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HEADACHE

Головная боль

Выучите слова, прочитайте текст.

common [ ˈkɒmən ] - обыкновенный, простой

eye strain [ aɪ streɪn ] - усталость глаз (напряжение зрения)

hunger [ ˈhʌŋɡər ] - голод

to accompany [to occur [əkə:] - иметь место, встречаться

əˈkʌmpəni ] - сопровождать

mumps [ mʌmps ] - свинка

malaria [ məˈleəriə ] - малярия

measles [ ˈmiːzl̩z ] - корь

brain tumour [ breɪn ˈtjuːmər] – опухоль мозга

Headache is a symptom of many diseases. It may occur with common cold, fever, eye strain or hunger. It may accompany mumps, malaria, measles and many other infections. But if severe headache persists you should consult a doctor. Frequent and persistent headache may sometimes be a symptom of brain tumour.

Упражнение 1.  Переведите на английский язык:

симптом многих болезней, обычная простуда, может сопровождать, сильная головная боль, советоваться с врачом, частая и постоянная головная боль, опухоль мозга.

Упражнение 2.  Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. Headache is a symptom of many diseases, isn't it?
2. Does it accompany measles and malaria?
3. What is a symptom of brain tumour?

Дыхательная система

Respiratory System

breathe – дышать

breathe in - вдыхать

breathe out - выдыхать

oxygen – кислород

carbon dioxide – углекислый газ

gas exchange - газообмен

respiration – дыхание

occur – происходить

throat (pharynx) - глотка

voice box (larynx)- гортань

windpipe (trachea)- трахея

nostrils - ноздри

moisten – увлажнять

cilia – реснички

nasal passageways – дыхательные пути

(o)esophagus – пищевод

epiglottis – надгортанник

vocal cords – голосовые связки

cartilage – хрящ

sweep –выметать

resemble – напоминать

limb – ветвь

bronchiole – бронхиола

tiny – тоненький, крошечный, микроскопический

air sacs – воздушные мешочки

alveoli – альвеолы

enable – давать возможность, позволять

get rid (of) – избавляться

swapping - обмен

Текст

What is the respiratory system?

Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide.

Parts of the respiratory system

The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide which is a waste gas product produced by our cells. The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale.

The trachea is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi.

The bronchi are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs.

Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it contracts it flattens out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the lungs are in. This larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why Do I Yawn?

When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air. This causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies. The brain senses this shortage of oxygen and sends a message that causes you to take a deep long breath - a YAWN.

Why Do I Sneeze?

Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages. It is the body's way of removing an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the nose. Many things can irritate the mucous membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are just some of the many things that may cause you to sneeze.

What Causes Hiccups?

Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary- you have no control over hiccups, as you well know. There are many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance in the blood could even have brought on the hiccups.

Appendicitis

Выучите слова, прочитайте текст:

appendicitis – аппендицит

iflammation – воспаление

appendage – придаток

surgeon  – хирург

laxative – слабительное (средство)

purgative – очищающее, слабительное

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, which is small, finger-like appendage on the intestine. The patient has pain in the abdomen, the middle of the abdomen to begin with, which later settles in the lower part on the right side.

There is tenderness in the right lower abdomen. This is usually accompanied by fever, and often vomiting.

It is important to consult the surgeon as soon as possible, and till then nothing should be given by mouth – no food, water or medicine, and certainly no laxative or purgative.

Упражнение 1. Скажите по-английски:

воспаление аппендикса, кишечник, боль в брюшной полости, сопровождается лихорадкой, хирург, как можно быстрее, лекарство.

Упражнение 2. Назовите основные симптомы аппендицита.

FRACTURE

Выучите слова, прочитайте текст

1. Fracture – перелом
2. To break – ломать, перелом
3. Bone - кость
4. Pain - боль
5. Swelling - опухоль
6. Tenderness – мягкость
7. To confirm  - подтверждать
8. To immobilize – делать неподвижным
9. Splint - шина
10. Stiff - жесткий
11. Joint  - сустав
12. To bind  - привязать
13. Above  - наверху
14. Below - ниже
15. Compound - сложный
16. Sterile - стерильный
17. Gauze - марля
18. Limb - конечность
19. To pierce – пронзать, протыкать, прокалывать

Fracture or break in the bone can result from any injury. There is a pain, swelling and tenderness and there may be a deformity. The injured part should be prevented from moving. Usually, an X-ray is necessary to confirm whether there is a fracture or not. The injured part can be immobilized with a splint. A splint can be ready-made or improvised from any stiff material (stick, ruler, magazine and so on). The splint should be wider than the limb being splinter, and long enough to prevent movements of the joints near the fracture. Bind the splint in place above and below the fracture. If the person has a compound fracture you must take some sterile gauze, put it over the wound and take the patient to the hospital immediately. A compound fracture is more serious in, which broken bone has pierced the skin.

Переведите на английский язык

Может быть деформация, пострадавшая(повреждённая) часть, необходим рентген, подтвердить перелом, готовая шина, шире, чем конечность, предотвратить движение суставов, привязывать шину, взять стерильную марлю, сложный перелом, более серьёзный, переломанная кость, пронзить кожу.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the symptoms of the fracture?
2. Is it necessary to use X-ray?
3. What kind of splints are used for immobilization?
4. What fractures are more serious?

BRONCHITIS

 Выучите слова, прочитайте текст.

    bronchitis – бронхит          

    severe – тяжёлый, серьёзный

    to spread – распространятся

    air passages – дыхательные пути

    to interfere – мешать, служить помехой

    frequently – часто

    to persist – упорствовать

   Bronchitis may be mild or severe. It simply means that the cold has spread to the air passages. There may or may not be fever, but the cough may be severe and it may interfere with feeds and sleep. If there is fever and the person coughs frequently you must consult a doctor. Even without fever, if the cough persists a doctor should be consulted. Aspirin may be given to bring down the fever.

