Социальные сети как источник появления неологизмов в современном английском языке

Муниципальное автономное общеобразовательное учреждение

гимназия №6

Тема:

Социальные сети

как источник появления неологизмов

в современном английском языке

Секция иностранных языков 

Исследовательская работа

                                        Выполнила:                

                                        Каплун Алена Алексеевна

                                                                ученица 9 «А»

                                        Руководитель:        

                                         Прокубовская Оксана Анатольевна

                                                          учитель английского языка

г. Хабаровск

2015

Contents:

1. Introduction.                                                        p. 3

1. The actuality of the researching.                                        p. 3
2. The object of the researching.                                        p.3
3. The goal of the researching.                                        p.3
4. The methods of the researching.                                        p.3

2.  The general part.

2.1. The definition of social networks.                                p.4

2.2. The popularity of social networks in the world.                p.5-9

2.3. Russian networks.                                                        p. 10-11

2.4. Neologisms from the networks.                                        p.12-18

2.5. My vocabulary’s creating.                                        p.19

3.  The conclusion.                                                         p.20

4. Literature and the Internet sources.                                p.21

1. Social networks is an important and topical issue today. Recently, this type of site is most prevalent in the West, and we have using them in Russia. Numerous studies have shown that social networks have already covered more than half of all Internet users. In Russia, this figure far less than the world, but it is growing quickly. People use the Internet and networks widely but sometimes they need to know the meaning of some new words appearing from the Internet and in process of using it.

The object of studying: I chose social networking and searching neologisms in them.

My goal was to find neologisms to feel comfortable communicating in social networks and to make a vocabulary for Doodlers.

Steps to goal it:

1. Search systematization of information.
2. View the early research in this area.
3. Search neologisms in real life.
4. Code of words into a single user-defined dictionary of social networks.

In my work, I took as a basis method of research and its components: theoretical analysis, questionnaires, review of the literature

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2. 1. Social Network - an online service or web site, intended for construction and organization of social relationships.

Characteristic features of the social network are:

1. Creating personal profiles, which often need to specify the actual personal data and other information about themselves.
2. Providing virtually complete range of opportunities for the exchange of information.
3. Ability to set and maintain a list of other users with whom he has some kind of relationship.

        Popularity of the Internet social networks have started in 1995, with the advent of American portal Classmates.com. The project has been very successful in the next few years has provoked the appearance of more than one dozen similar services. But the official beginning of the boom of social networks is considered to be 2003-2004, when MySpace and Facebook were launched. In Russia fashion on social networks came two years later - in 2006.

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2.2.  There is a popularity rating of world and Russian social networks, made in September 2013: [2]

Global network.

   The 6th in the world ranking takes Google+ - project from the social network of Google. The service provides an opportunity to communicate over the Internet using special components: Circles, Themes, Hangouts, Mobile.

   Attempts to enter the market of social networking, Google has undertaken a long time. In 2003, the company tried to purchase one of the oldest social networks Friendster, but network executives denied the search giant. So Google decided to prepare its own version of the social network. The result was the development of the project Orkut, which was launched in January 2004, gaining a lot of popularity. But due to lack of attention to the design and interface slowness Orkut could not gain a foothold in the U.S. market.

   June 28, 2011 the company announced the launch of the social network Google+, and Google Circles have become a major component of this social network. The user determines which circle will have access to information and what is not. At launch, the service registration is limited to invitations, but September 21, 2011 was opened to free registration.

   September 17, 2012 Vice President of Google - Vic Gundotra said the number

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of registered users in Google+ is 400 million users, and active monthly audience reached 100 million people. Since August 2011 users were able to play Flash-games, as well as in Facebook.[4]

   The 5th network is MySpace - the international social network, which is available for many of the characteristic set of social networking features. Headquartered in Beverly Hills (California, USA ).

   MySpace for a long time remained the most popular social network in the U.S. and worldwide. But for several years its popularity has been steadily declining. It was argued that the “kille” MySpace has become a rival social network Facebook.

