Научно-исследовательские работы учащихся
МБОУ «Шеморданский лицей Сабинского района РТ»
Секция: Английский язык
Тема: “Comparing British and Tatar cuisine.”
Garipov Ilmir 8 form
Scientific supervisor: English teacher
Karimullina Rezeda Shaukatovna
1.Annotation.
We’ve chosen this theme for our work because we want to learn Tatar and British cuisine and I hope that this work could help the students to find out some useful and
interesting things about National dishes of both countries. The results of our work can be used at the lessons of language culture and in English lessons.
2. Theses
I live in the settlement, which is called Shemordan of Saba district. There is a gas line station in our settlement. The representatives of various countries came to work there. We have a club at school which is called “Meeting with interesting people” and we decided to invite them to our club. It was a very interesting meeting. They told us about the traditions, cuisines and we told them about ours.
On the second part of our meeting, we prepared our famous tatar tea with baked items, such us: chak-chak, kuzikmak, ochpochmuk, paramach and high black tea with milk. During our drinking of tea we continued to speak about Tatar and British meals. I am very interested in this theme and decided to study Tatar and British cuisine better.
The English proverb says: every cook praises his own broth. One cannot say English cookery is bad, but there is not a lot of variety in it in comparison with European cuisine. British food has traditionally been based on beef, lamb, pork, chicken, fish, and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable. As main meal dishes British people often have Roast Beef, Cottage Pie, Bangers and Mash, Yorkshire Pudding, Fish and Chips, Bubble and Squeak, Black Pudding, Bacon Roly-Poly and many others.
Tatar cuisine is a result of the historical development of the nation and its geographical location. Long relationships between the local people and their neighbors, trade partners influenced the people`s taste. Meat is widely used in Tatar national dishes: beef, lamb and horseflesh. As a rule, the Tatars don`t cook pork. They also very like “tutirtma”, “Chack-chak”, “Gubadia”.
English tea usually involves a mixture of several black teas mainly from Indian and Sri Lanka, although Chinese black tea is also used. Some teas used in English tea include Assam tea, Nigeria tea and Keenan tea. The term comes from the popularity of tea drinking in England, which began in full swing during the 19th century. When blended with milk, English tea has a taste reminiscent of freshly toasted bread with honey.
As far as Tatar tea concerns, it is a tea party - more than the tradition of "tea table - the soul of the family" - say the Tatars, thus emphasizing not only their love of tea as a beverage, but also its importance in a drinking ritual. This is a characteristic of the Tatar cuisine.
The East India Company first brought tea to Britain in the early 17th century. It was an expensive product and one only for the rich and often kept under lock and key. Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II introduced the ritual of drinking teas to the English Royal Court and the habit was soon adopted by the aristocracy.
Tea played a significant role in the table ceremony.
Historian N. Vorobyev writes:” The most widely spread drink among the Tatars of all classes was tea, which they drank frequently and much ,much more than neighboring peoples . Tea is a typical hospitality beverage among the Tatars.”They drink tea with sugar, jam, candy, lemon, fresh berries, prunes, candy, milk, oregano, honey, especially with milk.
Somerset Maugham wrote: ”If you want to eat well in Britain, eat breakfast three times a day”. Full English breakfast consists of bacon, sausages, fried tomatoes, fried eggs and toast. Lunch is somewhat similar to the Sunday dinner in Tatar home ,where it is a big occasion for the whole family. There is often the all-important roast which is a piece of roast meat from either chicken, pork, beef or lamb, served with roast potatoes and boiled cabbages.
Traditionally, Tatar people also have four main meals - breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper. The main reason is that at home, family members can prepare their meals and enjoying their food together, which can enhance their relationships.
Tatar and British cuisine we can see many similarities and differences in Tatar and Britain cuisines.
The Tatar and Britain cuisines are based on heavily on the main agricultural products of the region. Real delicacy for the Tatar people is black and white bread, which is always served with meals in Britain too. About the differences we can say that Tatars don’t eat pork as a rule.
Cultural characteristics of food and cuisine of Tatarstan and Britain in general have strong national traits. Comparing the features of the kitchen between two countries, of Tatarstan and the UK, there have been identified similarities and differences.
CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 1. Peculiarities of the National British and Tatar cuisine.......3
1.1.The national food of Britain......... 3
1.2.The national food of Tatarstan ………….4-5
Chapter 2 The history of British and Tatar cuisine…….5-6
2.1. The history of British cuisine……….5-6
2.2 The history of Tatar cuisine………..6-7
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Tea in Britain and in Tatarstan..7-8
3.1 The history of British tea ………8-9
3.2. The history of Tatar tea…………9
Chapter 4 Traditional meals in Britain and in Tatarstan
4.1 Traditional British meals…..10
4.2 Tradition meals in Tatarstan…11-12
Chapter 5 Comparative characteristics of Tatar and British cuisine..12-13
The comparison of Tatar and British cuisine…13
Conclusion .............14-15
Literature…………..15
Introduction
Objective: To get acquainted with the Tatar and British cuisine.
The object of study: cuisine, similarities and differences.
I live in the settlement, which is called Shemordan of Saba district. There is a gas line station in our settlement. The representatives of various countries came to work there. We have a club at school which is called “Meeting with interesting people” and we decided to invite them to our club. It was a very interesting meeting. They told us about the traditions, cuisines and we told them about ours.
On the second part of our meeting, we prepared our famous tatar tea with baked items, such us: chak-chak, kuzikmak , ochpochmuk, paramach and high black tea with milk. During our drinking of tea we continued to speak about Tatar and British meals. I am very interested in this theme and decided to study Tatar and British cuisine better.
Chapter 1. Peculiarities of the National British and Tatar cuisine
1.1.The national food of Britain
The English proverb says: every cook praises his own broth. One cannot say English cookery is bad, but there is not a lot of variety in it in comparison with European cuisine. The English are very particular about their meals. The usual meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. British food has traditionally been based on beef, lamb, and pork, chicken, fish, and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable. The most common and typical foods eaten in Britain include the sandwich, chips, pies, trifle and roasts dinners. The staple foods of Britain are meat, fish, potatoes, flour, butter and eggs.
As main meal dishes British people often have Roast Beef, Cottage Pie, Bangers and Mash, Yorkshire Pudding, Fish and Chips, Bubble and Squeak, Black Pudding, Bacon Roly-Poly and many others.
The British are fond of puddings – the dessert course of a meal. However, not of them are sweet and can be eaten during the main course. There are hundreds of variations of sweet puddings in Britain, but each pudding begins with the same basic ingredients of milk, sugar, eggs, flour and butter and many involve fresh fruit such as raspberries or strawberries, custard and cream.
The British generally pay a lot of attention to good table manners. They eat most of their food with cutlery. The foods that are not eaten with cutlery include sandwiches, crisps, corn on the cob and fruit.
1.2.The national food of Tatarstan.
Tatar cuisine is a result of the historical development of the nation and its geographical location. Long relationships between the local people and their neighbors, trade partners influenced the people`s taste. The Bulgars were good cattlemen, hunters, fishermen and farmers. This is the basis of the food traditions in modern Tatarstan. Meat is widely used in Tatar national dishes: beef, lamb and horseflesh. As a rule, the Tatars don`t cook pork. The dishes in Tatar cuisine can be subdivided into the following categories: hot soups, main courses, baked items with a savory filling (also eaten as main course), dough-based dishes( pasta), sweet baked items and other sweets , usually served with tea.
Soups are divided into meat, chicken, fish, vegetable , mushrooms, etc. The soup may be thickened with noodles, grains ,or vegetables-separately or in combination. Particularly popular is noodle soup served with tukmuch and enriched with pieces of boiled meat or chicken from the broth. They are often served with meat balls or stuffed buns( ochpochmuk,paramach , buvirsuk). A festive and ceremonial dish for the Tatars is pilman (pelmeni) a kind of dumpling filled with meat and always served in a clear soup.
As far as main courses concern, they are usually based on meat, grains, and potatoes. Meat or chicken boiled in the broth is cut into small pieces and served as a main course. A chicken stuffed with eggs in milk ( tutirgun tuvik) is a special dish for holidays. A few words about bulish , which is one of the traditional dishes, combining meat and potatoes or meat and grains. Tutirtma, is also a main dish, an intestine filled with finally cut or chopped liver and millet or rice, is another combination of meat and grains. A wide variety of dough dishes is a feature of the traditional Tatar cuisine, such as: bread( ipi,ikmak),which is always served with meals, kabartma, pancakes( koimuk),they are eaten hot, thickly spread with butter.
