Исследовательская работа «Экология и безопасность в современном мире на примере родного региона»

Министерство образования Республики Башкортостан

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

Уфимский профессиональный колледж

Имени Героя Советского Союза Султана Бикеева

Республиканский конкурс исследовательских работ (проектов)

по иностранному языку

среди обучающихся, осваивающих программу ППКРС на базе основного общего образования ПОО Республики Башкортостан

ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ РАБОТА

 «Экология и безопасность в современном мире

на примере родного региона»

Автор: студент Халикова

Алина Фанзилевна

1 ВГ Секретарь

Руководитель: преподаватель Каюмова Гульназ Ильфировна

Уфа-2018

Contents:

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Environmental problem as a global crisis………………………..……5

1.1 The definition of «environmental problem»……………………………….…..5

1.2 The main environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan…………6

Chapter 2.  Solutions to environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan ………………………………………………………………………………...……9

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….….11

Bibliography………………………………………………………………..…….12

Introduction

 The modern world is a world full of various technologies and it is impossible to imagine it without the development of science and technology, without introducing technological innovations, but the rapid increase in the role of science and technology as a factor of social transformations actualizes a complex range of ideological, socio-ethical and other problems.  Of course, first of all, a person inflicts damage to himself by bringing a permanent and catastrophic impact on nature to achieve his goals.

 Fortunately, people began to solve these problems, creating a variety of programs to preserve the ecological situation in the world.  It is environmental issues that are currently being given special attention by the public, scientists, and politicians.  This is explained by the fact that everything that affects nature directly affects a person, affects our health, mood, and even success.

 The ecological condition of our place of residence depends on the state of the ecological environment, be it’s a huge capital or just a village on the outskirts of the city, but this is our Homeland!

 Therefore, we believe that at present the topic “Safety and Ecological Improvement of the Native Land” is very important.

 The research purpose: to study the causes of the emergence of environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan, find out the existing solutions and suggest ways out of this situation.

According to purpose the following main tasks were solved:

 -To define the concept and reveal the essence of the environmental problem.

 - Consider the causes, factors of environmental degradation.

 -How to prevent pollution?  Ways to solve.

 Research methods:

 -processing, analysis of scientific sources;

 - analysis of scientific literature, textbooks on the studied problem.

 Subject of the study: environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

 The scope of the study is analysis and ways to solve environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

 The relevance of research: most recently, about two hundred years ago, a man lived in harmony with the environment, because there were no obvious difficulties in dealing with nature.  But now, in the 21st century, the problem of ecology and its safety attracts the close attention of scientists and the public due to the fact that first of all humanity pollutes nature more and more every day.  For example, this is due to the fact that a large area of ​​our planet is occupied by factories and plants, which must have their own sewage treatment plants, as well as constantly engage in the reconstruction of substations, workshops and other elements, maintaining the proper operation of their production.  Also, the big loss to the nature is caused by cars which are source of harmful waste and pollute all our planet Earth.   Harmful substances enter the atmosphere due to the fact that a person burns fuel from vehicles, and as we know a lot of hazardous waste goes into the air and is carried by winds over large areas.  We can no longer imagine our life without cars, buses, ships and airplanes, which in fact only aggravate our lives [2].

 The nature cannot cope with such catastrophic situation therefore each person on the earth has to understand and bring it the, though small contribution daily, everything that is broadcast in television is written in newspapers, is not always the truth. Perhaps we are simply comforted by illusions about environmental pollution, while this is obvious to everyone.  The research offered to the reader is devoted to ecology and safety in the modern world on the example of our native land.  This topic is one of the most important in our time, so we decided to explore this problem and identify solutions.

Chapter I. Environmental problem as a global crisis

1.1 The definition of «environmental problem»

 Environmental problem is a change in the natural environment, leading to a violation of the structure and functioning of nature. Perhaps, both anthropogenic and natural disasters, but we decided to look at the example of environmental pollution, affecting all environments of the terrestrial sphere: the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere [4].

 The global environmental crisis is approaching: change, climate, degradation of the biosphere, imbalance of water, water sources, increase in waste, huge amounts of non-recyclable garbage (plastic bags and bottles), soil pollution, increased pollution with various gases, particulate matter and mist-like compounds of atmospheric air.  Climate instability (floods, storms, hurricanes) make sacrifices, destruction of infrastructure, damage, and therefore deterioration of living conditions and quality of life, diseases caused by environmental pollution [2].  Everything changes around us: the animals are beginning to die out, and the islands go under water, entire cities are destroyed by cataclysms, but only people continue to be rude to the planet and are very enthusiastic to siphon out the last particles which it so needs. What is happening around us is the work of our own hands, and only by telling ourselves “STOP” will we have a chance to ask for forgiveness from the Earth.

