Презентация "The SCUBA"

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The first attempts to develop a stand-alone "apparatus open loop" committed two Frenchmen. It is a mining engineer Benoit Rukeyrol and lieutenant of the French navy Auguste Deneyruz. In the middle of the nineteenth century, they have developed a design apparatus, which comprises a membrane mechanism for reducing the pressure as a function of depth. Curiously, Rukeyrol Deneyruz and did not know at the moment. Rukeyrol is really trying to make a self-contained breathing apparatus when descending into the mine during the rescue operations.

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Auguste Deneyruz learn about this development, suggested the use of it for the descent of people under water. Thus, the prototype of the modern aqualung was created. The device has been patented and subsequently it was he who was described by Jules Verne in his great novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea." Despite this, in reality this device has many disadvantages. The most important of them was due to the fact that the cylinders of the time were able to withstand a pressure of up to 30 - 40 atmospheres and to increase the residence time of a person under water necessary to supply air from the surface. Thus, for any special autonomy for a long time speech is not going. The fact that this new product allowed a man under water just a few minutes. Then connect your submarine air reservoir to the pump standing on the surface. But, nevertheless, it was a breakthrough, and people were able to, even for a short time, but still, the opportunity to stay autonomous underwater. It has been a kind of "taste of freedom from the hose." Washer Rukeyrolya - Deneyruza subsequently used over sixty, but due to a number of shortcomings were their competition vehicle "closed loop" - rebreathers. This is when the exhaled air remains in the system and enriched with oxygen for a new breath.

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But nevertheless, people continue trying to improve the "open loop" and in 1936 an officer of the French army Yves Le Priyor developed a device with pressure constant supply of air from the cylinder to inflate car tires, which was held already the pressure up to 150 atmospheres. An interesting feature of this configuration, the equipment was that, along with the very self-contained apparatus used is also a special mask, which is filled with air from a cylinder, forcing thus the water. Priyora device was completely self this time, because finally freed man from the hoses. But this unit was far from perfect, as the valve is opened for inhalation by hand and exhale was produced in the mask, and only through the nose.

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At the same time, the autonomous underwater swimming person has been possible due to the so-called apparatus of the "closed cycle". this phone system has been developed in 1787 a young British sailor, entrepreneur, inventor and naturalist Henry Flüsse. On the diver's face mask was connected to the located behind breathing bag connected in turn with a copper cylinder, which is filled with oxygen and with a box with potassium hydroxide. The man made no breath air and oxygen. When you exhale (a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide) exhaled mixture is assigned to the water, and remained in the system. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by potassium hydroxide and the man made a new breath of oxygen. Spent oxygen person refunded margin of the balloon, adding that it regulated by a special valve located on the tank. This machine could not be used under water at considerable depths, since the depth of the oxygen terribly toxic and that is why this system can only be used to save lives in coal mines or tunnels. All was well until such time as the system has been upgraded by Englishman Robert Davis. Already device called «Davis False Lung» ( «Artificial lung Davis") was released in 1911 and which later went on sale under the name "Proto".

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By the way this is the same, though slightly modified apparatus Flüsse - Davis was used in 1925 during the filming of the first underwater film, shot on the novel by Jules Verne's "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea." In 1915, the crew of the underwater film, shot on the book by Jules Verne's "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea", used during the filming of this particular modified rebreathers Flüsse-Davis. New rebreather has a pressure reducing valve and admitted thus automatically and oxygen to the desired pressure, while working on the principle regulator Rukeyrolya-Deneyruza and the copper cylinder was replaced with a steel that withstands high pressure. Since the beginning of the First World War, these machines were used in the fire, and of course mostly on the battlefield to protect the soldiers during the gas attacks, so often used in the first world war. And only after Davis adapted this system to exit the submarine boats governments interested in this product, which is used in the future, even though the risk of oxygen toxicity. Subsequently, the device has gained wide popularity as "PSAD" - Underwater Rescue Unit Davis.

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But it is time, and the idea of open-cycle unit said its say in autonomous diving. Here is how it was. A young French officer Jacques Cousteau serendipitously married the daughter of the tycoon owner of the largest French corporations for the production of domestic gas - "Air Liquide» (Air Liquide). In the forty-second year, when France was occupied by Germany, the entire oil methodically climbed on the military needs of the Reich. The Vichy regime collaborated with Germany and to please her in everything. Nevertheless, the French do not want to limit yourself to the possibility to move on cars and walls of KB Design Bureau "Air Liquide" has developed a system of gas supply to the engine. He developed this system a staff engineer émile gagnan. That he Cousteau and offered to remake the system for breathing under water. Thus it was created a two-stage pressure reduction system, named further diving. The main difference from previous scuba development was the fact that the respiratory system automatically gave herself the air from person to ambient pressure. That is the person at any depth was getting the air to the desired pressure him. This gave unthinkable at the time the comfort and the ability to not only full autonomy under the water, but also the possibility of sailing duration.