The Tatars like the pastries of all kinds very much. One of their favorite ones is, perhaps, “ochpochmuk”. It is a triangle-shaped pie with chopped peppered meat, potatoes and some onion. It is baked in the oven and served hot. It`s very tasty and, of course, it`s worth trying.
The second one is “paramach”. It is also a meat pie, but it is round, filled with peppered meat and little bits of onions, and it is usually fried. It is served hot, usually with a cup of broth. It`s very tasty!
One of the favorite dishes the people in Tatarstan choose to eat is plov. It is made of meat, rice, onions, carrots and a lot of spices.
Tea service has always been the subject of special attention among the Tatar. Tea is drunk from samovar and small cups( so that it remains hot).Typical Tatar cups are small and low, with a rounded bottom and a saucer. The It played a significant role in the table ceremony. Tea with pastry sometimes replaces breakfast or supper. Tatars drink a lot of tea, both black and green. The Tatars like tea with milk, with lemon or with dried apricots. And, no doubt, sweet pastries: “chak-chak”, “kosh tele”, “talkysh keleve”, gubadiya, it is made of puff paste, the filling is curd and butter, and the top is “decorated” with rice, raisins and eggs. On holidays, Tatars usually eat bal-may (a meal made of butter and honey), pakhlava(made of puff paste and nuts) and much more! On the table you can always see honey and jam.
In fact, the Tatar’s culinary traditions have adopted much from those of neighboring nations – Russians, Udmurts, Chuvashes and Middle Asian peoples. But the main thing about the Tatar cuisine is not only that it`s varied and very delicious. It is more than only food. It`s a meal that unites family and friends.
Chapter 2. The history of British and Tatar cuisine
2.1. The history of British cuisine
The history of Britain has played a large part in its traditions, its culture - and its food. The Romans for instance brought them cherries, stinging nettles ( to be used as a salad vegetable), cabbages and peas, as well as improving the cultivation of crops such as corn. The Romans were prolific road builders, these roads allowing for the first time the easy transportation of produce throughout the country.
The Saxons were excellent farmers and cultivated a wide variety of herbs. These were not used just for flavor as they are today but were used as bulk to pad out stews.
The Vikings and Danes brought them the techniques for smoking and drying fish - even today the North East coasts of England and Scotland are the places to find the best kippers - Arboath Smokiest, for example. "Collops" is an old Scandinavian word for pieces or slices of meat, and a dish of Collops is traditionally served on Burns Night (25th January) in Scotland. York Ham is a great favorite with the British housewife. The first York Ham is said to have been smoked with the sawdust of oak trees used in the building of York Minster.
The Normans invaded not only their country but also their eating habits! They gave them words for common foods - mutton (mouton) and beef (boeuf) for example. In the 12th century the Crusaders were the first Britons to taste oranges and lemons whilst in Jaffa in 1191-2.
Britain has always been a great trading nation. Saffron was first introduced into Cornwall by the Phoenicians at a very early date when they first came to Britain to trade for tin. Derived from the dried and powdered stigmas of the saffron crocus, saffron is still used today in British cooking. The importation of foods and spices from abroad has greatly influenced the British diet. In the Middle Ages, wealthy people were able to cook with spices and dried fruits from as far away as Asia. It has been said however that the poor people were lucky to eat at all!
In Tudor times, new kinds of food started to arrive due to the increase in trade and the discovery of new lands. Spices from the Far East, sugar from the Caribbean, coffee and cocoa from South America and tea from India. Potatoes from America began to be widely grown. Eccles Cakes evolved from Puritan days when rich cakes and biscuits were banned.
Turkeys were bred almost exclusively in Norfolk up until the 20th century. In the 17th century, turkeys were driven from Norfolk to the London markets in great flocks of 500 birds or more. Their feet were sometimes bandaged to protect them. Upon arrival in London, they had to be fattened up for several days before market.
The growth of the Empire brought new tastes and flavors - Kedgeree, for example, is a version of the Indian dish Khichri and was first brought back to Britain by members of the East India Company. It has been a traditional dish at the British breakfast table since the 18th and 19th centuries.
Nowadays you can sample cuisines from all around the world - Chinese, Indian, Italian, French, American, Spanish, Thai, etc., reflecting the ethnic diversity of Britain today as well as the modern ease of travel. Some would even claim 'Curry' to be a traditional British dish - although it bears little resemblance to the curries to be found in India!
So what is British cuisine? Roast Beef and Yorkshire Pudding, Steak and Kidney Pie, Trifle - these are the dishes that everyone associates with Britain. But like the country of Britain which is constantly changing and evolving, so is British food, and whilst today these dishes are 'traditionally British', in the future perhaps dishes such as the British Curry will join them!
2.2. The history of Tatar cuisine
The cuisine of the Volga Tatars takes its origin from the cuisine of the Volga Bulgars, who once were nomads, but nearly 1500 years go turned to agriculture and assimilated into local agricultural societies.
Tatar cuisine was influenced by the surrounding peoples – Russians, Mari, Udmurts, and also peoples of Central Asia, especially Uzbeks and Tajiks. For example , Tatar cuisine inherited katyk, bal-mai, kabartma from the Bulgars, pelmeni and tea from the Chinese , plov (pılaw) from the Uzbeks, pakhleve from the Tadjiks and also halvah and sherbet entered long ago into the Tatar culture. In May of 1722 , Kazan hospitality was experienced by Russian czar Peter1 Peter celebrated his fiftieth anniversary in the house of rich Kazan merchant Ivan Nikholayev . Numerous servants, with profound bows, brought in: ”first, cold meat and fish dishes, then- first course, then roast meat followed by cakes ,then sweets, with pies served in between. They called national cuisine rich and tasty, plain and exquisite, they were surprised at the variety and rare combination of products as well as unforgettable hospitality. Traditionally, a table was laid in a festive manner and a visitor was treated to the best food . Hospitality in Tatarstan was always highly appreciated . Tatars became familiar with many elements of Russian cuisine early in their history. However, culinary influences and greater variety of products have not changed the basic ethnic features of Tatar cuisine but have instead made it more diverse.
Geography and nature were also instrumental in the shaping of the Tatar cuisine. The location of the Tatars at the border of two geographical zones – the northern forests and the southern steppe, and also in the basin of two large rivers – the Volga and the Kama encouraged trade and considerably enriched the national cuisine. The Tatars became acquainted early in their history with rice, tea, dried fruits, walnuts, seasonings, and spices.
The Tatar cuisine relies heavily on the main agricultural products of the region – cereals and livestock. Fruits and vegetables were much less developed in the region's agriculture, although the relative importance of the potato began to increase from the end of the 19th century. Local vegetables included onions, carrot, horseradish, turnips, pumpkins, beets and, in small quantities, also cucumbers and cabbage. Fruits were mainly grown in orchards on the right bank of Volga, including local apples, cherries, raspberries, and currants. The forests were a source for wild berries, walnuts, hops, cow parsnip, sorrel, mint, and common wild leeks. Mushrooms were not typical in traditional Tatar cooking, and they began to be used only recently, especially among the urban population. Cattle and sheep provided beef and mutton, both equally popular among the Tatars. Horse meat was eaten boiled, salted, and cured. Milk was used primarily in dairy products, such as curds, sour cream ,butter etc. Fermented milk was made into a favorite Tatar drink- katik . Poultry was widespread in local farms (chickens, geese), and eggs were a popular dish, eaten in various forms. Beekeeping in the forest-steppe belt produced an abundance of honey for local consumption. It is necessary to emphasize the role of Tatar tea. Tea played a significant role in the table ceremony. Tea with pastry sometimes replaced breakfast or supper it was an essential attribute of treating visitors.
Chapter 3. Tea in Britain and in Tatarstan
English tea is a mixture of several black teas, usually taken during breakfast. English tea is currently one of the most popular varieties of tea in England .
English tea is also marked as English Breakfast Tea. English tea usually involves a mixture of several black teas mainly from Indian and Sri Lanka, although Chinese black tea is also used. Some teas used in English tea include Assam tea, Nigeria tea and Keenan tea.
The term comes from the popularity of tea drinking in England, which began in full swing during the 19th century. English tea has a fullbodied taste, with floral undertones. When blended with milk, English tea has a taste reminiscent of freshly toasted bread with honey.
The strength of English tea also makes it ideal as a morning wake-up drink. The mixture of black teas in English tea gives the tea a stimulating quality.