   In December 2011, MySpace announced a raise users, the reason for this event was a statement to revive this resource Justin Timberlake. He advertised a social network, and many older MySpace users to re-register. September 24, 2012 Justin Timberlake published in his microblog a link to a video presentation of the new version of the site. It demonstrates the main features of the portal. Perhaps this will be a watershed in the history of the decline of MySpace, because the number of new registrations increased from zero to 40,000 users per day. Official data show that the number of users of the social network in just one month increased by 1 million.[11]

   The 4th in the world ranking takes Instagram - free application sharing photos and videos. Instagram takes photos in a square shape - like Kodak Instamatic camera and Polaroid.

   In April 2012, Instagram was acquired by Facebook. The purchase price was $ 300 million in cash and 23 million shares of the company.

In January 2011, the application was added hashtags in order to make it easier to

find users and photos. By December 2010, the Instagram had one million

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registered users. By the end of February 2013 100 million active users. Instagram announced 150 million photos uploaded in August 2012.[5]

   The third place takes LinkedIn - a social network to find and establish business contacts. In LinkedIn reported over 225 million users representing 150 industries business in 200 countries. Site is available in 20 languages, including English, French, Russian, German, and Italian. About half of LinkedIn members are residents of the United States and approximately 25 million registered in Europe. Great progress has been made in India in late 2010, there were 9 million registered users.

   Social network LinkedIn was founded by Reid Hoffman in December 2002, launched in May 2003. The company's headquarters is located in Mountain View, California.

   LinkedIn allows registered users to create and maintain a list of business contacts. Contacts may be invited from both the site and the outside, but requires prior knowledge of LinkedIn contacts. In the case where the user has no direct connection to the contact, it can be shown through another contact. LinkedIn allows you to publish information on business trips, upcoming conferences, read books.[12]

   The second place takes Twitter - a system that allows users to send short text notes (up to 140 characters), using the web interface, SMS, instant messaging. A characteristic feature of Twitter is an opportunity to send public messages.

   History of Twitter began in March 2006 as a research project of Odeo (San Francisco), originally for internal use. Jack Dorsey introduced the concept of individual use of SMS-service to communicate with a small group. Initially, the project was conceived as an opportunity to answer a single question: "What are you doing now?". Dorsey wanted to create some kind of platform that would allow him to constantly share with friends, short messages. Twitter soon gained worldwide popularity.

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   As of January 1, 2011 the service has more than 200 million users. 100 million users are active at least once a month, of which 50 million use Twitter every day.

Users can combine group messages by topic or type, using hashtags - words or phrases beginning with #.[6]

   Finally, Facebook - currently the largest social network in the world. Was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg and his roommates while studying at Harvard University - Eduardo Saverin , Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes.

   October 28, 2003, Mark Zuckerberg, as sophomore, wrote the code for the website Facemash, which used photos posted in pairs in order to choose which of the two men more attractive. To accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into the protected areas network, Harvard University and copied private photos. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo - views within the first two hours.

   The site quickly grew, but was closed a few days later the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg was accused of violating the security administration, copyright, privacy. The charges were dropped and Zuckerberg focused on the original draft. He opened the site to his classmates, where people began to share their comments about the project.

   Originally the site was only available for students at Harvard University, then opened registration for other universities in Boston and then for students of any educational institutions in the USA, having e-mail domain. Since September 2006, the site is available to all Internet users aged 13 years with e-mail.

   On July 2013, Facebook accounted for 1.2 billion users - those who came to the site at least once a month or for a specified period of time has been fixed using the Like and tracking cookie. Daily active audience in March amounted to 720 million people. Every day in the social network users leave 3.2 billion "likes" and comments and publish 300 million photos. The site recorded 125 billion "friendships." Number of page views in October 2011 amounted to 1 trillion.

Facebook allows you to create a profile with a photo and information about

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yourself, invite friends, share with them messages, change your status, post messages on their own and others walls, upload photos and videos, create communities of interest.[7]

"Like" – this word is a characteristic feature of Facebook.

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2.3. Russian networks.

The third place. "Odnoklassniki" used to search for classmates, friends and relatives and to communicate with them. The project was launched March 4, 2006. Website created by Albert M. Popkov. From March to November 2006, the project has existed as a hobby and commercial terms mentioned only in a friendly advertising agency as a new platform for advertising. In November’s already totaled 1.5 million members.