Упражнение 1. Переведите на английский язык:

   Может быть слабый или тяжёлый, дыхательные пути, возможна лихорадка, мешать сну, человек часто кашляет, следует проконсультироваться с врачом, снизить жар.

Упражнения 2. Назовите основные симптомы бронхита.

BLEEDING

Выучите слова, прочитайте

   Bleeding can lead to a severe loss of blood. The best way to stop bleeding is by direct pressure with a clean cloth. If the bleeding is from the arm or the leg, the limb can be kept in a raised position. If the bleeding is from a nose, put a cold compress on the nose. It will stop the blood. Ice placed on the nose also stops bleeding. In severe case doctors make blood transfusion.

1. bleeding – кровотечение
2. severe – тяжелый
3.  loss – потеря
4.  case – случай        
5.  blood transfusion – переливание крови  

   Упражнение 1.  Переведите на английский язык:

   Лучший способ остановить кровотечение, потеря крови, чистая ткань, поднятое положение, кровотечение из носа, холодный компресс, остановить кровотечение, тяжелый случай, переливание крови.

  Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

   1. What can lead to a severe loss of blood?

   2. What is the best way to stop the bleeding?

   3. What do the doctors do in severe cases?

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

As you know I am a nurse at the therapeutic hospital. My children had many infectious diseases in the childhood. I know that infectious diseases can pass from an infectious person to a healthy person by different ways. When a nurse looks after a patient who has an infectious disease she has two important tasks: to care of the patient and to prevent the spread of infection. Here are some rules how to prevent the spread of infection and I think a nurse must remember them:

1. The nurse must wear a mask and a special gown when she goes to look after an infected patient.
2. The nurse must wash her hands carefully with soap and running water each time she goes from an infectious patient.
3. Disinfect bed clothes after use.

1. Скажите по-английски:

заботиться о больном; предотвратить распространение инфекции; носить маску; носить халат; тщательно мыть руки

ll. Закончите предложения, используя словосочетания, данные ниже:

It is important...

It is dangerous...

It is wrong...

It is necessary...

not to disinfect bed-clothes after use; to prevent the spread of infection; to wear a mask and a special gown; to put an infectious patient and a therapeutical patient into the same ward; to wash hands carefully after going from an infectious patient.

lll. Выпишите из текста правила поведения медработника в инфекционном отделении и расскажите о них по-английски

SCARLET FEVER

      Scarlet fever is an infectious disease. We can often meet this disease in children and only sometimes in grown-ups.

      The disease passes from one person to another through the nose and mouth. The beginning of the disease is quick. The patient has a sore throat, fever, headache and he often vomits. The face is flushed and the skin feels hot and dry. The temperature rises quickly on the first day and remains high for a few days.

      The rash appears on the second day. After the temperature falls the skin begins to peel. We must isolate the child with scarlet fever and put him in bed. When the temperature is high the nurse gives him fluid diet and when the temperature falls she gives him nourishing food.

1 Вставьте вместо точек следующие слова и словосочетания из текста, повторите каждое предложение целиком :

a skin rash; mouth; nose; infectious diseases; be isolated; flushed

1. The disease passes through the ... and... . 2. The face is.... 3.  The child with scarlet fever must...  ... 4. The first symptom in many ...  is... …

ll. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What must we do to prevent the spread of infection? 2. What is the first symptom of many infectious diseases? 3. What are the first symptoms of scarlet fever? 4. How can the disease pass from one person to another? 5. What diet must a child with scarlet fever have?

lll. Назовите по-английски все симптомы при заболевании скарлатиной

.

MEASLES

1. measles [‘mi:zlz] n корь

2. sign [sain] n  знак, признак

3. dislike [dis’laik] n неприязнь, отвращение

4. hygiene [‘haidЗin] n гигиена 

5. moist  a влажный

  Measles is a very infectious disease. The disease passes from one child to another. The first symptoms are: sneezing and coughing. The disease begins with signs of a heavy cola, a running nose and a dry cough. The temperature is high and the child has a dislike of the light.

          The rash appears on the third or fourth day behind the ears and around the mouth and then covers the body.

          The nurse must be very careful to prevent the spread of infection. The nurse must take care of the hygiene of the mouth. The patient's mouth and lips must be clean and moist.

I.Скажите по-английски:

признак сильной простуды; чистый и влажный ; за ушами; инфекционное заболевание; первые симптомы; быть внимательным; гигиена рта; предотвратить распространение инфекции

ll. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Is measles an infectious disease? 2. How does the disease pass? 3. What are the symptoms of measles? 4. How must the nurse look after a patient with measles?

INFLUENZA

1. influenza[‘influ’enzə]   n грипп вирусный, инфлюэнца

2. mild [maild] a зд. легкий

3. depressed [di'prest] part  подавленный

             Influenza is a very infectious disease. The disease can be mild  or severe.

  The symptoms of influenza are: high temperature, headache, general pains.

 In most cases the patient must stay in bed, be warm, drink much water. The patient must     stay in bed until the temperature is normal and for the next two or three days he may be up for only short periods. After influenza patients feel weak and often depressed.