As far as Tatar tea concerns, it is a tea party - more than the tradition of "tea table - the soul of the family" - say the Tatars, thus emphasizing not only their love of tea as a beverage, but also its importance in a drinking ritual. This is a characteristic of the Tatar cuisine. Without the ritual of tea, it is impossible to imagine a single holiday: marriage, matchmaking, drinking bout, the birth of a child.They drink strong tea, hot, often diluting the milk or cream. At a dinner party at tea on the request of guests, add dried apricots,raisins, slices of fresh apples. Tatars like to drink tea from small cups, bowls, not to cool down. Compulsory subjects serving tea table, except cups are individual plates, sugar, milk, teaspoons. To a high gloss polished samovar with teapot on a burner should set the tone for a pleasant conversation, create a mood, and decorate the table during the holidays and weekdays.
3.1 History of English tea
The East India Company first brought tea to Britain in the early 17th century. It was an expensive product and one only for the rich and often kept under lock and key. Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II introduced the ritual of drinking teas to the English Royal Court and the habit was soon adopted by the aristocracy
The first teashop for ladies was opened by Thomas Twining in 1717 and slowly tea shops began to appear throughout England making the drinking of teas available to everyone. The British further developed their love of teas during the years of the British Empire in India.
Everyone has an opinion on how to make a ‘proper’ cup of tea. The first ingredient must be leaf teas. Not tea bags and certainly not powder. Only black tea is considered real for a cup of tea in Britain. Black tea is the dried and fermented leaves of the tea plant, Camellia sinuses.
Debate continues about whether to put milk in the cup before pouring or after it. Originally, milk was added before the tea to prevent the hot teas from cracking the fine bone china cups. Tea experts agree with this tradition but also state to pour milk into hot tea after. It is poured alters the flavor of the tea.
The right teapot for the perfect cupper is a matter, if personal preference either metal (all early teapots were solid silver, ornate vessels) or china. A metal teapot will keep the tea hotter for longer but some feel that china keeps a finer flavor, with no tainting from the metal.
There are some occasions when you must not refuse a cup of tea, otherwise you are judged an exotic and barbarous bird without any hope of ever being able to take your place in civilized society.
If you are invited to an English home, at five o'clock in the morning you get a cup of tea. It is either brought in by a heartily smiling hostess or an almost malevolently silent maid. When you are disturbed in your sweetest morning sleep you must not say: "Madam, I think you are a cruel, spiteful and malignant person who deserves to be shot". On the contrary, you have to declare with your best five o'clock smile: "Thank you so much. I do adore a cup of early morning tea, especially early in the morning". If they leave you alone with the liquid, you may pour it down the washbasin.
Then you have tea for break-fast; then you have tea at eleven o'clock in the morning; then after lunch; then you have tea for tea; then for supper; and again at eleven o'clock at night.
You must not refuse any additional cups of tea under the following circumstances: if it is hot; if it is cold; if you are tired; if anybody thinks that you might be tired; if you are nervous; if you are gay; before you go out; if you have just returned home; if you feel like it; if you do not feel like it; if you have had no tea for some time; if you have just had a cup..
3.2. History of Tatar tea
Tea played a significant role in the table ceremony.
Historian N. Vorobyev writes:” The most widely spread drink among the Tatars of all classes was tea, which they drank frequently and much ,much more than neighboring peoples . Tea is a typical hospitality beverage among the Tatars.”
The tatar’s first lexicographer and educator of the XIX century Qayum Nasyri leads the ancient legend about tea.
There was once a Sufi - a devout man. He spent his life in missionary journeys. Once upon a time, he came to Turkestan. Exhausted, tired of the heat and the long road, he went to the village, which was not far from the Chinese border. Soon he saw a house where he asked for a cup of water. The owner was a good-natured man, without long explanations, he brought him a hot drink:
- Taste, my dear, you will not regret. This is what you need to return to power...
The traveler drank a cup, another. And ... oh, miracle! Somewhere flew fatigue, the power , good mood came back again.
- Here is a drink! His place in heaven! It is a gift of the Most High!
And he hurried out again to tell people about the miracle drink. Soon the magic drink became known to all, rich and poor. He walked into a habit that he could not do nothing without it. And Sufi , who had lived for many years, took tea during his long journeys. Kazan belongs to the largest tea market in Russia. Local merchants brought tea up to $ 3 million rubles in silver. Especially they liked Kyakhtinsky tea. When Kyakhtinsky tea was brought to Kazan, merchants hurry to inform the citizens through the newspapers. There were 27 tea shops in Kazan. Residents of the Tatar settlements preferred to buy Sennoy market's tea. The best were the black teas; baikhovi flower and commercial varieties. They brewed high tea, drinking it with hot milk, fruit candy, and with a variety of baked sweets, such as: katlama( a baked roll with a variety of fillings- poppy seeds, sesame seeds, kort, nuts), kosh tele, pushtet( sweet pies filled with jam or dried fruits) etc. Chak-chak is a mound of honey-drenched sweet pastry balls. Honey is very popular in baking and on its own, served with tea. To drink tea from a Chinese samovar was considered prestigious.
Tatars consider that drinking tea is one of the attributes of hospitality. They drink tea with sugar, jam, candy, lemon, fresh berries, prunes, candy, milk, oregano, honey, especially with milk. Taste and nutritional properties of tea depends largely on how well he brewed. Before welding, it is necessary to rinse with boiling water, pour the bottom of the tea and pour boiling water on the third, then , to lid the kettle and to wrap a towel. A few minutes later pour boiling water over tea. When welding is impossible to put the kettle on the fire, otherwise the tea will lose its nutritional value and flavor. Tatars must drink tea only freshly. Tea is fragrant, rich in vitamins plants. People can prepare aromatic tea from them. These are green leaves of strawberries, currants. There is another dairy drink, which is called ierun. It is made by diluting kutyk with spring cold water. Another sweet drink is sherbet made from honey.
Chapter 4. Traditional British meals and Tradition meals in Tatarstan
4.1.Traditional British meals.
Whenever people visit the British Isles, they just cannot get over the wonderful taste of British cuisine. Although it has been the subject of much ridicule from its European counterparts, British cuisine has one of the longest histories besides being a great dining experience. Some of the finest restaurants in the world serve British cuisine. With the increasing diversity of the population, many new cultures and influences helped the preparation of British food in the country.
Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner and Supper
You cannot really start your day in Britain without having the traditional full English breakfast .Somerset Maugham wrote: ”If you want to eat well in Britain, eat breakfast three times a day”. Full English breakfast consist of bacon, sausages, fried tomatoes, fried eggs and toast. Some may select scrambled eggs instead of fried ones and modern versions of the meal do include mushrooms and baked beans, black pudding, a blood sausage that is made to look like pudding. Some love it, some hate it, is a matter of personal choice.
After breakfast is done, we move on to the traditional lunch. Lunch is somewhat similar to the Sunday dinner in Tatar home, where it is a big occasion for the whole family. There is often the all-important roast which is a piece of roast meat from either chicken, pork, beef or lamb, served with roast potatoes and boiled cabbages. A favorite accompaniment for the dish is Yorkshire pudding, a kind of roasted bread made from baked dough and the dish including the British favorite – roast potatoes!
When the clock strikes five, it signals the start of tea-time. Given the British’s penchant for drinking tea, you can imagine this is a favorite meal for them. Tea-time usually consists of biscuits and cakes to go with the tea. There are many traditional biscuits and cakes that are usually served such as scones, shortbread biscuits and jam tarts. Traditionally these items are made from scratch but you can also buy them in bakeries and supermarkets. Supper is a small meal just before you go to bed. Some people would just have cocoa and cheese while others might have bread with ham and a cup of tea. Whatever it is, you just can’t ignore supper time when you look for influences on British cuisine.
There are many traditional dishes that have made British cuisine popular the world over. However, you may not know that the traditional fish and chips in Britain are eaten with salt and vinegar whereas in its overseas version ketchup and tartar sauce are the usual dips that accompany the meal.
4.2 Tradition meals in Tatarstan
There is a good proverb:”We eat to live, but do not live to eat”. I think this is true, because food is something that we need to stay alive. Food is a source of energy. Though, for some people food is a source of pleasure, too. But, I think, the food that we eat should also be healthy.
Traditionally,Tatar people have four main meals - breakfast, lunch , dinner and supper.
Naturally, breakfast time depends on what time you get up ( some porridge or cottage cheese with sugar or jam ,scrambled eggs, or pancakes, tea or coffee with cheeseburgers or hamburgers ,kabartma,which is eaten hot,thickly spread with butter).
Lunch is not very popular in Tatarstan . Average time for lunch - from noon until three in the afternoon. People go to the cafe or canteen where they have a bit choice of various baked items with a savory filing are specific for the Tatar cuisine such as :kuzikmak , ochpochmuk, paramach and a cup of coffee or high black tea with milk.