   As of July 2009, the site took one of the leading places for coverage on a monthly audience of Russian Internet users 14-55 years, including sites not related to search engines and of all Russian-language resources. On January 1, 2013 more than 205 million users. Site visitors - 40 million visitors per day.[10]

The second place. Moi Mir@Mail.Ru - Russian-speaking social network that connects to the user's action page on the main portals Mail.Ru. The portal "My World" recorded more than 40 million profiles of more than 300 thousand people are constantly on the online site.

   May 17 social network "Moi Mir@Mail.Ru" began its work. Objective of the project "My World" - help finding classmates, friends and relatives. You can communicate via private messages, give each other a virtual gift, express emotions, post your photos and videos, download songs and listen to music.[9]

   Finally, "VKontakte" - the largest social network in RuNet first most popular site in Russia and Belorussia, the third - in the Ukraine, the fourth - in Kazakhstan, 20th - in the world. Resource initially positioned itself as a social network of students and graduates of Russian universities, later called himself "A modern, fast and attractive way to communicate on the network." As of February 2013 the daily audience of "VKontakte" - more than 43 million people.

   The official date of foundation is October 10, 2006, when the first features of the site. November 22 at the St. Petersburg State University students forum,

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whose owner was Pavel Durov, announced the launch of a "closed application to the Forum" project at that time was closed: registration is still available to all students, without exception, by invitation and provides its present name and families.

In late November, was opened free registration.

   Users "VKontakte" available typical of many social networking range of options.

Besides being able to write a new message, the user can leave comments under the already published content. For your messages can be "attached" photos, audio tracks and video recording, graffiti and polls.

   Ability to upload your own entries to the site and use the files uploaded by other users, makes "VKontakte" one of the largest Russian Internet media archives. Of all the files on the site you can create your profile in the personal collection of records, if desired grouping them into separate albums. At the same time introduced a limit for the number one album - 10 000 images (photos).

   "VKontakte" offers third-party resources to use specially designed tools - widgets - for deep integration with the social network. These solutions allow you to embed in websites commenting system for users community, the surveys, as well as the ability to easily share a link to the material with other users and to login.

Interface "VKontakte" is available in more than 50 languages. You can change the style of presentation on «The Union» and «pre-revolutionary». The site has a mobile version, located at m.vk.com. Some mobile operators available "free" mobile version.[8]

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   2.4. Currently English, as well as many other languages, is experiencing a "neological boom." According to the research by R. Berchilda annually vocabulary of English is replenished with 800 new words every year and is more than in any other language in the world.

   Neologisms are the words that take on the characteristics of public - codified nominations and as such accepted language tradition; neologisms are created for new concepts and phenomena, regardless of their importance.

   It is known that a neologism first appears in a group of people (in some professions) and for native speakers like lexical innovation for a long time have a pronounced stylistic coloring. Only with the passage of time, with the active using of new words, it losts the novelty effect and expanded its scope of using of the word is more or less stylistically neutral.[15]

   Most productive area for neologisms here presented in Concise Oxford Dictionary in 2011, became the Internet. These include words such as: badware, follower, friend, facepalm, twiterrati etc. A similar result can be easily explained by the popularity of the Internet and its continuous dynamics. Daily Online there are hundreds of new websites and social networks.[14] The most popular of them, contribute to the emergence and consolidation of neologisms new values for the well-known words. Thus, in particular, because of the social network Facebook, as a second value for the word friend, the dictionary gives the following definition: somebody who is in the list of friends or contacts on a social network. A social network Twitter, contributed lexicalization words: follower is "who is keeping an eye on the updates of friends or organizations in social networks; twittersphere is a message made in the social network Twitter, available for public discussion; twitterati is a regular user of the social network.[13]

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  Neologisms in Russian language become every day more and more, but it is not evidence of the development of language. Furthermore, these words are not urgently needed and have equivalents in Russian. Another reason for the emergence and widespread of neologisms is the pursuit of economies to shrink. Compare: noob novice. Neologisms is definitely needed in any language, but they must indicate the development of society.