 As influenza is very infectious you must remember:

             Never shake hands when you have a cold. Colds pass through the hands. But don't say: "I cannot shake hands. I have a cold." Let it be as  if you forgot (забыли) to shake hands. But you must be very polite in speech.

l. Скажите по-английски:

тяжелое заболевание; высокая температура; боли во всем теле; легкий случай; оставаться в постели; чувствовать себя слабым

ll. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Do you know the symptoms of influenza? 2. How long must the pa-

tient stay in bed? 3. How does the patient feel after influenza?

 lll. Выпишите из текста и перескажите по-английски рекомендации больному гриппом

IV. Поставьте вопросы к следующим ответам:  

1. Influenza is a very infectious disease. 2. The symptoms of influenza are: high temperature, headache, general pains. 3. The patient must stay in bed. 4. After influenza the patients feel weak.

CHICKENPOX

1. slight -  слабый

2. listlessness -  вялость

3. blisters - пузырьки

4. to scratch - царапать

 The lines begins with fever, slight headache ad listlessness. Within a day or two sports appear on the chest or back, which soon like small blisters, Such new “crops” keep appearing for 2-3 days and older ones get scabbed over. There is a lot of itching and the child may scratch some of the blisters. Chickenpox is usually a mild disease and there in no particular treatment, except to keep the skin clean and use some smoothening lotion for itching. The itching can also be relived by bathing the child with a small quantity of soda 2-3 times a day. Antihistamine syrup to relieve should only be given under medical advice.

     As in the case of measles, there is no point keeping the other children in the family away, as they have been exposed to the disease already and it is just as well from them to get it over witch.

1.Скажите по - английски:

Слабая головная боль, болезнь средней тяжести, чистая кожа, сыпь появляется на коже, облегчить зуд, может расцарапать.

2. Назовите симптомы ветряной оспы по -  английски.

DIPHTHERIA

1. contagious - заразный

2. to effect - поражать

3. whitish - беловатый

4. patch - налет

5. to spread - распространять, расстилаться

6. windpipe - дыхательное горло

7. complication - осложнение

8. emergency - неотложная помощь

9. convalescence - выздоровление

10. to proceed - продолжать

Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease which mainly effects the throat. The symptoms are sore throat, fever, headache. There is difficulty in swallowing. There is a whitish patch in the throat and if it spreads to the windpipe, there is difficulty in breathing. The child looks ill and toxic. The disease can lead to many complications of nerves, heart and kidneys, and sometimes an emergency operation (tracheostomy) may have to be done if the windpipe gets blocked with the membrane and the child has difficulty in breathing. The child will have to be hospitalized in an infectious diseases hospital for 3-4 weeks, and then convalescence proceeds at home for a few weeks more. This disease can be prevented by immunizing the child.

1. Скажите по-английски:

Беловатый налет, заразное заболевание, трудности при дыхании, выглядеть больным, дыхательное горло, заболевание можно предупредить.

       2. Назовите симптомы дифтерии по-английски.

HEPATITIS

1. jaundice - желтуха
2. to cut down - исключить
3. sewage - сточные воды
4. resistant - стойкий

This is quite a common disease and every now and then one hears of someone who has jaundice. The disease is acquired by drinking, or eating anything contaminated by the hepatitis virus, which is passed in the infected person's stool.

The presence of hepatitis is a pointer to the inadequate arrangements of safe water supply and sewage disposal in a locality. The virus is very resistant and even boiling does not destroy it.

There is fever, loss of appetite, vomiting and pain in the upper abdomen. Loss of appetite and a feeling of being ill is out of proportion of the fever. Even the smell or sight of food may make the person sick. In 4-5 days the urine becomes dark in colour, and later the eyes and skin become yellow. Gradually, the appetite returns and the fever comes down.

The child should remain in bed as long as he has fever and feels ill. Once his appetite returns he can play about in the house, but should not go to nursery school till jaundice has disappeared and he feels quite well.

In the acute stage, the child should be encouraged to drink sweet drinks such as orange juice. Sugarcane juice is excellent. Sugar is good for recovery of the liver.

As the appetite returns, ordinary household food can be given, but you should cut down on butter, oil, fried food.

1. Скажите по-английски:

Потеря аппетита, боль в желудке, запах и вид пищи, моча становится темной,  кожа желтеет, печень.

2. Назовите симптомы гепатита по-английски.

PNEUMONIA

 Выучите слова к тексту.

   1. acute – острый, сильный

   2. inflammation – воспаление   

   3. to confirm – подтверждать

   4. malnourished – плохо питающийся

 Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lung. It may be caused by bacteria or viruses. It may follow a cold and bronchitis, or may come on suddenly. It may also be a complication of measles or whooping cough. The child looks ill, has fever, cough, and very rapid breathing. He may also complain of pain in the chest. A doctor should be consulted, and depending on the severity the child may be treated at home or admitted to a hospital. If his breathing is very rapid, he may need oxygen. Most pneumonias can be treated with antibiotics. Pneumonia can be dangerous in a malnourished child, or in very young children, especially if it is due to an organism called staphylococcus. Viral pneumonia cures gradually. The child should be kept in bed, given plenty of water and a highly nourishing diet.

 Упражнение 1. Скажите по-английски:

   Острое воспаление, возникает неожиданно, ребёнок выглядит больным, учащенное дыхание, боль в груди, может быть опасным, плохо питающийся ребёнок.

 Упражнение 2. Назовите симптомы воспаления лёгких по-английски.

RICKETS

  Выучите слова, прочитайте текст.

   Rickets – рахит

   Animal – животное

   Healthy – здоровый  

   Treatment – лечение

  Rickets is a disease of the bones and is due to deficiency of Vitamin D. Most foods, including animal milk, are poor in Vitamin D, but if a child is eating well and is healthy, his body can manufacture Vitamin D on exposure to sun. Therefore, it is important for children to remain outdoors as much as possible. Breast milk has an adequate amount of this vitamin.

   Rickets results in delayed sitting, crawling, walking and so on. The legs become bowed and ends of bones near the wrists and ankles become widened. There may be beading on both sides of the chest, also called rickety rasary. There may be bowing of arms or legs due to weight-bearing while crawling and walking.