The biggest meal of the day is dinner. Some people like to eat it at home and prepare food by themselves, but others prefer to eat out side in restaurants or at food stands. But most Tatar people prefer to cook and eat at home. The main reason is that at home, family members can prepare their meals and enjoying their food together, which can enhance their relationships. Family members can talk, make jokes and exchange feelings on current affairs with each other while preparing a meal. In this way, our mothers and fathers have a chance to communicate with their kids and understand of what they are thinking and doing; while children can learn to help with some household tasks and develop intimacy with their parents. Another reason is, that eating at home people can save money. The same amount of money that they spend on a meal in a restaurant can buy a lot more foods from a supermarket. When all the members of the family come home, they gather at the dining room and have dinner. Tatar dinner is usually at home . Before the whole family gathers at the table, they must remember a set of table rules which was described by famous Tatar enlightener Kauyum Nasyri:” Sit down to table as soon as a meal is served, do not keep people waiting. Eat with your right hand, if there are respectable people at table, do not touch food ahead of them- it is impolite. Moderate meal is of great benefit - it promotes healthy body, precise mind, strong memory”. For dinner Tatars eat soups , which are divided into meat ,chicken, fish , vegetable, mushroom, etc. Particularly popular is noodle soup served with tukmuch and enriched with pieces of boiled meat or chicken from the broth. They like eating soup with black , white bread or with cabartma. For the second course people have different kinds of potato dishes, meat, fish or various baked items with a savory fillings, such as : kuzikmak, bekkan, echpochmak , gubudia and others.
Different kinds of salads serve as appetizers for dinner. According to our tradition, good food should be accompanied by good drink. The most popular drink in Tatarstan is tea. Tatars like tea with milk, with lemon or with dried apricots. And, no doubt, sweet pastries:”chak-chak”,”kosh tele,” pancakes, honey, jam, sweets, etc.
Supper is usually a small meal. For supper they have different kinds of dishes. , because tastes differ. And , eating supper dishes in our days , everybody remembers such proverbs as : “The less you eat, the longer you live,” “Better lose a supper than have a hundred physicians” ,”You are what you eat,” etc. Supper in Tatarstan may be taken at 18..00 , but the time depends on the plans for the evening, weather people would stay at home after work or go out to relax. For supper people usually have different kinds of salads , fried fish ,fruits, potato dishes and ,of course, a cup of tea with milk or with lemon, honey and jam.
Chapter 5 Comparative characteristics of Tatar and British cuisine
Tatar cuisine, combining traditions of many nations, characterized by a large number of soups and baked goods, meat and potatoes beef, mutton and horse meat, pancakes and dumplings, pies and many other dishes because in a cold climate it is difficult to do without hot nutritious food.
Comparing Tatar and British cuisine we can see many similarities and differences in Tatar and Britain cuisines.
The Tatar and Britain cuisines are based on heavily on the main agricultural products of the region. Real delicacy for the Tatar people is black and white bread (ipi), which is always served with meals in Britain too.
The dishes in Tatar cuisine can be subdivided into the following categories: hot soups, depending on the broth used as the soup base, soups are divided into meat, chicken, fish, vegetable, mushroom, etc .The soup may be thickened with noodles, grains, or vegetables-separately or in combination. Particularly popular is noodle soup served with tukmuch and enriched with pieces of boiled meat or chicken from the broth. They are also served with meat balls or stuffed buns (ochpochmuk, paramach ). Main dishes are usually based on meat, grains, potatoes. Boiled potatoes are a favorite side dish, with grated horseradish served as an accompaniment. A chicken stuffed with eggs in milk(tutirgun tuvik) is a special dish for holidays in Tatarstan. Various baked items with a savory filling are also specific for the Tatar cuisine. Let’s take bukkan, filled with various vegetables(mainly pumpkin, also carrots or cabbage). A special festive dish among Tatars is gubadia ,a tall round pie filled with rice, dried fruits, eggs and kort( a kind of dried cheese).
‘Especially , Tatar people like balesh, which is the oldest traditional dish combining meat and potatoes. Pieces of fat meat(mutton, beef, goose, duck ) are combined with potatoes and baked in a wood stove or in an oven. One of the best tatar dishes is tuturtma, an intestine filled with finely cut or chopped liver and millet or rice, which is another combination of meat and grains. Now a few words about pancakes. Tatars like them very much as Britains. They are prepared with and without yeast. A kind of yeast dough pancake is kabartma in Tatarstn and small rolls in Britain, that may be prepared in different ways: baked in a pan in front of an open oven fire, or fried in boiling oil in a cauldron. It is eaten hot, thickly spread with butter. Baked items with a savory filling, dough-based dishes (pasta), sweet baked items and other sweets, usually served with tea.
Despite its simplicity, the kitchen in the UK also has many delicious dishes that have their regional characteristics. For example, in Wales spread fruit bread, toast with cheese and bread from algae. In Scotland, you will be offered veal scars, oat and shortbread. In Ireland, prefer traditional dishes "Champ" and "Colcannon". These dishes are prepared with potatoes. Traditional England is considered a "pudding" and Yorkshire pie. Traditional dishes of UK are soups and broths pureed, egg dishes are very popular: omelets, scrambled eggs. Pies for the filling can take any berries and fruits. Britain is famous for roast veal kidneys, Yorkshire pudding. Most of the traditional dishes served only for the festive table.
Tatar cuisine is inseparable from the concept of Tatar festivals; it is one of the most popular cuisines in the world. Rare gourmet at the mention of Tatar cuisine will remember triangle with beef (sometimes chicken meat), potato and some onion inside. The next dish is Gubadiya, which is made of puff paste, the filling is curd and butter, and the top is “decorated” with rice, raisins and eggs. Each dish of Tatar cuisine - is a special masterpiece of culinary art. Tatar cuisine has evolved very long and peculiar, soaking up the best traditions of other nations. Especially we must remember about Tatar’s and Britain‘s tea tradition. They drink tea at home , in café and they always drink it with baked sweets and various baked items with a savory filling.
Tatarstan | Britain | |
breakfast | Porridges , boiled and fried poultry eggs, pancakes, baked foods, cottage cheese, tea with milk, coffee, home - made jam, butter, chocolate | Porridges, boiled and fried poultry eggs, pancakes , baked foods, cottage cheese, tea with milk, coffee, home-made jam, butter, chocolate |
dinner | Soup with meat, chicken, fish, vegetable, mushroom ,white, black bread, potato dishes, baked items, fried fish ,snacks, tea, milk, lemon, salads, fruits, coffee, sweets | Soup with meat, chicken, fish, vegetable, mushroom, white, black bread, potato dishes, baked items, fried fish, snacks, tea, milk, lemon, salads, fruits, coffee, sweets |
lunch | Tea with milk or lemon, baked items, sandwiches, jam, sugar, coffee | Tea with milk or lemon, baked items, sandwiches, sugar, coffee |
supper | salad, fish dishes, potato dishes, cream, tea, milk, sugar, lemon, jam | Salad, fish dishes, potato dishes, cream, tea, milk, sugar, lemon, jam |
So we see, that the Tatar and Britain cuisine relies heavily on the main agricultural products of the region-cereals and livestock. The forests are a source for wild berries, mushrooms and other foods. Cattle and sheep provided beef and mutton.
The comparison of Tatar and British cuisine. Таблица №1
Similarities
Differences Таблица №2
Britain | Tatarstan | |
breakfast | Toast with marmalade, scrambled eggs with beacon, fruit , bread from algae | Kabartma, bukkan |
dinner | A Yorkshire pudding, pork | Tutirtkan tuvik, bulish, plov, ochpochmuk, noodle soup served with tukmuch, horse meat |
lunch | Grilled tomato | Gubadia, kuzikmak, paramach |
supper |
Сonclusion
British cuisine has a number of national and regional variations, such as English cuisine Scottish cuisine, kitchen Welsh and Anglo-Indian cuisine, each of which developed their own regional or local dishes, many of which have received the names of the places of origin of products.
Food in the UK reflects the many ethnic influences in British society. In any store you can buy food ingredients from Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America . Britons are increasingly attached to a healthy diet, so the stores have many species of environmentally friendly products.
Of course, you will always find the famous English breakfast and fish and chips. British families often eat a traditional "Sunday roast", but the same family will eat with pleasure and Italian pizza, and Singapore noodles.