Having examined all the sources we can say that language neologisms of computers and social networks in Russian appear as follows:

1. nouns are not unchanging its form (without affixes)

like (English) - лайк (Russian);

2.  verbs according to the rules of the Russian language is added to the end of the infinitive - ть

to like (English) – лайкнуть (Russian).

As for English, we will focus on the most frequent way of formation of neologisms, namely:

· Affixal method (prefixal and suffixal ways)

· Word composition

· Conversion

· Reduction

· Borrowing from other languages

· Reverse derivation

· Fusion.

· The abbreviation.

Further explain each of these in more detail.

Affixal units accounted for 24% of all neoplasms and slightly inferior to difficult 13

words. A characteristic feature is the formation in scientific terms: for example, the suffix-on (the basic unit or particle) is used for the creation of terms such as: gluon new elementary particle in physics, glue the quarks, luxon elementary particle with zero mass.

Prefixal units demonstrate the increased role of prefixes. The main source of prefixes from Latin, French and Greek languages: acro-, bio-, xeno-, micro-, euro-, tele -, and so Their use is usually limited scientific-technical spheres. Some prefixes are isolated from phrases and compound words: dial-a (to indicate services that can be ordered by phone) from dialphone, for example, dial-a-bus dial-a-meal.

Extremely popular in American informal conversation, the prefix mega-, acting as reinforcement particle. In recent years, this prefix is actively used in the lexicon of adolescents. For example, for the expression of the highest scores of the event, phenomenon, the man used the word megadual (totallyawesome) something very good. Dual in this case is used to mean "twice as good".

Suffixal units more commonly used in everyday communication and to a greater extent marked marked "slang". So, one of the most common slang suffix is the suffix-y/-ie (ironic). Words formed from it, are used in informal communication among young people. For example: groupie-fan-pop ensemble or stars, accompanying them everywhere; roadie - member group of musicians responsible for the transportation and installation of equipment; weapy - sentimental film; tekky (techno-freak, obsessed with technical innovations.

Word composition.

One of the most ancient, universal and common ways of word formation in English is the word composition. For example,

carryback - "the transfer of losses to an earlier period",

think-tank - the "collective brain".

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When they combine words ending and beginning with the same vowel or consonant, one of them falls:

net + etiquette = netiquette "generally accepted unwritten rules of communicating or posting information on the Internet".

Among complex units, a significant proportion of words formed with the particles and adverbs, this is especially true for adjectives and verbs. Laid-back relaxed, buttoned-down conservative, traditional, turned-on and excited, switched-off disabled, who can't feel anything.

One of the most common multi-component models has recently become a model with a word line that is on the verge of compound words and word combinations:

straight-lineresponsibility - direct responsibility;

dotted-lineresponsibility - liability divided by two;

bottom-line - final; top-of-the-line is the best.

This model is limited in the use situations of informal communication with members of the business community.

Very often such a method of formation of neologisms are satirical overtones, especially in the press:

"... that they taste the same in Peking as they do in London or New York, and so it was that world burgernomics was born by McDonald's".

In this case the author wants to draw the reader's attention to the significant development of the restaurant chain McDonald's, the fast food industry, where there are certain laws and phenomena. And like other economic laws are equally valid in different countries: "... that in Beijing they taste the same as in London or new York, so McDonald's has created a worldwide hamburgermichel."

In General, multi-component units, as used in casual conversation, is more characteristic of American options, for example:

tonickel-and-dime - to pay great attention to detail,

meat-and-potatoes - the main,

quick-and-dirty bar, a café for a quick bite to eat.

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Conversion

The conversion is called the shift words from one part of speech to another. For example, right now on the Internet it is common to see E-mail me/us to ... Understanding of the value of this neologism. Knowing the meaning of the word E-mail (electronic mail), translate: Send messages to any email address ...

Conversion as a way of creating new words is significantly reduced its activity and inferior to all other types of word formation.

Among the converted nouns there is a growing tendency to the formation of verbs with postpositions:

rip-off - the theft (from torip-off to steal).