   Treatment of rickets is with Vitamin D and the dose will be determined by the doctor.

   Скажите по-английски:

   Недостаток витамина Д, достаточное количество витамина, будет определена врачом, как можно больше.

How to help patients in different situations

The whole of a nurse is devoted to people. She is responsible for her patient. Every nurse must have enough knowledge of her work. She must help her patients at any hour of the day or night. That’s why you should know how to help a person in different situations.

Situation 1.  If you help a person who lost his consciousness:

1) Lay the person flat on the back

2) Raise his feet a little.

3) Loose his dress.

4) Cover him warmly and open the window.

5) Sprinkle cold water on his face.

6) Give the person to breathe in ammonia water.

Situation 2.  If you help a person who is in shock:

1) Lay him flat on his back.

2) Raise his feet a little.

3) Cover him with blankets to keep him warm.

4) Give him a warm drink.

5) Keep him quit.

Situation 3.  If you help a person with poisoning:

1) Empty his stomach as soon as possible.

2) Give him much water to drink.

3) Call in a doctor immediately.

Situation 4. If you help a person who has a sunstroke:

1) Take the patient into a cool and shady place.

2) Put him on his back.

3) Raise his head and shoulders a little.

4) Put cold cloth on his head.

5) Cool his body with cold water.

6) Rub his skin with a sponge to keep up blood circulation.

Notes

1) to lose consciousness – терять сознание

2) to lay – положить

3) flat – плоско

4) to loose – ослабить, расстегнуть

5) to cover – покрывать

6) to sprinkle – брызгать

7)  ammonia water – нашатырный спирт

8) blanket – одеяло

9) to keep him quiet – не тревожить его

10) to empty – опорожнять

11) ass soon as possible – как можно быстрее

12) stomach – желудок

13) to call in –вызвать врача

14) immediately – немедленно, тотчас же

15) sunstroke – солнечный удар

16) to cool –охлаждать, прохладный

17) shady – тенистое

18) sponge – губка

19) to keep up –поддерживать

20) blood circulation – кровообращение

Скажите по-английски:

потерять сознание, побрызгать холодной водой, вдохнуть нашатырный спирт, положить на спину, поднять ноги, накрыть одеялом, теплое питье, опорожнить желудок, как можно быстрее, вызвать врача немедленно, прохладное, тенистое место, поднять голову и плечи, обтереть кожу губкой.

Text

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.

As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into

the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.

On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.

Arteries. Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.

Veins. Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under less pressure.

Heart. Heart is the strongest muscle. Heart is divided into two sides. The right side

pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as a fist.

Words:

to make up - составлять

vessel - сосуд

flow - течь

circulation - кровообращение

ventricle - желудочек

to remove - перемещать

replace - менять

to inhale -вдыхать

tough - жесткий

 tube - труба

 join - соединять

 wall-стенка

 to pump - качать

 pick up - собирать

 oxygen-soaked - кислородосодержащий

 quart – кварта (единица объема в Великобритании)

 fist – кулак

Ex.1 Find English equivalents.

 Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Кровообращение, желудочек, свежий кислород, самая большая артерия,

перекачивает кровь, работают в команде, красные кровяные тельца, белые кровяные тельца, тромбоциты, размером с кулак.

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents.

 Найдите русские эквиваленты.

Veins, arteries, nutrients, capillaries, transport, oxygen, energy, dark, heat, circulatory, lungs, carbon dioxide, bright, blood, heart, pumped, intestine, atmosphere.

Ex. 3 Answer the questions. 

Ответьте на вопросы.

What does circulatory system consist of?

What is circulation?

What is the largest artery in the body?

What do know size of your heart?

What are the main elements of blood?

How many liters of blood are in the human body?

Text 

SKELETAL SYSTEM

 The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments and tendons. It shapes the body and protects organs. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to help the body move. Marrow, which is soft, fatty tissue that produces red blood cells, many white blood cells, and other immune system cells, is found inside bones.  

The Spine. The spine is the central support for the body. Another word for the spine is the backbone. The spine is made of separate irregular bones called vertebrae. The vertebrae are made up of spongy or cancellate bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone. In between each vertebrae is a layer of cartilage that keeps the bones from rubbing against each other. 

There are twenty six vertebrae in the spine. Although each vertebrae can only move a little bit, the total spine is very flexible. The spine of a human being is curved. Most other mammals have a straight spine. The curves allow the spine to support and balance the body on only two legs. 

The breastbone, or the sternum, is linked to the bones which make up the ribs. The sternum is a flat bone that is about 6 inches long. The ribs curve around from the spine to the front of the body. This makes a bony framework which is known as the thoracic case. This case helps protect your chest.  

Most people have 12 pairs of ribs. The ribs are connected to the sternum by cartilage. This makes the ribs more flexible, which is necessary during breathing. The first seven pairs of ribs are attached directly to the breastbone. The eighth, ninth and tenth pairs are attached to the sternum by a cartrilage band. The last two pairs of ribs are not attached to the sternum or cartilage. The last five pairs of ribs are called false ribs. 

Hands & Feet. The bones of the hands and feet are flexible. The foot has twenty-six bones, one less than in the hand. The bones in the toes are shorter and fatter than the bones in the fingers. This helps us to balance on two feet. 

The seven bones in the ankle are called tarsal bones. The main part of the foot is made of metatarsal bones. Phalanges are the bones in the toes. The arch in the foot helps to support the body's weight. 

Each hand has twenty-seven separate bones. These are connected with muscles and tendons. Hand bones are also called the metacarpus. Just like the foot, the bones in the fingers are called phalanges. 

