reacts with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and heat. The higher the carbon content, the greater the energy released in combustion.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА:

1.   Г.Я. Андреев, Л.Л. Гураль «Сборник технических текстов на английском языке», Москва, «Высшая школа», 1972

2.  М.А. Балабан « Английский язык для металлургов и машиностроителей»

3.  Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia