Проект"Металлургическая промышленность в России"

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Feature of the industry of Russia consists in big distances between productions of various cycles. The iron and steel works making cast iron and steel from ore, traditionally settled down about fields of iron ores in the areas rich with the wood as for restoration of iron used charcoal. And now iron and steel works of metallurgical branch of Russia is located near fields of iron ore: New Lipetsk and Oskolsky — about fields of the central Russia, Cherepovets (" Severstal ") — about Karelian and Kostomukshsky , Magnitogorsk — about the mountain Magnetic (already developed field) and in 300 km from Sokolovsko-Sarbaysky in Kazakhstan, former Orsk Halilovsky combine (now "Ural Steel") about fields of nature alloying ores , Nizhni Tagil — near Kachkanarsky GOKA, Novokuznetsk and West Siberian — about fields of Kuzbass . All combines of Russia are located in places where in the XVIII century and earlier there was a production of iron and products from it with charcoal use. Fields of being coked coal are located more often far from combines for this reason. Only NKMK and Zapsib are located directly on coal-fields of Kuzbass . " Severstal " is supplied with the coal extracted in the Pechora coal basin.

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In alloys as well as in substance solutions including metals, lose the identity, the only to them inherent properties. Alloys differ from chemical compounds that in them there is no constancy of the weight relations. There are most various solutions of salt or sugar in water, oils in gasoline, tin, in copper. Alloys can turn out as from a melting of two metals, for example, copper with tin or copper with zinc, and from melting of two, three, four and more metals. Therefore there are double, threefold, fourfold etc. alloys. Alloys can turn out, as it was already visible by consideration of welding most of metals, not only under the influence of high temperature, but also and under the influence of big pressure. At pressure in 2000 kg on sq. cm sawdust of lead turns into a piece of lead; the same occurs to tin sawdust at pressure of 3000 kg upon sq. cm, with copper and bismuth sawdust at 5000 kg on sq. cm and with sawdust of zinc, antimony or aluminum at 6000 kg on quarter see. Under the same pressure from sawdust of various metals it is possible to learn alloys. So , for example, at pressure about 2500 kg on sq. cm babbit from 83 % of tin was possible to receive from sawdust of tin, copper and antimony, 6 % of copper and 11 % of antimony. Alloys in all the weight aren't always homogeneous, stratification of alloys, emerging of one parts over others is noticed sometimes. So, for example, copper partially emerges at its welding with iron.

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The history of development of metallurgy totals in itself not one thousand years. For an example, according to those data which are established by scientists today, the first certificates of that the person was engaged in metallurgy, treat 5-6 millennia BC and were found in Serbia , Bulgaria (5000 years BC), to Palmel (Portugal), Spain, the Stonehendge (Great Britain). However, as it quite often happens with so old phenomena, the age can be not always precisely defined

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Important tendency — data of all companies of large holdings in uniform address space, in the uniform catalog. Association of management by all metallurgy in uniform knot allows to operate effectively it, to create a uniform point of an entrance for corporate mail, to introduce uniform anti-virus protection , i.e. to enter a corporate standard on used in the company hardware and the software.

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Nonferrous metallurgy — the branch Including production and enrichment of ores, non-ferrous metals and smelting of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals conditionally divide into 2 groups – heavy (copper, lead, tin, nickel, zinc) and lungs (aluminum, the titan, magnesium). Proceeding from here, distinguish and 2 industries. Placement of the enterprises of branch about placement of the enterprises of nonferrous metallurgy such factors, as economic and an environment, a raw factor and security of this or that region with fuel and energy base influence.

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For example, at introduction of the new software at the enterprises of metallurgical holding it is enough to hold a seminar on a corporate portal. It considerably reduces traveling costs of trips of staff of the organization in management company for resident instruction, besides, essentially saves invaluable today time.

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If speech came about geographically distributed enterprises, it is necessary to mention such problem, as slow communication channels which integration and automation processes brake. If in the large cities the matter is solved, for the most part of Russia it is a serious problem — all very slowly and expensively. For example, on the island of Sakhalin some attempts were undertaken to stretch optical communication channels, but as a result business was limited to the satellite channel which doesn't meet modern requirements of creation of infrastructure .

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Ferrous metallurgy includes: 1. Production and enrichment of ores of ferrous metals. 2. Production of cast iron, steel and ferroalloys. 3. Production of hire of ferrous metals, steel, pig-iron and other products from ferrous metals. Color metallurgy treats: 1. Production and enrichment of ores of non-ferrous metals. 2. Production of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. 3. Cocks-chemical industry and production of fire-resistant materials.

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Gornozavodsky districts — in the Russian Empire economic and territorial educations in the extracting and metallurgical industry, including plants, mines, the mines, the woods, auxiliary productions. Till 1861 of the district as an obligatory element included labor dependent on plants. Gornozavodsky districts united production communications and the general administration to which possessed all completeness of the power.

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In the developed countries concentration of the metallurgical enterprises is observed, and it no wonder after all existence of powerful metallurgical base in the country is pledge of its economic, political, strategic factors of successful development. Substitute of metal isn't found yet and it it is not expected in the near future. Therefore metallurgical business remains a perspective field of activity though there are serious problems of domestic metallurgy .

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Problem of many enterprises is the out-of-date power expensive equipment on which updating considerable investments are required besides. The metallurgy future in development of technologies, application of such high energy saving technologies directly on production.

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Development of the market relations promoted that modern metallurgy is in hands of a great number of private owners. On the one hand such policy resulted in absence of uniform strategy of development of metallurgical production of the country and erroneous definition of competitive positions on the world market. But on the other hand, this sphere becomes a subject of interest of the businessmen, capable to enclose own means or to involve investors for business development. Volumes it is necessary investments are still very great, and volume of production and consumption of metal depends on the general level of development of the country. The rate of return makes, as a rule, 20-22 %, at a high zatratnost of production it isn't a lot of. directly on production.

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In 2010 profitability of the Russian metallurgy made 17 %, according to the head of department. Semenov allocated some key moments for the account of 2011. Such as, the beginning of production of 1 million tons of coal on the Elginsky field, input in a system of three projects on production a rail (" Mechel " and Evraz ) the general capacity about 2,8 million tons per year, and also the beginning of work of a camp 5000 United Metallurgical Companies. Within coordination council, on November 9, the program of support of metallurgy for 2011-2013 will be considered. The main questions of this program are: providing domestic market with hi-tech production, protection of the Russian producers in the internal and external markets, support of the Russian investments abroad, power efficiency stimulation, development of new industrial regions, and also raw providing. Victor Semenov reported about it.

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Today in Russia the nickel-cobalt industry actively develops thanks to innovative technologies and the best practices of foreign colleagues metallurgists. When planning production of nickel and compounds of this metal mainly it is necessary to make a start from production of stainless steel. From all nickel which is extracted in the world, for manufacturing of stainless steel 75 % of its stocks are used. Another 15 % leave on manufacturing of the alloyed seel and various alloys. Other quantity disperses on electrodeposits or nickel - cadmium batteries

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Nickel about a half for manufacturing of stainless steel is extracted from a breakage her. In the Russian conditions producers of nickel consider a present world conjuncture in the world market of nickel. Looking back at rather low prices for this metal, producers tried not to load whenever possible completely capacities. Some experts expect that in the near future the role of Russia as the largest in the world of the supplier of nickel will decrease a little. Because of new fields of nickel in Australia and Canada big supply of metal from these countries is expected. Fight for power in the market is necessary to domestic producers. The most large-scale deposits of nickel ores in Russia Krasnoyarsk region, the Urals and Eastern Siberia possesses .

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Key of success is the competent policy of business and the correct definition of competitive positions in the market. For example, staking on export of semi-finished products, the enterprises receive less profit, and besides, provide competitors with the raw materials that only promotes a competition aggravation. The future of development of business in the metallurgy sphere in opening of mini-plants with consumption of made production on a place. The payback period of such mini-plants rather small also makes 3-4 years. World financial crisis should affect development of this branch, however metallurgy is the strategically important branch of the housekeeper demanding competent weighed decisions.