Cultural characteristics of food and cuisine of Tatarstan and Britain in general have strong national traits. Comparing the features of the kitchen between two countries, of Tatarstan and the UK, there have been identified similarities and differences. After spending an initial survey of students in grades 6-8 about the national cuisine of the country the language being studied, we found that only 14% of all students imagine national dishes, 22% of respondents correctly identified the main meal of the British, 16% had heard about the peculiarities of English tea. The level of knowledge of students increased by 43% after a detailed consideration of the topic at English club with our presentation and story about the British and Tatar eating habits. During the research we were able to prepare some exercises on the theme "National dishes of UK and Tatarstan" (crossword, language bingo, exercise on compliance etc.). As well as to collect authentic texts on the subject. We believe that this project may be useful for English classes in secondary school, and the presentation and other educational materials will help teachers to prepare oral Journal of the language . Described verbally - speech exercises, crosswords, charades and bingo can be used for competitions during the Week of foreign languages.
Список использованных источников и литературы:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_cuisine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_cuisine
http://otherreferats.allbest.ru/moscow/00015444_0.html
http://pro-chay.ru/tatarskiy-chay
http://gurmanika.com/kuhni/anglijskaya
http://countries.turistua.com/ru/velikobritaniya-kitchen.htm
http://supercook.ru/zz330-08.html
http://www.dietolog.org/basis/
Домашняя книга рецептов.- «ЗАО Издательский Дом Ридерз Дайджест» - М., 2008
История мировой культуры. Справочник школьника.- Филологическое общество «Слово», Центр гуманитарных наук при факультете журналистики МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова. – М., 1996
350 текстов, диалогов и упражнений по английскому языку для развития навыков устной речи, авторы – составители: Е.М. Базанова, Т.С. Путиловская. – «Дрофа», М., 2000
МБОУ «Шеморданский лицей Сабинского района РТ»
ECOPROBLEMS IN OUR SABA DISTRICT .
Girasimova Zarina 6 form
Scientific supervisor: English teacher
Karimullina Rezeda Shaukatovna
ANNOTATION
Исследовательская работа посвящена изучению экологии Сабинского района и решению экологических проблем .
Тема является актуальной, т.к. экологические проблемы и пути их решения являются общими для всех районов нашей республики и для каждого человека; от этого зависит наше будущее и будущее нас детей.
The abstracts
We took the given theme for the abstract as we are interested in ecological problems for a long time. These problems are global, that is to solve them it is possible only by means of incorporation of forces of all countries of the world.
We can see such ecological problems in our district too. The basic source of pollution of atmospheric air are 17 factories. Stationary source emissions are 17,137 thousand tons in 2009 and 16,298 thousand tons in 2010.
The main sources of the provision with the water in our region are underground waters and surface waters of the rivers Mesha, Sabinka. The largest users of the water is the housing department of Saba.
The total area makes 109,8 thousand hectares. Woods and cultivated lands occupy the most part of territory of our district.
Thus, people would have to stop using many useful things if they wanted to end pollution immediately. Most people do not want that. But pollution can be reduced gradually. Scientists and engineers can find the ways of reducing pollution from automobiles and factories. Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures for reducing of pollution. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.
CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Chapter 1 Introduction. 2
Chapter 2 Saba region 4
Chapter 3. The condition and the protection of the air 5
Chapter 4 The condition, the protection and the using of water resources 6
Chapter. 5The condition, the protection and the using of land resources 8
Chapter. 5. Conclusion
Bibliography 16
Supplement
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Only after the Last Tree has been Cut Down
Only after the Last River has been Poisoned
Only after the Last Fish has been Eaten
Only THEN will you Find
That…
H.D.Thoreau
We took the given theme for the abstract as we are interested in ecological problems for a long time. These problems are global, it is possible to solve them only by means of incorporation of forces of all countries of the world.
From the early childhood parents impart to their child the love to the nature, the respect for her gifts. However the mankind always took away from the Earth more, than gave. It also has led to those problems which we have for today.
Very little attention was given to ecological problems years ago. There were very few laws regulating the use of natural resources and various technical achievements, influencing the nature. Today there is a separate branch of law - the Ecolaw.
To begin with I have decided to study ecological problems in our district.
Each person, reading these lines, should give a thought on that what ecological conditions of its native land, of its republic, of its house. Our native land is Tatarstan, district Saba, settlement Shemordan.
Tatarstan is well – developed industrial republic with numerous giant plants and factories. Our native land is rich in natural resources, such as oil, wood, gas. But all of this cause serious environmental problems that endanger people’s lives. The most dangerous of them are: pollution in its many form, destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty, shortage of natural resources.
When you pollute something, you make it dirty or dangerous. It is dangerous to drink polluted water or breathe polluted air.
Pollution can start in a small way – like using a river for waste. But every day millions of wastes get into our rivers and lakes. Many rivers are used for dumping industrial wastes.
We can see many cars in the city streets during rush hours. Working automobile engines pollute the air every day. We need good filters at factories and also in cars.
Rubbish is one of the environmental problems in Tatarstan too. Rubbish pollutes the land, the water, it causes serious illness.
We can see such ecological problems in our district too .
We live in Saba district. My settlement which is called Shemordan is situated not far from Saba.
Chapter 2 Saba region
The area of our district is 1097,70 km, population – 31,8 thousand people. There are industrial enterprises. They are: Shemordan meat factory, The leather goods factory ", “Milk processing factory Vamin -Saba ","Shemordan grain-collecting station. ", “Leshoz timber enterprise”, “Shemordan compressor station” and others.
As far as agriculture concerns such products as rye, wheat, oats, canola, potato, perennial grasses are cultivated in our district. Main branches of animal industries are meat-dairy, milk, cattle breeding.
The provision of ecological safety of the district is one of the priority directions in activity of the administration and the enterprises of the district. The ecological programs and problems are regularly considered on the meetings of the constant ecological commissions. They are the keeping and the utilization of the pesticide, the rational using of the natural resources, the improvement of the ecological situation in the district and so on. The regular check-ups are conducted in the region, the unapproved places of the accommodation of the wastes on the territory of Saba .
The export of the rubbish from the territory of the district is realized by special organizations. The Road –building department controls cleanness of the curbs and the roads. There are containers for the rubbish on the bus stops. There are four private owned enterprises are organized in Saba nowadays they specialize in collecting ferrous and non- ferrous metals and literary-trash.
There are eleven acting biological Bekkari pits in the district. The construction of new biological pits are lasting. (Bekkari pit), deep in earth (on 9-10 m) building from vlago- and heat-resistant material for disinfecting of dead bodies of animals , organisms that make up a kingdom of organic world).
A big work is organized in the sphere of exporting of the rubbish. Now we have recycling bins for general garbage throughout the center of Saba.
Chapter 3 The condition and the protection of the air
The basic source of pollution of atmospheric air are 17 factories. Stationary source emissions are 17,137 thousand tons in 2010 and 16,29 thousand tons in 2011. The basic polluting substances acting in atmosphere of the district: hydrocarbons - 13,087thousand tons a year, from them volatile organic compounds - 2,581 thousand tons a year; sulfurous gas - 3,177 thousand tons a year; soot - 3,138 thousand tons a year, ammonia - 0,0006 thousand tons a years, suspended matters - 1,781 thousand tons a year, inorganic dust - 7,555 thousand tons a year. The greatest contribution to pollution was made enterprises of fuel – 98,7 % from motor transport on district for 2011 have made Emissions 3,399 thousand tons
Number Of Stationary source emissions in Saba and Zelenodol districts
Municipal formation Муниципальное образование | Stationary source emissions Количество стационарных источников | Масса выброса | Has acted on clearing Thous/ t a year Поступило на очистку тысяч тонн в год | Captured (neutralized) Thous and/ ton. a year, Уловлено и обезврежено Тыс /т в год | Captured |
| |
2010 | 2011 | ||||||
Saba district | 471 | 17,136 | 16.298 | 0,403 | 0,357 | 2,14 | |
Zelenodol district | 1717 | 2,918 | 3,112 | 3,670 | 3,529 | 53,12 |
Number Of Sources And Volumes Of Wastes
To The Atmosphere From The Fundamental Enterprises in the Central region .
Industrial complexes and brunches Промышленные выбросы | Number of sources | Power of gas cleanings | Number of cleaned harmful matters % | Volume of throwing out(thousands of tones) | ||||
Every | equipped | 20 08 | 20 09 | 20 10 | 20 11 | |||
Fuel | 2040 | 26 | 134,384 | 0,62 | 18,234 | 18,650 | 18,554 | 18,550 |
Heat- and-power engineer-ing топливноэнергитический | 533 | 22 | 80,691 | 8,4 | 10,556 | 9,052 | 8,637 | 7,915 |
Building | 2507 | 169 | 853,627 | 71,02 | 5,123 | 5,411 | 3,920 | 3,895 |
Transport and board | 1531 | 43 | 251,17 | 5,16 | 0,815 | 1,104 | 1,487 | 1,498 |
Food | 966 | 149 | 828,943 | 46 | 1,043 | 1,889 | 2,833 | 2,997 |
Chapter 3 The condition, the protection and the using of water resources
The main sources of the provision with the water in our region are underground waters and surface waters of the rivers Mesha, Sabinka. The largest users of the water is the housing department of Saba.
