ЭСХ_Иностранный язык
электронный образовательный ресурс

Übung 1. Übersetzen Sie diese ins Russische:

die Umwandlung der Energie; untrennbar sein; verbunden sein; nach

weiteren Möglichkeiten forschen; in einem grossen Tempo; aus einer

Erscheinungsform in eine andere; durch Ausnutzung der Wärme; wichtige

Forschungsgebiete;

Die in der Natur

Vorkommenden Gebrauchsenergieformen; die Erschöpfung der Vorräte; durch technische

Verfahren; gespeicherte Energie; in Nutzenergie umwandeln; technisch-ökonomische Aufgabe; der Fortschritt der Wissenschaft und Technik;proportional sein.

Übung 2 Finden Sie russische Äquivalente zu folgenden Begriffen:

Energieumwandlung

Gebrauchsenergieform

Fortschritt

Erscheinungsform

Energiebedarf

Kraftstoff

Priemärenergieträger

Energiewirtschaft

Nutzenergie

Forschungsgebiet

Energiegewinnung

Kernverschmelzung

Energiemenge

Entwicklung

область исследования

Electricity in Our Life

   It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will go back to the past which will completely transform our daily lives. Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lightning, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.

   With the appearance of the electrical motor power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys in the 19th century workshops. And in the home a large range of various time and labour saving appliances have become a part of our everyday life.  Other devices are based on the specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.

   The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator – a new compact source of electricity- was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that a man had used before. Electric lightning came into wide use at the end of the last century after Thomas Edison had developed the electric lamp. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors were designed. In the beginning of the 20th century the successful development of electricity began throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every 10 years.

Michael Faraday

   One of a blacksmith's 10 children, Michael Faraday was born on Sept. 22, 1791, in Newington, Surrey. The family soon moved to London, where young Michael picked up the rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a bookbinder and bookseller. He read ravenously and attended public lectures, including some by Sir Humphry Davy.

   Faraday's career began when Davy, temporarily blinded in a laboratory accident, appointed Faraday as his assistant at the Royal Institution. With Davy as a teacher in analytical chemistry, Faraday advanced in his scientific apprenticeship and began independent chemical studies. By 1825 he discovered benzene and had become the first to describe compounds of chlorine and carbon. Faraday had done some work in magnetism and electricity, and it was in this field that he made his most outstanding contributions. His first triumph came when he found a solution to the problem of producing continuous rotation by use of electric current, thus making electric motors possible. Hans Oersted had discovered the magnetic effect of a current, but Faraday grasped the fact that a conductor at rest and a steady magnetic field do not interact and that to get an induced current either the conductor or the field has to move. On Aug. 29, 1831, he discovered electromagnetic induction. During the next 10 years Faraday explored and expanded the field of electricity. In 1834 he announced his famous two laws of electrolysis. He also invented the voltameter, a device for measuring electrical charges, which was the first step toward the later standardization of electrical quantities. Faraday continued to work in his laboratory, but his health began to deteriorate and he had to stop work entirely in 1841. Almost miraculously, however, his health improved and he resumed work in 1844. He began a search for an interaction between magnetism and light and in 1845 turned his attention from electrostatics to electromagnetism. He discovered that an intense magnetic field can rotate the plane of polarized light, a phenomenon known today as the Faraday effect. In conjunction with these experiments he showed that the magnetic line of force is conducted by all matter. Those which were good conductors he called paramagnetics, while those which conducted the force poorly he named diamagnetics. Thus, the energy of a magnet is in the space around it, not in the magnet itself. This is the fundamental idea of the field theory.

   Faraday was a brilliant lecturer, and through his public lectures he did a great deal to popularize science. Shortly after he became head of the Royal Institution in 1825, he inaugurated the custom of giving a series of lectures for young people during the Christmas season. This tradition has been maintained, and over the years the series have frequently been the basis for fascinating, simply written, and informative books. On Aug. 25, 1867, Faraday died in London. Michael Faraday  was possibly the greatest experimentalist who ever lived.