The fingers have three phalanges and the thumb has two. These joints allow the finger to flex. Because of this, the human hand can make more precise and finer movements than other creatures. 

Hips & Legs. The hip bones help us stand upright and move. They support much of the body's weight. Each hip is made up of three bones. These bones are called the ilium, ischium, and pubis. When you are born, these three bones are separated. As you get older, they begin to join together. 

The main bones of the legs are the femur, tibia and fibula. Another name for the femur is the thigh bone. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee This is the longest bone in the body. 

The tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower leg. As it helps to support the body's weight, the tibia is the strongest bone in the body. The thinner bone is the fibula and helps to control the movement of the ankle. Another name for the fibula is the shin bone. 

The bone that is at the middle of the leg is the patella, or knee cap. 

Words: 

1. bone – кость  

2. ligament - связка 

3. tendon – сухожилие 

4. muscular system - мышечная система 

5. spine - позвоночник 

6. vertebra - позвонок 

7. cartilage - хрящ 

8. curved - изогнутый

9. rib – ребро 

10. breastbone  - грудина, грудная кость 

11. sternum - грудная кость 

12. flexible - гибкий 

13. ankle - лодыжка 

14. femur- бедро 

15. tibia- большая берцовая кость 

16. fibula –малая берцовая кость 

17. coccyx- копчик 

18. hip bone - тазовая кость 

19. sacrum - крестец 

20. ulna,- локтевая кость 

21. radius – лучевая кость 

22. humerus – плечевая кость 

23. elbow- локоть 

24. wrist – запястье 

Ex. 1. Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты. 

Придает форму телу, защищает органы, мягкая ткань, очень подвижен, позвоночник, позвонки, костный каркас, рёбра, грудина, необходимо во время дыхания, тазовая кость помогает, копчик, бедро, лодыжка, сустав. 

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты. 

Made up of bones, ligaments and tendons, twenty six vertebrae, to support and balance the body, the ribs curve around from the spine, are attached to the breastbone, the arch in the foot, to stand upright and move, very flexible, a hip bone, a coccyx, curved, an ulna. 

Ex. 3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы. 

1. What is the skeletal system made up of? 

2. What is the spine? 

3. How many vertebrae are in the spine? 

4. Is the spine of a human being curved? 

5. Do the ribs curve around from the spine to the front of the body? 

6. What are the main bones of the legs? 

7. What bone is the longest in the body. 

Text

HEART

The heart is simply a pump, which circulates blood throughout the body. Tubes called blood vessels carry it from the heart to all parts of the body and back again. This round trip is known as the circulation. Vessels carrying blood away from the heart are known as arteries and those returning blood to the heart are known are known as veins.

The heart pumps blood round the body about 70 times a minute in adults. The

Heart beats can be felt as the pulse where certain arteries lie just beneath the skin, and the most well – known place where this occurs is at the wrist.

The heart lies in the chest immediately behind the breast bone. It consists of two

chambers, left and right, separated from each other by a wall. Each chamber is further divided into upper and lower compartments, which communicate with each by valves. Each upper compartment is called an atrium and each lower a ventricle. Note that there is no communication at all between the left and right sides of the heart.

Heart failure, or cardiac arrest, means that the heart has stopped beating. This of

course, means that no blood is being pumped round the body and death occurs in a few minutes. But as the heart is just a simple pump, it can be made to beat artificially by rhythmically applying pressure to the chest. This squeezes the heart between the breast bone and forces blood out the heart into the circulation. When pressure on the chest has been relaxed, blood returns to the heart again.

Words:

1 can be felt as the pulse – можно определить по пульсу.

2 ately behind the breast bone – непосредственно за грудиной.

3 is further divided – далее подразделяется

4 communicate with each other – сообщаются друг с другом.

5 heart failure – паралич, остановка сердца; сердечная недостаточность.

6 as the heart is just a simple pump – поскольку сердце всего лишь простой насос.

7 pump - насос

8 circulate - циркулировать

9 tube - труба

10.carry - переносить

11.artery - артерия

12.vein - вена

13.adult - взрослый

14.pulse - пульс

15.skin - кожа

16.occur - происходить

17.wrist - запястье

18.chest - грудная клетка

19.breast - грудь

20.chamber - камера

21.valve - клапан

22.atrium - предсердие

23.ventricle - желудочек

24.death - смерть

25.apply - применять

26.pressure - давление

27.squeeze - сжимать

28.spine - позвоночник

29.relax - расслабиться

Ex.1 Find English equivalents.

 Найдите английские эквиваленты. 

Просто насос, кровеносные сосуды, круговое движение, известны как, у взрослых, располагаться непосредственно под кожей, где это происходит, состоит из двух камер, каждый верхний отдел, вообще нет сообщения, заставить биться искусственно, выталкивать кровь из сердца.

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. 

Найдите русские эквиваленты.

Throughout the body, blood vessels, about 70 times a minute, immediately behind the breast bone, separated from each other, upper and lower compartments, communication, cardiac arrest, round the body, to beat artificially, pressure on the chest.

Ex.3 Answer the questions.

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is heart?

2.  What are tubes carrying blood called?

3. Where can the heartbeats be felt?

4. What does the heart consist of?

5. What compartments is each chamber divided into?

6. What does heart failure mean?

7. Can the heart be made to beat artificially?

8. When does blood return to the heart again?

The skin

The skin is the largest organ of the body. It is composed of two main layers: the dermis with a rich network of blood vessels and nerves and epidermis, a protective outer layer without blood vessels. The cells of the surface layer are non-living and require no supply of blood for nourishment. The cells at the base of the epidermis are alive and are constantly growing. The epidermis is thinner than the dermis and is made up of several layers of different kinds of cells. The number of cells varies in different parts of the body; the greatest number is in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, where the skin is thickest. An adult’s skin weighs about 6.6 pounds. Skin colour is caused by the presence of melanin, a pigment that is produced by special cells in the epidermis. The amount of melanin determines the differences in skin colours among the different races. Melanin makes an Indian brownish-red, a Chinese yellow, and an African black. The skin of the white race contains the least melanin pigment.