 A significant number of new nouns is formed by conversion from adjectives, for example:

collectbles - items for collectors, especially obsolete or rare;

cool - self-control, restraint.

Especially productive formation of nouns from adjectives ending in - ic, for example:

acrylic, transuranic, tricyclic

Nouns can be formed from verb phrases, for example:

work-to-rule - the performance of workers and the requirements to comply with all clauses of the employment contract.

Territorial new converted units are limited mainly in American and to a lesser extent the British variant of English.

Reduction

Despite the fact that reductions represent only a small percentage of the total number of neologisms, numbers are rising. Of the four types of acronyms (abbreviations, acronyms, cropping, merging) is dominated by truncated words. For example:

anchor < anchorman - Explorer news (American version)

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presenter lib < liberation (British version)

The truncation is most characteristic of different types singov (school, sports, newspaper). So upmanship often appears in the pages of British Newspapers and used in advertisements, recommendations how to achieve success. For example:

Upmanship is the art of being one up on all the others.

Among acronyms many abbreviations and acronyms.

VCR (vidio-cassette recorder),

TM (transcendental meditation),

PC (personal computer),

MTV (Music Television).

As a General rule, abbreviations are spelled. When the abbreviation is found only in the letter, it reads as a complete word. What is new is the absence of periods after each letter of abbreviations, which brings them closer to acronyms. Acronyms are pronounced as full words. For example:

MIPS (million instructions per second) - one million instructions per second (computer term);

CAD (computer-aided design) - in medicine.

Borrowing from other languages

Borrowing from other words is a common method of formation of neologisms. When using the identical words in the target language. Here are some examples.

"The Soviets had Sputnik, but the Americans had their open-plan kitchen. No contest".

Reverse derivation

Reverse derivation is the process of formation of verbs by truncation of the suffix. For example,

televise - show on television from television - TV.

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Fusion

Fusion connection or a truncated root of a word with a word or a combination of two truncated roots:

forex reserve (forex = foreign + exchange) reserves in foreign currency;

impex transactions (impex = import + export) - export-import transactions.

The abbreviation

Among the existing types of this method of word formation particularly noteworthy are partially reduced initial reduction, the essence of which consists in an initial reduction of one of the structural elements, for example,

B-unit (Barclays currency unit of international currency Bank Barclays Bank international

Thus, recently in the tongue is the use of multiple ways of forming new vocabulary (affixation, word composition, mixing, abbreviation, conversion), reflecting derivational and semantic processes in the language during this period. The most typical ways of formation of neologisms in modern English are word composition, conversion and change of the meanings of words.

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2.5 I have collected and analyzed all the information.

I decided to create a vocabulary of social networks to include the most frequently used words and phrases. In appendix 1 you can see the result of аsking my classmates; in appendix 2 you can see the result of asking people in the social network “Vkontakte”:

• I asked them to tell me about values of neologisms.

I understood that only 7 of 27 classmates know all values of all neologisms;

14 of 36 persons don’t know anything and need a vocabulary;

17 of 36 persons know half the vocabulary and need it;

3 of 36 persons know half and the vocabulary don’t need any vocabulary;

2 of 36 persons know everything, and don’t need any vocabulary too.

• I did a list of the most popular words from the Internet working.

• Using Google translator I tried to translate and understand these words.

• I arranged them in alphabetical order.

• I made the vocabulary in English and gave the translation and definitions in Russian.

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3. In conclusion I can say that very often people communicate in real life using words and phrases from social networks. Some of them are quite clear to everyone, but there are neologisms that are understood to only experienced user. After the studying  in my class, I realized that most of my classmates do not know the meanings of many neologisms, although they meet them almost every day. So I decided to create a user-defined dictionary of social networks to include the most frequently used words and phrases.