       1.2 The main environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan

 The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the developed industrial regions of the Russian Federation.  The concentration of industrial production here is significantly higher than all-Russian indicators, especially in terms of the location of oil refineries and chemicals.  By volume of industrial production, the Republic of Bashkortostan today ranks fifth in the Russian Federation.  In the republic, 16 percent of Russian oil is processed, every second ton of caustic soda is produced, a third of Russian oil and oil products are transported through the republic.

 Ufa is the capital of the multinational sovereign Bashkortostan within the Russian Federation.  Just over a hundred kilometers separate the city from the ridges of the gray Ural.  Such large industrial cities as Samara, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, and Orenburg are located in the immediate vicinity of the republic.  Ufa is one of the greenest Russian millionaire cities.  In this city for each resident there is a little more than 200 m² of greenery.  The total volume of green areas of the total urban area is about 29 percent [8].  But air pollution is the most acute problem of modern Bashkortostan.  The main reason is industrial activity.  The pollution index with formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, dust and carbon monoxide is 12.4 units [7].

There are only three oil refining enterprises operating in the capital Ufa, the total capacity of which is about 100 million tons of oil annually.  In addition, significant emissions are produced by the plant of synthetic alcohol, engine-building software, an aggregate plant, UZEMIK, a vitamin plant.  The total gross emission of harmful impurities from 57 large enterprises amounts to more than 320 thousand tons per year.

 The greatest damage to atmospheric air is caused by stationary sources, which include enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, Bashkir Petrochemical Plant and numerous motor transport.  The total emissions of the fuel and energy complex annually amount to about 300 thousand tons, or 30 percent of all emissions from stationary sources of industry.

 In 10 cities of the republic there are 40 chemically hazardous objects where highly toxic substances are stored in the amount of 27.8 thousand tons, including chlorine, ammonia, ethylene oxide, hydrochloric acid, etc.  More than 60 percent of the equipment of chemically hazardous facilities has exhausted its resource due to long-term operation.  At present, more than 53 thousand km of main and field pipelines and inter-settlement gas pipelines are being operated in the republic.

 This is undoubtedly a good indicator for the republic and Russia as a whole in terms of the economy. But after all, the likelihood of emergencies of a natural nature is very high due to the modernization of the industry, that is, the fact that there are more than 3000 industrial enterprises and organizations in the republic whose production activity leads to emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.  Emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from stationary sources and vehicles in the republic as a whole amount to 1 million 407 thousand tons. The share of motor vehicle pollution in the total gross emissions is 45 percent.  The enterprises of the republic are equipped with gas cleaning installations by only 17 percent [7].

 Natural and climatic conditions, the presence of minerals in the bowels of the republic predetermined its industrial development.  The concentration of industrial production significantly exceeds the all-Russian indicators, especially in terms of the location of oil refineries and chemicals, which caused not only economic growth in the republic, but also created serious environmental problems.         About 2 billion tons of solid and liquid wastes have been accumulated on the territory of the republic, of which 87 million tons are toxic.  Over 3 million tons of toxic waste are generated in the republic annually.  Accident rate on objects of oil production, refining and transportation of oil is growing [8].

 A high degree of concentration of industry in the territory creates a certain load on the environment.  Every year, more than 200 thousand tons of waste are stored on the territory of Ufa enterprises and over 300 thousand tons are disposed of in the city landfill.  Only a small fraction of the waste is recycled and then used as secondary materials.  But the problem of burial and disposal of household and industrial waste of the city remains intense.  In this situation, a millionth city needs a plant for processing household and industrial waste with modern and advanced technologies that meets the requirements of environmental legislation.  

According to preliminary calculations, the design and construction of the plant will amount to 400 million rubles, and the project can be implemented at the expense of the federal budget.

 The economic feasibility of the method of recycling depends on the cost of alternative methods of their disposal, the position in the market for recyclables and the cost of recycling.  For many years, waste recycling activities were hampered by the fact that there was an opinion that any business should be profitable.  But it was forgotten that recycling, compared with disposal and incineration, is the most effective way to solve the problem of waste, as it requires fewer government subsidies.  In addition, it saves energy and protects the environment.  And since the cost of landfill sites is increasing due to tougher regulations, and the furnaces are too expensive and dangerous for the environment, the role of waste management will steadily increase.