The Water Intake in 2011 was about 1,235 mln. of cubic meters. 87,9% of water is used for energy, 5,3% is used on fuel industry, 2,5% - on necessities of the housing – public facilities, 1,94% - on necessities of the agriculture.
About 1,923 mln. of cubic meters of wastes are dumped into bodies of water of our region each year. 0,491 mln. of cubic meters of wastes are dumped in the river Mesha .
The “Milk processing factory Vamin -Saba wastes into river Sabinka without any permission phosphate 39
The Saba housing and communal services has biological purification of sewage “River-700 and “Biotal-50”, which check- up the quality of the sewage.
Industrial complexes and brunches dump wastes into a river in 2011
Municipal formation | Mineral oil | Phosphates | Chlorides | Phenols | Copper |
Saba | 0,007 | 0,491 | 13,070 | - | - |
Chapter 4 The condition, the protection and the using of land resources
The total area makes 109,8 thousand hectares. Woods and cultivated lands occupy the most part of territory of our district. Since 2010 up to 2011 the quantity of cultivated lands has been reduced on 0,110 thousand hectares, settlements have been increased on 0,126 thousand Data on the arable land area of the agricultural enterprises are presented in the given table.
Municipal formation | Total area of cultivated lands | Arable land district. | Arable land % |
Saba | 67,9 | 59,0 | 86,9 |
Various activities of people render the certain negative influence on a condition of ground in our district. Scales and types of degradation of ground are growing. One of the principal causes is erosion. To struggle against erosion major overhaul of hydraulic engineering constructions of a reservoir "Abdulla is completed” at the village Old Icshurma.
Distribution of land fund from the point of view of categories of land thousand hectares in 01/01 2011
Industry, Transport, Communications, TV, Computer science | Area of woodland | Water fund | Agricultural purpose | Settlements | |
Saba | 1,1 | 26,7 | - | 74,8 | 5,7 |
The basic ecological problems of our district are:
-construction of clearing constructions,
- accomplishment of springs
- allocation of the ground area under snow dumps
-construction of rubbish-sorting
- construction of manure storage structure
- construction of containers-platforms
- introduction of selector gathering of waste
Chapter. 5. Conclusion
Thus, people would have to stop using many useful things if they wanted to end pollution immediately. Most people don’t agree to do that. But pollution can be reduced gradually. Scientists and engineers can find the ways of reducing pollution from automobiles and factories. Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures for reducing of pollution. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting environment.
Supplement
Be green:
■ Don’t buy drinks in plastic bottles.
■ Save your family newspapers. Find out how to recycle paper in your area.
■ Save water. If there is the leaky tap in your house, get someone to fix them.
■ Turn off the lights when you leave the room.
■ Turn off the TV or stereo when you are not watching or listening.
■ Unplug things that glow in the dark.
■ Don’t cut wild flowers.
■ Don’t kill wild animals.
■ Use energy saving products.
■ Use public transport instead of a car.
■ Buy or make reusable bags to go shopping with.
BIBLIOGRAHPY
1. eco.tatar.ru › rus/file/pub/pub_52353.pdf
2. http://saby.tatar.ru/
3. Программа элективного курса «География и экология Сабинского района » (8 кл.) Составила учитель высшей квалификационной категории Гайнуллина И.Н.
4. Г.Л. Кубарьков, В.А. Тимощук. "1000. Сборник новых тем современного английского языка". M.2006.
ECOPROBLEMS IN OUR SABA DISTRICT .
Girasimova Zarina 6 form
Scientific supervisor: English teacher
Karimullina Rezeda Shaukatovna
1 We took the given theme for the abstract as we are interested in ecological problems for a long time. These problems are global, that is to solve them it is possible only by means of incorporation of forces of all countries of the world. We can see such ecological problems in our district
2 Saba region The area of our district is 1097,70 km, population – 31,8 thousand people. There are industrial enterprises. They are: Shemordan meat factory, The leather goods factory ", “Milk processing factory Vamin -Saba ","Shemordan grain-collecting station. ", “Leshoz timber enterprise”, “Shemordan compressor station” and others.
3 The condition and the protection of the air.The basic source of pollution of atmospheric air are 17 factories. Stationary source emissions are 17,137 thousand tons in 2010 and 16,29 thousand tons in 2011.
4 The condition, the protection and the using of water resources. The main sources of the provision with the water in our region are underground waters and surface waters of the rivers Mesha, Sabinka
5 The condition, the protection and the using of land resources.The total area makes 109,8 thousand hectares. Woods and cultivated lands occupy the most part of territory of our district.
МБОУ «Шеморданский лицей Сабинского района РТ»
Международная научно-практическая конференция
студентов и учащихся
«Наука и культура: новый взгляд»
Секция: «Языкознание (русский, татарский,
английский языки)»
Тема: « Помогают ли мне компьютер, интернет и компьютерные игры в изучении английского языка»
Руководитель:
Учитель английского языка Каримуллина Р.Ш
Выполнила:
Ученица 7 класса В
Абдуллина Карина
2016г.
Оглавление
I. Введение. Актуальность темы ……………………………………………..3
II. Теоретическая часть…………………………….….....................................
2.1 Роль компьютера в нашей жизни
2.2 Использование компьютеров на уроках английского языка
2.3 Возможности Интернета в изучении языков
2.4 Компьютерные игры.
Глава 2. Практическая часть. Могут ли компьютерные игры помочь изучать английский язык?
2.1. Методика проведения исследования………………………………
2.2. Результаты анкетирования учащихся……………………………..
Заключение……………………………………………………………...
Литература……………………………………………………………...
I. Введение
Тема данного исследования: «Помогают ли мне компьютер, интернет и компьютерные игры в изучении английского языка». С помощью исследования мы ответим на вопрос: « Правда ли, что компьютер интернет и компьютерные игры могут улучшить знания по английскому языку?» Поэтому исследование может быть очень актуальным.
Цель исследования: раскрыть роль компьютера, программного обеспечения и компьютерных игр в успешном овладении английским языком.
Для реализации этой цели необходимо решить следующие задачи:
- показать роль компьютера в современной коммуникативной технологии преподавания иностранных языков,
- раскрыть многообразие форм применения компьютера и программного обеспечения в успешном овладении английским языком, использование информационных ресурсов Интернета, разные виды компьютерных игр.
Объект: компьютер, интернет и компьютерные игры
Гипотеза: компьютер, интернет и компьютерные игры могут помочь изучать английский язык
Работа проводилась поэтапно:
1. Составление основной информационной работы.
2. Анализ литературы и различных источников по теме.
3. Проведение анализа и сравнения собранных данных анкет.
4. Обозначение выводов и результатов работы.
При написании научно-исследовательской работы применялись следующие методы: экспериментальный, для проведения анкетирования и определения необходимости использования интернета, компьютера и компьютерных игр; поисковый и описательный, предполагающий анализ языковых факторов; аналитический, предполагающий сопоставительный анализ отобранных данных.
Наша работа делится на две части: теоретическую и практическую. В первой части рассмотрены такие элементы как использование компьютеров на уроках иностранного языка, значение игр и их виды. Во второй части работы представлены результаты обработки полученных анкет.
II. Теоретическая часть
2.1. Роль компьютеров в нашей жизни
"Мы все учились понемногу, чему-нибудь и как-нибудь…" Вот и я росла и училась понемногу, а вместе со мной и мой мир английского языка, который спустя какое-то времени стал ИТ-миром. Наша жизнь была бы скучной без компьютеров. Трудно поверить, что одно устройство может обеспечить людей развлечением, новостями, образованием, музыкой. Компьютеры и Интернет стали неотъемлемой частью каждой семьи. Компьютер – мощный инструмент. Он помогает создавать красочные презентации, высчитывать крупные числа, сохранять и редактировать фотографии, хранить документацию и, конечно же, бороздить просторы интернета. Интернет – основной источник информации в настоящее время. Он держит нас в курсе событий, развлекает и обучает нас. Мы находим повседневные новости онлайн, образовательные ресурсы, фильмы, музыку, игры. Каждый может найти там что-то на свой вкус.
2.2. Использование компьютеров на уроках иностранного языка
Народная мудрость нового времени гласит: «Умные пользуются компьютером, чтобы сберечь время, а дурные, чтобы его потратить». В нашем лицее кабинет английского языка состоит из лингафонного кабинета, компьютера, проектора, видеомагнитофона, телевизора, аудиомагнитофона, информационных ресурсов Интернета. Все это помогает нам успешно обучатся. Использование информационных технологий на уроках превращает процесс обучения в веселую познавательную игру. Мы учащиеся с удовольствием ходим на английский язык. Используя информационные технологии на уроке мы незаметно получаем глубокие знания.