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Literature and the Internet sources:

1. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8Cч[1]
2. http://centavrus-opti.ru/samyj-populyarnye-socialnye-seti-v-mire-2013.html[2]
3. http://nuttywriter.ru/samyye-populyarnyye-sotsialnyye-seti-rossii-i-mira/[3]
4. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B[4]
5. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram[5]
6. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80[6]
7. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook[7]
8. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5[8]
9. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80@Mail.Ru[9]
10. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%
11. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace[11]
12. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn[12]
13. Будагов Р. А. Новые слова и значения // Человек и его язык. М.: МГУ, 1976. [13]
14. Соссюр Де Ф. Курс общей лингвистики. М.: Наука, 1977. [14]
15. Энциклопедический лингвистический словарь. под ред. Ярцевой В.Н. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. [15]

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Xx

x.o.x.o – целую, обнимаю

Aa

Account (аккаунт – дословно «учетная запись») – вход в систему или имя пользователя в системе.

AFAIK или As Far As I Know –

(в письмах)        насколько я знаю.

ASAP (As soon as possible) –

                            как можно, быстрее.

Bb

Bug (баг) – (от англ. bug -  жук, насекомое). ошибка в программе.

BF (Boyfriend) - любимый парень.

BTW — (англ. by the way)

             кстати (между прочим).

Ww

 Wi-Fi - стандарт высокоскоростной передачи данных по беспроводным сетям.

WWW  (World Wide Web) - приложение Интернет, в основе которого лежит гипертекст.

Uu

Upload (uploading) - копирование файла из Вашего компьютера на узловую машину (удаленный компьютер).

Userpic (юзерпи́к) (англ. user — пользователь, англ. picture — изображение) — картинка, которую пользователь выбирает в качестве своего олицетворения.

Сс

Cache (кэш) - системная папка, в которую компьютер записывает все документы, полученные пользователем из Сети.

Chat (чат, от англ. to chat — болтать) — это разговор в интернете в реальном времени.

Click (клик) -  щелчок кнопкой “мыши” по какому-либо элементу электронного документа, приводящий к загрузке определенной информации.

Client (клиент) - компьютер, который потребляет ресурсы других компьютеров сети, прежде всего, серверов.

Dd

Download - копирование файла с

хост-системы на свой компьютер.

Tt

THX, Thanks (в письмах) - спасибо.

Traffic (трафик) - поток (объем) информации, прошедший через канал связи или объем переданной/посланной информации.

Twitterati - постоянный пользователь социальной сети.

Ss

Site (сайт) - совокупность логически связаных web-страниц, размещенных, как правило, на одном компьютере.

SMS  (Short Message Service) – служба  коротких сообщений.

Spam (спам) – незапрашиваемые и нежелательные сообщения, приходящие по электронной почте. Как правило, рассылка производится одновременно по множеству адресов с целью рекламы товаров и услуг.

Ff

FAQ  или  Frequently  Asked  Questions (в переводе ЧаВо - Часто задаваемые Вопросы) -  собрание  ответов  на  типичные  вопросы.

Follower (фолловер) - тот, кто следит за обновлениями друзей или организаций в социальных сетях.

Hh

Hyperlink (Гиперссылка) - слово или изображение в электронном документе, содержащие ссылку на другие файлы.

Hosting (хостинг)-  размещение web-сайта на внешнем сервере, в отличие от размещения на собственном компьютере, физически расположенном внутри организации (например, библиотеки).

Rr

ROTFL (Rolling On The Floor Laughing) - буквально "покатиться по полу от смеха". Такой аббревиатурой отзываются на некоторые смешные замечания.

Pp

Pls, plz — (англ. please) — сокращение от пожалуйста, получившее широкое распространение сначала в чатах, а затем и вне их.

Provider - сокращение от Service provider. Поставщик сетевых услуг.

Ii

IMHO (ИМХО) – «по моему скромному мнению» (от англ. In My Humble Opinion). Выражаясь этой фразой человек высказывает своё мнение, стараясь не задеть этим кого-либо.

Ll

LOL – (от англ. Laughing Out Loud) что значит громко смеяться, ухахатываться и т.д. Cуществует соответствующий смайлик.

Nn

Noob (нуб, от «newbie» — новичок и «boob» — простак, болван) – неопытный пользователь (Интернета).

Oo

OMG — (англ. oh, my God)

«O! Господи!»

Networks vocabulary

for doodles

by Kaplun Aleona