ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ РАБОТА тема Borrowed words in English throughout its history

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Municipal budget general educational institution

grammar school №4 city Novosibirsk

Section: English language

Research work

Topic: Borrowed words in English

throughout its history

Student: Maslakova Veronika

form 5«A»

English teacher: E Olga Togmanievna

Contents

1. Introduction

2. AD 43        Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain

3. 5th century AD.  Anglo-Saxon period

4. (800–1066) Viking Age.

5. 1066. The Norman conquest

6. Borrowings from other languages.

7. German borrowings

8. Italian borrowings

9. Spanish borrowings

10. Russian borrowings

11. Quiz

12. Conclusion

This work is devoted to the theme of

"Borrowings in English language throughout its history."

Subject:

 Is learning the history of English for a deeper understanding of the language and the process that shaped its vocabulary.

Introduction:

English is considered a "borrowing" language.

The percent of borrowed words in English is much higher than in any other language.

It is because of the many times that the British Isles were invaded by people, who brought their language into the country. When the invaders settled in, they transformed words of the English or brought their own words.

Thousands of words were taken from other languages during the British history.

The history of the English language, and its borrowings, is founded on the invasions: the main of them were the Anglo-Saxons; the Scandinavians (Vikings) and the Normans. Those invasions influenced the native language.

Before those invasions Celtic-speaking people lived in Britain. Later they were moved into Wales and Scotland. This Celtic influence on British language is still evident in modern times in the Welsh and the Gaelic languages.

Celtic borrowings were not numerous in the English language: down, cradle, bard, brat, bald but they are found in thousands of place and river names. For example, the Celtic dun (крепость) is found in the town names Dundee, Dunbar. The names of some British rivers contain the Celtic word uisge (вoда): Exe, Esk, Usk.

AD 43        Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain

First came the Romans and with their occupation of England. They introduced Latin. The Christianization of the country in the 6th century added Latin words through the Church: altar, candle, clerk, monk, pope, priest, school.

5th century AD.  Anglo-Saxon period.

In the 5th century England was invaded by Germanic tribes, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Their Anglo-Saxon dialects developed into Old English which was very different from modern English.

An English native word is a word which belongs to Anglo-Saxon origin. Examples of Anglo-Saxon words are king, man, ham, lamp, game.

(800–1066) Viking Age.

From the 9th century until the 11th century Britain was attacked by the Scandinavians (also known as Vikings).

The Scandinavians belonged to the same group of peoples as Englishmen and their languages had much in common. For example, Scandinavian suster        English sister.

As the result of this conquest there are about 700 borrowings from Scandinavian into English.

Many Scandinavian words used in everyday life entered the English language: egg, husband, angry, happy, ugly, die, take, give.

.Scandinavian borrowings can be recognized by combination sk (sky, skill, ski, skin, skirt).

1066. The Norman conquest.

In 1066 William the Conqueror conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them French language. For the 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and the upper class spoke only French. The largest group of borrowings are French borrowings.

French borrowings can be divided into several major groups:

1) religious terms: religion, paradise, prayer, saint;

2) administrative terms: state, government, parliament, nation, country, money;

3) legal terms: court, judge, crime, prison;

4) military terms: army, war, battle, enemy;

5) educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, pen, pencil;

6) terms of art: art, literature, architecture, poet;

7) words denoting pleasures: pleasure, leisure, comfort, flower, sport;

8) words denoting food: bacon, sausage, biscuit, cream, fruit, dinner, supper;

Borrowings from other languages.

Many borrowed words entered English from other languages due to contacts with foreign countries.

German borrowings

English has borrowed many words from German. Some of those words have become a natural part of everyday English vocabulary (kindergarten, rucksack, iceberg).

Italian borrowings

The process of borrowing from Italian started in the epoch of the Renaissance. Borrowings from the Italian language can be divided into several groups:

1) art terms:music, theatre, literature, opera, piano;

2) military terms: alarm, captain, pistol, attack;

3) names of food: ravioli, spaghetti, macaroni, pizza;

 4) banking terms: cash, bank;

Spanish borrowings.

From the Spanish language came cockroach, alligator, mosquito, guitar, potato, tomato, chocolate, banana, etc.

From the Indian language came jungle, shampoo. Malayan – bamboo; Chinese – silk; Australian – kangaroo, etc.

Arabic words: algebra, zero,  coffee, magazine, orange, lemonade.

Russian borrowings.

There were constant contacts between England and Russia and they borrowed words from one language into the other. Direct borrowing first began with contact between England and Russia in the 16th century. Among Russian borrowings there are many words connected with Russian culture, such as: kvass, shuba, vodka, samovar, troika, babushka, pirozhki, matryoshka, balalaika.

Borrowing words from other languages has been characteristic of English throughout its history. More than two thirds of the English vocabulary are borrowings. English history is very rich in different types of contacts with other countries, that is why it is very rich in borrowings. The Roman invasion, the adoption of Christianity, Scandinavian and Norman conquests of Britain, colonialism, trade and cultural relations increased the English vocabulary.

Quiz

Do you remember from what languages these words came?

Russian

German

French

Latin

Spanish

Italian

Scandinavian

Arabian

Malayan

Indian

Australian

Conclusion

1.Borrowing words from other languages has been characteristic of English throughout its history.

2.The Roman invasion, the adoption of Christianity, Scandinavian and Norman conquests of Britain, colonialism, trade and cultural relations increased the English vocabulary.

Literature

1. http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/03/borrowed-words/
2. http://www.danshort.com/ie/borrowedwords.htm
3. http://www.krysstal.com/borrow.html
4. http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/borrowingterm.htm