 The main feature of the republic’s ecology over the next 5-10 years will be a decrease in the share of pollution that industry gives, and an increase in the share of pollution from utilities and vehicles.  The actual problem will be the problem of pollution of water sources with sewage of utility systems, pollution from road transport and waste.  The problem of wastewater treatment can be solved by reconstructing and expanding the third stage of urban sewage facilities with financial support from federal authorities [8].

Chapter II.  Solutions to environmental problems

of the Republic of Bashkortostan

 Nowadays, more and more attention is paid to environmental safety, which has become an important component of the national security of the republic.  To prevent pollution, the following solutions can be proposed:

 - update of outdated equipment at industrial enterprises and vehicles;

 - reduction of water consumption and discharge of pollutants into the rivers of the republics;

 - toughening of state supervision and control over potentially dangerous enterprises;

 - government support for environmental activities, increasing its funding;

 - improvement of industrial equipment, technological measures to reduce the formation of harmful substances;

 - use of modern waste treatment systems at enterprises;

 - pay great attention to the preservation of water protection and protective functions of forests, the preservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution;

 - greening cities, reducing deforestation and reforestation;

 - reduction of the share of motor vehicle exhaust in the pollution of the cities of the republic by improving the traffic situation: construction of high-speed and bypass roads, unloading of city streets, reducing traffic jams;

 - increase of sanitary culture of the population;

 - to increase attention to the issues of nature conservation and the rational use of natural resources;

 - establish systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of land, water, forests, mineral resources and other natural resources;  - to increase attention to the issues of preventing pollution surface and groundwater;

 - Strengthen the fight against industrial and domestic noise [5].

 Of course, many of these proposals are already applied in some areas of society, but this is most likely the only exception, rather than taking the rule as the basis of activity.  Therefore, to prevent and reduce the level of environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources, it is necessary to widely introduce resource-saving technologies.

                                           Conclusion

  Earth is our home.  We must take care of this for ourselves and for the next generation.  It is a means of maintaining a clean environment.  Ecologists emphasize the importance of this task.  However, each of us must do everything possible to keep the earth, the air and the water clean. Based on the research conducted in the work, it can be assumed that environmental problems will increase, and each new catastrophe, be it a hurricane, flood, earthquake or other natural disaster, will force humanity to change priorities towards greening development.  Terrorism, environmental degradation, depletion of resources, the spread of drugs, the spread of disease and many others are also becoming new dimensions of threats.  So far, the efforts undertaken by the international community to ensure environmental safety are not enough.  Many decisions remain “well-intentioned”, unsupported by financial resources.

 The state of the environment leaves much to be desired, therefore environmental safety is very important.  All efforts will continue to be in vain if environmental safety is not ensured on time.

           We hope that over time, due to the introduction of new technologies for cleaning industrial waste and livelihoods, as well as more rational use of natural resources, most of the environmental problems of the cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan will be resolved.

Bibliography

1.  Akishin A.S.  Environmental policy of foreign countries and Russia: Textbook.  Volgograd: Volga State University Publishing House, 2013. - 341 p.

2.  Bobrov A.JI.  Sustainable development and environmental economics. - M.: 2012. - 245 p.

3. Bobylev S.N. Priorities of the national environmental policy of Russia. - M.: 2009. - 147 p.

4. Gerasimov A.B.  Ecological safety of modern Russia: provision policy.- M.: 2008. - 177 p.

5. Gosteva S.S., Gosteva S.R., Lopatina S.A.  State policy in the field of ecology and environmental protection.  - M .: Evroshkola, 2014. – 207p.

6. Kondratiev K.Ya., Danilov-Danilyan V.I., Donchenko V.K., LosevK.S.  Ecology and politics.  - M.: National Ecological Safety, 2013. - 291s.

 7. Lagunova A.I.  The structure of the ecological safety of Bashkortostan.  - Krasnoyarsk, 2013. - 185 p.

8. Mirkin B.M., Naumova L.G. Ecology of Bashkortostan. – Ufa, 1999. -145 p.

9. Muravykh A.I.  Ecological safety philosophy (experience of a systematic approach).  - M .: 1997. - 391 p.

10. Novikov P.A., Nikitina E.H.  Environmental aspects of the WTO.  Ed.  Mogilevkina I.M.  M.: IMEMORAN, 2013. – 300 p.

 11. Rysaev  F.B. Administrative and legal regulation of environmental safety in the Russian Federation.  - M .: LLC Formula Prava, 2009. - 474 p.