Сегодня информационные технологии – это лучшие помощники педагога и ученика. Ни одно занятие не проходит без мультимедийных презентаций и использования обучающих программ на компакт-дисках.
Неоценимую помощь в изучении различных лингвострановедческих тем оказывают электронные учебники, библиотеки, галереи. Возможности мультимедийных технологий позволяет нам ученикам окунуться в виртуальный мир и увидеть то, что может быть только написано в книге. Электронные галереи позволяют просмотреть произведения великих художников, не сходя с места, а библиотеки стран позволяют посетить все места на земном шаре и узнать многое из посещений, что пригодится не только на уроке, но и в дальнейшей жизни. Использование мультимедийных средств помогает реализовать личностно-ориентированный подход в обучении, обеспечивает индивидуализацию и дифференциацию с учетом особенностей детей, их уровня обученности, склонностей. Очень содержательны, богаты яркими ролевыми играми, фильмами, и текстами и нравятся как детям, так и взрослым мультимедийные программы «Oxford Platinum» и «Английский. Путь к совершенству». Всем известно об
обучающих возможностях игр. Наряду с устными играми, мы используем также мультимедийный курс «Учим английский язык». Здесь имеется большое разнообразие лексических игр, где заучиваются написание слов, их переводы и произношения. Все игры сопровождаются красочными картинками. Хотя он рекомендуются детям от 3-х до 8-и лет, но интересны и учащимся для нашего возраста.“Репетитор по английскому языку Кирилла и Мефодия”) и словари (http://spravki.net/), огромное разнообразие ресурсов Интернета – учебные и аутентичные материалы на иностранных языках, электронные версии зарубежных газет и журналов (http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/), публикации (http://www.washtimes.com/) и т.п. Программа «Bridge to English» имеет ряд необходимых справочников: англо-русский словарь, грамматический и фонетический справочники. Упражнения в этой программе подобраны так, что они вызывают у нас желание узнать, «что же будет дальше», а также сколько баллов он наберет за выполнение упражнения и какую оценку мне поставит компьютер. За каждый вид работы, за каждое выполненное упражнение компьютер громко объявляет оценку: «excellent» или «very good», «good», «not bad», «bad».
2.3. Сейчас уже все понимают, что Интернет обладает колоссальными информационными возможностями и не менее впечатляющими услугами. Интернет создает уникальную возможность для изучения ИЯ так как это позволяет пользоваться аутентичными текстами, слушать и общаться с носителями языка.
Специфика предмета «иностранный язык» заключается в том, что обучать речевой деятельности можно лишь в живом общении. А для этого нужен партнер, – носитель языка. Кроме того, система обучения языку должна быть построена таким образом, чтобы учащимся была предоставлена возможность знакомства с культурой страны изучаемого языка. Необходимо научиться школьников уважать проявления этой культуры, т.е. быть способными к межкультурному взаимодействию. Разумеется, частично эта задача решается с помощью отбора содержания в учебники, учебные пособия. Но подлинного, знакомства все-таки не происходит.
Если иметь в виду предмет нашего обсуждения – Интернет, прежде всего важно определиться, для каких целей мы собираемся использовать его возможности и ресурсы. Например:
- для самостоятельного поиска информации учащимися в рамках работы над темой урока;
- для самостоятельного изучения, углубления, ликвидации пробелов в знаниях, умениях, навыках;
Кроме того, во внеурочной деятельности учащиеся могут самостоятельно работать над совершенствованием своих знаний в области ИЯ. Для этого в сетях существует множество разнообразных курсов для разных категорий учащихся, предназначенных для самообразования или обучения под руководством преподавателя.
Участие ребят в телеконференциях, в том числе онлайновых, чатах, в которых принимают участие школьники из разных стран мира, - дополнительная очень интересная и полезная возможность новых контактов в реальной речевой практике. Пока данный вид применения языка недостаточно изучен, но это лишь вопрос времени. В ходе дискуссий, бесед, идет не только обмен информацией по той или иной проблеме, но и знакомство с какими – то элементами другой культуры.
Таким образом, используя информационные ресурсы сети Интернет, можно достичь следующих результатов:
а) научиться более правильно читать;
б) услышать и поработать с аудентичными звуковыми текстами сети Интернет;
в) пополнять свой словарный запас, как активный, так и пассивный, лексикой современного английского языка, отражающего определенный этап развития культуры народа, социального и политического устройства общества;
г) знакомиться с культуроведческими знаниями, включающими в себя речевой этикет, особенности речевого поведения различных народов в условиях общения, особенности культуры, традиций страны изучаемого языка;
Скрытые и открытые угрозы Интернет
Однако бурное развитие Интернета несет также существенные издержки. Современная научно-образовательная информационная среда характеризуется большим количеством образовательных ресурсов с неструктурированной и мало того, еще и не всегда достоверной информацией. Объем подобных ресурсов растет в геометрической прогрессии. Кроме того, наряду с полезной и необходимой информацией пользователи сталкиваются с бесполезными ресурсами, имеющими в некоторых случаях и вредное влияние. Например, чрезмерное увлечение Интернетом может привести к: киберзависимости, заражению вредоносными программами при скачивании файлов, нарушению нормального развития. Но отказываться от благ информационных технологий бессмысленно, только следует быть внимательными и пользоваться хорошо зарекомендованными сайтами.
2.4 Компьютерные игры
Я люблю проводить своё свободное время играя в игры за компьютером. Но часто я слышу :
« Хватит играть, сядь правильно. выключай компьютер, лучше книжку почитай. Совсем испортишь зрение!»
И у меня появился вопрос:
Какие компьютерные игры полезны для учёбы и почему?
Прочитала несколько источников и узнала что, компьютерные игры для нас бывают трёх типов: развлекательные игры; обучающие (познавательные) игры; развивающие игры.
Все негативные отзывы о компьютерных играх относятся к развлекательным играм, которые нужно использовать в меру, как и любой другой вид развлечения.
Существуют следующие виды развлекательных игр:
приключенческие - главным подспорьем в этих играх служат находки – различные предметы, которые встречает персонаж, путешествуя в игровом пространстве многочисленных уровней;
стратегии - основная цель таких игр – управление войсками, энергией, полезными ископаемыми или другими подобными ресурсами; аркадные - характерной особенностью является поуровневое дробление игры, когда наградой и целью является право перехода к следующему эпизоду или миссии;
логические - чаще всего такие игры представляет собой одну задачу или набор нескольких головоломок, которые необходимо решить;
симуляторы - имеют в своём названии какую-нибудь приставку, например: авто-, авиа-, спортивный, сегодня в продаже можно найти имитаторы практически любых технических средств – парусных кораблей, дирижаблей, самолётов и вертолётов, танков, подводных лодок, реальных и фантастических космических аппаратов. В обучении иностранному языку применяются обучающие и развивающие игры. Данные игры на раннем этапе обучения можно разделить на два раздела:
Первый раздел cоставляет фонетические, лексические и грамматические игры, способствующие формированию речевых навыков. Отсюда его название «Подготовительные игры». Раздел открывают фонетические игры, предназначенные для корректировки произношения на этапе формирования речевых навыков и умений. За фонетическими следуют лексические игры, логически продолжающие «строить» фундамент речи. Следующие в разделе - грамматические игры, занимающие по объему более трети игр, поскольку овладение грамматическим материалом прежде всего создает возможность для перехода к активной речи учащихся. Известно, что тренировка учащихся в употреблении грамматических структур, требующая многократного их повторения, утомляет ребят своим однообразием, а затрачиваемые усилия не приносят быстрого удовлетворения. Игры помогут сделать скучную работу более интересной и увлекательной. Большинство игр первого раздела могут быть использованы в качестве тренировочных упражнений не этапе как первичного, так и дельнейшего закрепления.
Второй раздел называется «Творческие игры». Цель этих игр – способствовать дальнейшему развитию речевых навыков и умений. Возможность проявить самостоятельность в решении речемыслительных задач, быстрая реакция в общении, максимальная мобилизация речевых навыков – характерные качества речевого умения – могут, как нам представляется, быть проявлены в аудитивных и речевых играх. Игры второго раздела тренируют учащихся в умении творчески использовать речевые навыки. Компьютерные игры способствуют развитию познавательной активности учащихся при изучении иностранного языка. Они несут в себе немалое нравственное начало, так как делают овладение иностранным языком радостным, творческим и коллективным.