The skin performs many vital functions. First, it is a protective barrier against microorganisms. Second, the skin is a sensory organ with many cells that are sensitive to touch, temperature, pain and pressure. Third, the skin helps to regulate body temperature. It acts as insulator against heat and cold, and fourth, helps to excrete body wastes in the form of perspiration.

Questions:

1. Which layer of the skin—dermis or epidermis—contains blood vessels?  
2. Which layer is thicker: dermis or epidermis?
3. What kinds of cells—living or non-living—are in the epidermis?
4. What amount of melanin—the least or the most—does the skin of the white race contain? 
5. What acts as insulator against heat and cold?

1. outer layer – наружный слой
2. blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды
3. surface – поверхность, поверхностный
4. to require – требовать, нуждаться
5. to supply – снабжать, обеспечивать
6. nourishment – питание
7. palm(s) – ладонь(и)
8. sole(s) – подошва(ы)
9. to determine – определять(ся)
10.  to perform - выполнять
11.  excrete wastes – выделять отходы
12.  perspiration – пот, испарина

Fever

Fever is the rise of the body temperature above normal. The symptoms of high temperature are headache, aches all over the body, red face, hot dry skin, loss of appetite, quick pulse and breathing.

If a person has fever he must stay in bed and drink plenty of water. The nurse must keep the patient warm. The nurse must give him more blankets and hot drinks. When the patient is sweating replace the damp bed-clothes as quickly as possible and dress the patient in a clean warm bedgown or pyjamas. When the temperature is normal the patient may sit in bed and then have a short walk.

1. fever – жар, лихорадка                                                      
2. rise – подьем
3. symptom – признак, симптом
4. ache – боль (тупая, продолжительная)
5. to replace – ставить или класть на место, сменять
6. damp – влажный
7. bed-clothes – постельное бельё

 I.  Исправьте следующие предложения, если они неверны по смыслу.

Образец: Fever is not the fall of the body temperature below normal.

This is wrong. Fever is the rise of the body temperature above normal. Fever is the rise of the body temperature above normal.

1. The symptoms of high temperature are: a pale face, slow pulse and a good appetite.
2. A feverish person must go for a walk.
3. During the fever the patient needs warmth.
4. A nurse must not replace damp bed-clothes when a patient is sweating.
5. When the temperature is down to normal the patient must lie in bed.

II. Расскажите по-английски, какие симптомы появляются у больного при высокой температуре.

III. Выпишите из текста и расскажите по-английски, как надо поступать с больным, у которого высокая температура.

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, which is small, finger-like appendage on the intestine. The patient has pain in the abdomen, the middle of the abdomen to begin with, which later settles in the lower part on the right side.

There is tenderness in the right lower abdomen. This is usually accompanied by fever, and often vomiting.

It is important to consult the surgeon as soon as possible, and till then nothing should be given by mouth – no food, water or medicine, and certainly no laxative or purgative.

appendicitis – аппендицит

inflammation – воспаление

appendage – придаток

surgeon – хирург

laxative – слабительное (средство)

purgative – очищающее, слабительное

1. Скажите по-английски:

воспаление аппендикса, кишечник, боль в брюшной полости, сопровождается лихорадкой, хирург, как можно быстрее, лекарство.

2. Назовите основные симптомы аппендицита

First Aid

Some knowledge of first aid is essential for everyone and should be an essential part of teaching at the medical college. The most important thing in an emergency is not to lose one’s head. When you give the first aid you must be very calm. If the injured person has hurt himself with a fall, make him lie down comfortably and see whether there are any cuts or bruises. If movement of arm or leg hurts, there may be fracture, so leave the limb in the position in which it is.

1. first aid –первая помощь
2. knowledge – знание
3. essential – неотьемлемый
4. emergency – непредвиденный случай
5. to lose – терять
6. calm – спокойный
7. injured – пострадавший
8. to hurt – причинить боль
9. bruise – ушиб, синяк
10.  fracture – перелом
11.  limb – конечность    

1. Переведите на английский язык:

знание, первая помощь, для каждого, неотьемлемая часть, терять голову, пострадавший, движение руки или ноги, может быть перелом.

2. Ответить на вопросы:

1. What is the most important thing in an emergency?
2. How must a person act when he gives the first aid?
3. Do you know how to give the first aid?

At the Doctor’s

Is there anything more important than health? I don’t think so. «Health is the greatest wealth» wise people say. You can’t be good at your studies or work well when you are ill.

If you have a headache, heartache, toothache, backache, earache or bad pain in the stomach, if you complain of a sore throat or a bad cough, if you run a high temperature and have a bad cold in your head, or if you suffer from high or low blood pressure, you should consult a doctor. The doctor will examine your throat, feel your pulse, test your blood pressure, take your temperature, sound your heart and lungs, test your eyes, check your teeth or have your chest X-rayed.

After that he will prescribe some treatment, pills, tablets or some other medicine which we can buy at the chemist’s. He will recommend you to stay in bed for some time, because there might be serious complications. The only thing you have to do is to follow his recommendations.