 12. Slovesnaya N.G. Ecological safety: lessons from developing countries.  - M.: 1993. - 296 p.

«Экология и безопасность в современном мире

на примере родного региона»

Автор: Халикова А. Ф.

Научный руководитель:  Каюмова Г. И.,  

ГБПОУ Уфимский профессиональный колледж Имени Героя Советского Союза Султана Бикеева

The modern world is a world full of various technologies and it is impossible to imagine it without the development of science and technology, without introducing technological innovations, but the rapid increase in the role of science and technology as a factor of social transformations actualizes a complex range of ideological, socio-ethical and other problems.  Of course, first of all, a person inflicts damage to himself by bringing a permanent and catastrophic impact on nature to achieve his goals.

 Fortunately, people began to solve these problems, creating a variety of programs to preserve the ecological situation in the world.  It is environmental issues that are currently being given special attention by the public, scientists, and politicians.  This is explained by the fact that everything that affects nature directly affects a person, affects our health, mood, and even success.

The research purpose: to study the causes of the emergence of environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan, find out the existing solutions and suggest ways out of this situation. According to purpose the following main tasks were solved:  

1) To define the concept and reveal the essence of the environmental problem.

2) Consider the causes, factors of environmental degradation.

Subject of the study: environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan.  The scope of the study is analysis and ways to solve environmental problems of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Environmental problem is a change in the natural environment, leading to a violation of the structure and functioning of nature. Perhaps, both anthropogenic and natural disasters, but we decided to look at the example of environmental pollution, affecting all environments of the terrestrial sphere: the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere [2].

 The global environmental crisis is approaching: change, climate, degradation of the biosphere, imbalance of water, water sources, increase in waste, huge amounts of non-recyclable garbage (plastic bags and bottles), soil pollution, increased pollution with various gases, particulate matter and mist-like compounds of atmospheric air.  Climate instability (floods, storms, hurricanes) make sacrifices, destruction of infrastructure, damage, and therefore deterioration of living conditions and quality of life, diseases caused by environmental pollution [1].  

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the developed industrial regions of the Russian Federation.  The concentration of industrial production here is significantly higher than all-Russian indicators, especially in terms of the location of oil refineries and chemicals.  By volume of industrial production, the Republic of Bashkortostan today ranks fifth in the Russian Federation.  

This is undoubtedly a good indicator for the republic and Russia as a whole in terms of the economy. But after all, the likelihood of emergencies of a natural nature is very high due to the modernization of the industry, that is, the fact that there are more than 3000 industrial enterprises and organizations in the republic whose production activity leads to emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere [4].

The main feature of the republic’s ecology over the next 5-10 years will be a decrease in the share of pollution that industry gives, and an increase in the share of pollution from utilities and vehicles.  The actual problem will be the problem of pollution of water sources with sewage of utility systems, pollution from road transport and waste.  The problem of wastewater treatment can be solved by reconstructing and expanding the third stage of urban sewage facilities with financial support from federal authorities [5].

Nowadays, more and more attention is paid to environmental safety, which has become an important component of the national security of the republic.  To prevent pollution, the following solutions can be proposed: update of outdated equipment at industrial enterprises and vehicles; reduction of water consumption and discharge of pollutants into the rivers of the republics; use of modern waste treatment systems at enterprises; pay great attention to the preservation of water protection and protective functions of forests, the preservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution; greening cities, reducing deforestation and reforestation; establish systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of land, water, forests, mineral resources and other natural resources;  to increase attention to the issues of preventing pollution surface and groundwater [3].

Therefore, to prevent and reduce the level of environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources, it is necessary to widely introduce resource-saving technologies. The state of the environment leaves much to be desired, therefore environmental safety is very important.  All efforts will continue to be in vain if environmental safety is not ensured on time. We hope that over time, due to the introduction of new technologies for cleaning industrial waste and livelihoods, as well as more rational use of natural resources, most of the environmental problems of the cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan will be resolved.

1.  Bobrov A.JI.  Sustainable development and environmental economics. - M.: 2012. - 245 p.

2. Gerasimov A.B.  Ecological safety of modern Russia: provision policy.- M.: 2008. - 177 p.

3. Gosteva S.S., Gosteva S.R., Lopatina S.A.  State policy in the field of ecology and environmental protection.  - M .: Evroshkola, 2014. – 207p.

4. Lagunova A.I.  The structure of the ecological safety of Bashkortostan.  - Krasnoyarsk, 2013. - 185 p.

5. Mirkin B.M., Naumova L.G. Ecology of Bashkortostan. – Ufa, 1999. -145 p.