Глава 2. Практическая часть. Могут ли компьютер, интернет и компьютерные игры помочь изучать английский язык?
2.1. Методика проведения исследования.
Теоретические положения, изложенные в предыдущей главе данной работы, были проведены нами на практике. Опытно-практическая работа включала три этапа: организационный, практический и обобщающий.
№ | Название этапа | Задачи этапа | Основные методы исследования |
1 | Организационный этап | 1. Изучение литературы по проблеме исследования. 2. Построение исследовательского аппарата (объекта, предмета, целей, задач, гипотезы). 3. Изучение опыта работы. 4. Определение стратегии исследования. | 1. Поисковый или теоретический анализ литературы по проблеме исследования 2. Собеседование с учителями и учащимися. 3. Обобщение. |
2 | Практический этап | 1. Уточнение аппарата исследования. 2. Проведение ОПР. | 1. Систематизация и обобщение теоретического наследия по проблеме исследования. 2. Адаптация методик исследования. 3. Анкетирование. 4. Оценивание. |
3 | Обобщающий этап | 2. Построение доказательства гипотезы. 3. Оформление результатов ОПР. | 1. Анализ. 2. Синтез. 3.Интерпретация. |
В опытно-практической работе ведущим стал метод анкетирования (Приложение 1), т. к. он способствует накоплению массового эмпирического материала, представлению состояния дел в практике одной взятой школы в общем виде.
Анкетирование – разновидность исследовательского метода опроса в психологии и педагогики, позволяющего на основе анализа письменных ответов на предложенные вопросы выявить точки зрения и тенденции, имеющие место в группе респондентов (В.Г. Рындак).
Цель проведения анкеты – определить, могут ли компьютерные игры помочь изучать английский язык
2.2. Анализ результатов опроса
В контрольную группу входило 32 ученика 5 - 7 классов нашего лицея Результаты опроса помещены в таблицу 1.
Таблица 1 Результаты анкетирования.
1. Что для тебя компьютеры в обучении иностранному языку:
а) получение информации – 42%;
б) источник удовольствия – 22%;
в) учеба – 36%.
2. Какие компьютерные программы ты предпочитаешь:
а) обучающие – 30,3%;
б) контролирующие – 31,5%;
в) игровые – 37,3%.
3.Делают ли компьютеры иностранный язык интересным:
а) да – 50%;
б) зависит от вида компьютерных программ – 35%;
в) нет − 15%.
4.Помогают ли компьютеры обогащению словарного запаса иностранного языка:
а) да – 38%;
б) зависит от вида компьютерных программ – 41%;
в) нет – 31%
5.Способствуют ли компьютерные программы усвоению грамматики иностранного языка:
а) да – 41%;
б) иногда – 27%;
в) нет − 32%
С какого возраста вы начали играть в компьютерные игры?
A) 5 лет- 4%
Б) 6 лет-20%
В) 8 лет-32%
Г) 10 лет-44%
Как долго вы играете в компьютерные игры в течение дня?
А) 1 час -32%
Б) 2 часа-51%
В) 4 часа-17%
Ваши родители разрешают вам играть в компьютерные игры?
А) Да-92%
Б) Нет-7%
Почему вы любите играть в компьютерные игры?
А) интересно-65%
Б) развлекательно17%
В) нравятся18%
Какие жанры игр вам нравятся больше всего?
А) приключенческие-16%
Б) ролевые-32
В) логические-24
Г) стратегии-10
Д) симуляторы-10
Е) 3D – Action -8
Какой язык вы обычно используете?
А) русский-89%
Б) английский-11%
Какие игры позволяют вам общаться с другими игроками?
А) Football-60%
Б) Farm-15%
В) Hitman-15%
Г) Veks-10%
Какие слова вы обычно используете ?
А) next-17%
Б) go-27%
В) yes-19%
Г) no-12%
Д) play-25%
Как показало анкетирование, использование компьютерных технологий, это не только источник удовольствие, но в первую очередь, это способ получения информации. В нашем лицее большее количество учителей и, соответственно, учеников, владеют компьютерной грамотностью. Среди учащихся есть пользователи довольно хорошего уровня. Это значит, что ребята могут не только виртуозно играть в различные компьютерные игры, но и имеют навыки работы в различных компьютерных программах, общаются в сети Интернет, создают компьютерные презентации к урокам и мероприятиям также мы обнаружили что компьютерные игры не могут помочь изучать английский язык. Поэтому моя гипотеза не была правдивой. Мы выяснили что если мы правильно будем выбирать обучающие и полезные для нашего развития компьютерные игры - это также лучший способ изучать английский язык. Мы только выяснили самые популярные жанры развлекательных игр.
IV. Заключение
На основе проведённого исследования, можно сделать следующие выводы:
1. Нами подтверждается многообразие особенностей компьютерного изучения языка мультимедийные учебники, где можно найти достаточно упражнений для учащихся всех возрастов и разных уровней знаний.
2. Кроме того нами составлен перечень доступных образовательных сайтов Интернета.
3. Исследование показало: использование компьютерных технологий, это не только источник удовольствие, но в первую очередь, это способ получения информации. При выборе компьютерных программ, 5-7 классы , отдают предпочтение не игровым компьютерным программам , а предпочитают учебно-обучающие компьютерные программы . Это значит, что ребята имеют навыки работы в различных компьютерных программах, создают компьютерные презентации, общаются в сети Интернет
4. Доказательна и уместна гипотеза: «Если Интернет хорошо влияет на процесс обучения учеников, то его можно внедрить в учебную программу, в конечном итоге это позволит ускорить процесс обучения», но ни в коем случае не заменит живого общения учителя и ученика, нет альтернативы работе в парах и группах на уроке для обучения общению в учебно-речевых ситуациях.
Таким образом, в наш век высоких технологий компьютеры, интернет и компьютерные игры играют огромную роль в изучении английского языка, так как существует интересная и полезная возможность новых контактов в реальной речевой практике. А желание школьников проводить все уроки с использованием компьютеров, в скором будущем претворится в жизнь. Отмечая все положительные стороны использования компьютеров, мы бы хотели подчеркнуть, что компьютер не сможет заменить учителя на уроках иностранного языка, а является эффективным помощником, способствующим повышению качества обучения и эффективности контроля. Использование компьютера на уроках очень актуально.
V. Литература
Владимирова Л. П. Интернет на уроках иностранного языка. ИЯШ, №3, 2002. с 33-41.
Донцов Д. Английский на компьютере. Изучаем, переводим, говорим. М., 2007.
Карамышева Т. В. Изучение иностранных языков с помощью компьютера. (в вопросах и ответах). СПБ., 2001.
Карпов А.С. Интернет в подготовке будущих учителей иностранного языка. ИЯШ, №4, 2002. с. 73-78.
Нелунова Е.Д. К проблеме компьютеризации обучения иностранным языкам. Якутск, 2004.
Нелунова Е.Д. Информационные и коммуникационные технологии в обучении иностранному языку в школе. Якутск, 2006.
Пахомова Н. Ю. Компьютер в работе педагога М., 2005, с. 152-159
8.Дмитриева Е.И. Основная методическая проблема дистанционного обучения иностранным языкам через компьютерные телекоммуникационные сети интернет. // ИЯШ - 2003. – № 1.
9. Кушниренко А. Г., Леонов А. Г., Кузьменко М. А. и т.д. Что такое Интернет? Информационные и коммуникационные технологии в образовании. // Информатика и образование. - 2006. - № 5-7.
10. Лоскутова Г.В. О компьютере по-английски: Учебное пособие по чтению на английском языке / Г.В Лоскутова, Ю.В. Масленникова – СПб.: КАРО, 2004. – 192с.
11. Полилова Т.А., Пономарева В.В. Внедрение компьютерных технологий в преподавание иностранных языков. // ИЯШ - 2007. - № 6.
VI. Приложения
Банк данных развивающих сайтов.
1. http://www.bell-labs.com/project/tts/index.html/
2. http://www.mediainfo.com/emedia/
3. http://www.washingtonpost.com/
4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviice
5. hhtp://www.abcnews.go.com/index.html
7. http://www1.fukuimed.fc.jp/kuzuryu/
10. http://edvista.com/claire /llinc.html
11. http://www.otan.dni.us/webfarm/emailproject/email.htm
12. http://arthur.rutgers.edu:8888
13. http://schmooze.hunter.cuny.edu:8888/
14. http://www.flash.net/~cssmith1/vr.htm
16. http://www.subwaynavigator.com
18. http://www.infospace.com/info.USA/
Груз обид
Свинья под дубом
Зимний лес в вашем доме
Сказка "12 месяцев". История и современность
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