    Words

1. (to) ache – боль, болеть
2. headache – головная боль
3. heartache – боль в сердце
4. backache – боль в спине
5. earache –  ушная боль
6. toothache – зубная боль
7. to complain – жаловаться
8. (to) cough – кашель, кашлять
9. to suffer – страдать
10.  throat – горло
11.  chest – грудь, грудная клетка
12.  to prescribe – предписывать
13.  complication – осложнение
14.  to feel one’s pulse – измерить пульс
15.  to test one’s blood pressure – проверить кровяное давление
16.  wealth - богатство

Text

POISONING

Poisoning is caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing in, or otherwise being exposed to a harmful substance. Most poisonings occur by accident.

Immediate first aid is very important in a poisoning emergency. The first aid you give before getting medical help can save a person's life.

Items that can cause poisoning include: carbon monoxide gas, certain foods, chemicals in the workplace, drugs, including over-the-counter and prescription medicines (such as an aspirin overdose) and illicit drugs such as cocaine, cleaning products, household and outdoor plants (eating toxic plants), insecticides, paints

First Aid. Seek immediate medical help!

For poisoning by swallowing:

• Check and monitor the person's airway, breathing, and pulse. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
• Try to make sure that the person has indeed been poisoned. It may be hard to tell. Some signs include chemical-smelling breath, burns around the mouth, difficulty breathing, vomiting, or unusual odors on the person. If possible, identify the poison.
• Do NOT empty person’s stomach unless told to do so by a health care professional.
• If the person vomits, clear the person's airway. Wrap a cloth around your fingers before cleaning out the mouth and throat. If the person has been sick from a plant part, save the vomit. It may help experts identify what medicine can be used to help reverse the poisoning.
• If the person starts having convulsions, give convulsion first aid.
• Keep the person comfortable. The person should be rolled onto the left side, and remain there while getting or waiting for medical help.
• If the poison has spilled on the person's clothes, remove the clothing and wash the skin with water.

For inhalation poisoning:

• Call for emergency help.
• If it is safe, open windows and doors to remove the fumes.
• Take several deep breaths of fresh air, and then hold your breath as you go in. Hold a wet cloth over your nose and mouth.
• Do not light a match or use a lighter because some gases can catch fire.
• After rescuing the person from danger, check and monitor the person's airway, breathing, and pulse. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
• If necessary, perform first aid for eye injuries or convulsion first aid.
• If the person vomits, clear the person's airway. Wrap a cloth around your fingers before cleaning out the mouth and throat.
• Even if the person seems perfectly fine, get medical help.

Words:

1. swallow - глотать
2. inject – впрыскивать, вводить
3. to be exposed – подвергаться воздействию
4. harmful – вредоносный, опасный для здоровья
5. occur by accident – происходить случайно
6. carbon monoxide gas – угарный газ
7. over-the-counter – продаваемые без рецепта
8. illicit – незаконный
9. household – домашний
10. airway – дыхательный путь
11. rescue breathing – искусственное дыхание
12. CPR - СЛР, сердечно-лёгочная реанимация (искусственное дыхание и закрытый массаж сердца)
13. empty – опустошать
14. stomach – желудок
15. fume – газ, пар, испарения

Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Обмотайте ткань вокруг пальца, кусочки растений, проверьте и следите за дыхательными путями человека, химический запах дыхания, необычный запах, проверить пульс, первая помощь при конвульсиях, нелегальные наркотики, человек выглядит в порядке.

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.

occur by accident, over-the-counter and prescription medicines, burns around the mouth, identify, wash the skin with water, deep breaths of fresh air, first aid for eye injuries, clean out the mouth and throat

Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.        

1. What can cause the poisoning?
2. What to do if the poison has spilled on the person's clothes?
3. What to do if the person vomits?
4. Do you need to keep the person comfortable?
5. What to do if the person starts having convulsions?

Bruise

Слова к тексту

1. bruise – ушиб, синяк                                         8. to hurt – причинить боль

2. to fall (fell, fallen) – опадать                             9. cloth - ткань

3. bruised place – ушибленное место                  10. to wet - мочить

4. to look – выглядеть, смотреть                         11. to relieve - облегчить

5. swollen – опухший                                           12. pain - боль

6. scratch – царапина                                            13. to consult - советоваться

7. iodine – йод

When you fall on your knee you get a bruise on it. The bruised place looks red and swollen at first. If there is a scratch on your knee put iodine on it. If your knee hurts you very much, take some cloth, wet it in cold water and put it on the bruise.

It will relieve the pain. If the bruise was very bad you must consult a doctor.

1. Скажите по-английски:

Синяк, ушибленное место, распухшее место, царапина на колене, помазать йодом, колено болит (причиняет боль), взять ткань, намочить в воде, облегчить боль.

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, что мальчик сделал неправильно:

   A boy felt in the street and hurt his knee badly. His knee looked red and swollen      but he didn’t go home at once. In an hour when he finished playing with his friends  he went home. He took some cloth, wet it in hot water and put it on his bruise.

Системы организма и их функции

А. Прочтите текст и назовите системы организма, функции которых в нем описаны:

 a great deal - много

 keep alive - поддерживать жизнь / жизнедеятельность

 major - основной, главный

 connect - соединять

 the rest - остальной

 through - посредством, с помощью

 breathing - дыхание

 digestion - пищеварение

 elimination - выделение

 Now we know a great deal about the various systems of the body that keep us alive. The systems that are most important include circulatory, respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal systems. Each of these systems controls major body functions. The system that controls the flow of blood through the body is the circulatory system. The nervous system connects the brain to the rest of the body through the nerves. The system that supports the body and allows it to move is the musculoskeletal system. The system that controls breathing is the respiratory system. Finally, the gastrointestinal system controls digestion and elimination.

 Б. Прочитайте названия систем организма:

circulatory - кровеносная

gastrointestinal – желудочно-кишечная

musculoskeletal – скелетно- мышечная

nervous – нервная

 respiratory - дыхательная |

 В. Составьте и запишите предложения, используя названия систем организма (1 — 5) и описания функций, которые они выполняют (а — е):

SYSTEMS of the body and their FUNCTIONS

 1. Circulatory                              a) connects the brain to the rest of the body

 2. Gastrointestinal                       b) supports the body and allows it to move system                        

 3. Musculoskeletal                      c) controls the flow of the blood through the body            

 4. Nervous                                   d) controls breathing

 5. Respiratory                              e) controls digestion and excretion

Blood pressure

The blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of the blood in the arterial wall. The blood pressure can be normal, high and low. The normal BP is between 110-140 (the systolic pressure) over 70-90 (the diastolic pressure).

When you check the patient’s BP you must think of his (or her) age. If a person of 20 has a blood pressure of 140-150 it is dangerous. And the nurse must immediately take care of such a patient. But if the same BP has a person of 50 it is not dangerous.

If a patient has hypertension, he may often complain of headaches, nose bleedings, heartaches. The doctor prescribes him hypotensive drugs.

High blood pressure often frightens the patient. The nurse must calm him. Hypertensive patients must not work hard.

Hypotension or low BP is caused by different conditions. Anemia may be a cause of hypotension. Great fatigue may also cause hypotension. In all cases it is a very serious disease and the nurse must be very attentive to the patient.

1. pressure – давление
2. to check the BP – измерять кровяное давление
3. hypertension – повышенное кровяное давление
4. heartache – боль в сердце
5. hypotensive – относящийся к пониженному кровяному давлению
6. to frighten – пугать
7. hypertensive – относящийся к повышенному кровяному давлению
8. hypotension – пониженное кровяное давление
9. anemia – анемия, малокровие
10.  disease – болезнь
11.  arterial wall – артериальная стенка
12.  immediately – немедленно, сразу же

     Questions

1. What is blood pressure?
2. What kinds of blood pressure do you know?
3. What must you know when you check the patient’s BP?
4. What does a hypertensive patient often complain of?
5. What does the doctor prescribe the hypertensive patient?

        How to take the pulse

A nurse looks after her patients in the daytime or at night and can see any changes in the patients’ condition. Many of the changes are very important. The nurse must be very careful when she takes the patient’s pulse. It is not difficult to take the pulse. Put three fingers of the left hand over the radial artery. Many patients are nervous when they see a nurse or a doctor and the patient’s pulse is faster.

That’s why the nurse must wait a few seconds before she begins to count the pulse. If the nurse sees any changes in the beating of the pulse she must immediately tell the doctor. Changes in the pulse are very important.

Remember:  When you take the pulse you must note:

1. if it is deep or shallow;
2. the rate;
3. the strength of the beating;
4. the rhythm.

 Words:

1. to take the pulse – прощупывать пульс
2. radial – лучевой
3. nervous – нервный
4. fast – быстрый
5. beating – биение (сердца), пульсация
6. to note – замечать, отмечать
7. deep – глубокий
8. rate – частота
9. rhythm – ритм
10.  to count – считать
11.  shallow – поверхностный
12.  strength - сила        

The Cardiovascular System

The human cardiovascular system consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and blood.

The heart is a muscular organ lying slightly to the left of the middle of the chest between the two lungs. The heart acts as a pump, which pumps blood round two independent circuits: the pulmonary circuit and the systematic circuit. The right side of the heart, consisting of the right atrium and the right ventricle, sends blood into the lungs. The left side, consisting of the left atrium and left ventricle, are sending blood throughout the whole body, pumps with more force than the right ventricle. The systemic circuit is much larger, so the left side of the heart is stronger and thicker than is the right.

There are three kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are vessels carrying blood away from the heart. Veins are vessels carrying blood from the tissues to the heart. The blood vessels are supplied with nerves. Capillaries are tiny vessels which connect the smallest arteries and veins. In the capillaries the blood is moving along at the rate half a millimeter per second.

Blood is the fluid circulating through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. The order of blood flow is:

 HEART – ARTERIES – CAPILLARIES – VEINS  – HEART.

Words

the cardiovascular system – сердечно-сосудистая система

cardiac – сердечный

circuit – кругооборот

fluid – жидкость

heart – сердце

lungs – лёгкие

pump – насос, качать

systemic –системный,  общий, относящийся ко всему организму

systemic circuit – большой круг кровообращения

pulmonary - лёгочный

tissue - ткань

blood – кровь

flow of blood – поток крови

backflow of blood – отток крови

artery – артерия

arterial – артериальный

vein – вена

venous – венозный

capillary – капилляр

atrium (atria) - предсердие

vessel – сосуд

vascular – сосудистый

ventricle – желудочек

The brain and functions of its hemispheres

The brain is the most important part of the body. The human brain has 10 million nerve cells. Although it is only 2 per cent of the body weight, it uses 70 per cent of the body’s oxygen and other nutrients.

The brain divides into two hemispheres, right and left. They differ in a number of ways. The left hemisphere controls rational, verbal and analytical thinking. It is the “business” part of our brain.

The right hemisphere involves instincts, feelings, and intuition. It can recognize faces, “get” jokes, appreciate music, and allows for three-dimensional vision. The right hemisphere is older (millions of years of our evolution), the left hemisphere is relatively young (hundreds of thousands of years). The development of the left hemisphere distinguishes humans from animals.

Words:

although – хотя, несмотря на то что

hemisphere –полушарие

differ – различаться

a number of – несколько

thinking – мышление

involve – вовлекать, затрагивать

“get” jokes – понимать шутки

appreciate – понимать, оценивать

relatively – относительно

distinguish – выделять, отличать

allow – воспринимать

three-dimensional vision – трехмерное изображение