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The name "Scuba" was formed as a result of the addition of the words of the two languages - Latin "aqua" (water) and the English "lung" (easy). Then the device was tested Gagnan on the Marne River in January 1943 and then, after some modification again in one of the Parisian basin. In July 1943, Cousteau still holds test scuba in the sea near Marseille. Thus, there was exactly what is called diving today. The first controller was released in 1945 and was called CG45 (Cousteau-Gagnan 45) The patent on the word "scuba" owned corporation "Air Liquide" to 1960-63 GG But the real fame word "scuba" received only when it appeared in 1953 in a book by Jacques Yves Cousteau "The World of Silence".

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The subsidiary "Air Liquide" company subsequently established a world empire on the production of equipment for scuba diving and it included such giants as Technisub, US Divers, SeaQuest, and Apeks. In the future, company «La Spirotechnique» began to carry the name «Aqualung» and Jacques Cousteau became a member of the board. So the word "scuba" and today is the brand name and the company for the production of equipment, which is why, to avoid confusion over the borders of our Motherland an open cycle unit called "scuba". (SCUBA - Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus - a stand-alone device for breathing under water). That's created an aqualung and let abroad this technique quite rightly called SCUBA, for us it is still scuba, because we are so accustomed to, and we will not alter. The invention of scuba during World War II and its use as a military equipment permanently identified related to diving as a sport for the elite, has firmly taken its place among the most prestigious and dangerous "male" entertainment such as skydiving, hunting crocodiles or races " Camel Trophy ". After the war began to arise numerous national diving federations, each of which is trying to develop its own training program. However, generally, all of them were oriented athletes and military divers. In our country, an analogue of such an organization was DOSAAF, where young people have been taught to swim with scuba diving with future service in the Navy.

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Fifteen national federations in January 1959, expressed the need to develop common principles of training and certification of divers and diving instructors. As a result, the international organization was created CMAS - Confederation Mondiale des Activites Subaquatiqnes (World Confederation of diving). CMAS gave general recommendations for diving training. It proposed a system of sports categories (so-called "stars") for swimmers, and for trainers. A person who has passed the basic course of diving, issued a certificate swimmer "one star". With experience and further training are assigned to the second and third stars. Then, after a special seminar, you can get the title of instructor "one star" and so on.

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In addition, each national federation, preserving full independence, can develop their own training programs. In practice, this means that divers have nominally the same category, for example, one-star CMAS instructor classification in Norway, for example, in France, are presented very different requirements. Memberships CMAS is not a guarantee of friendship and cooperation between the member federations, the relationships between them are often remarkably similar to those between the countries in the international arena. Today CMAS - a non-profit sports organization, a member of the International Olympic Committee. Under its auspices, competitions in underwater hunting, photography and orienteering. But back to the story. By the mid-60s by professional divers we decided to radically change the diving philosophy, realizing that no purely sporting or postwar militaristic approaches to training and development of diving does not take into account the interests of the great mass of curious people. The joy of the underwater world of knowledge, not only sporting achievements, a clear structure, availability and ease of learning have become the main principles of the new programs. So many organizations have been established to train divers - enthusiasts. Each of them has its own programs, which are adapted to the perception of an ordinary man, not an athlete and non-military, but a person wishing to become a tourist submarine and discover the underwater world, making diving a hobby. Over time, it has been established and common international standards for dive training, which includes the registry Standardization ISO and now divers certificates issued by international organizations is the global standard number under which the person studied. International education standards define the minimum necessary, which should be incorporated in the curriculum.

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The basis of the classification of swimmers - not total stay under water clock, and real skills acquired during the training consistent. Developed and proven experience for many years the system of standards is based on three main principles: fascination, security, availability. Education does not require many hours of training at a school desk and encyclopedic knowledge. The uniqueness of the modern system of education is that these programs are clear and exciting, interesting for everyone - from housewives to Olympic champions, from beginners to professionals. The basis of the philosophy of modern diving - reliability and safety. That is why international standards provide a number of significant additions to the usual requirements for underwater equipment (eg, availability of alternate air source for each diver, and not only from the instructor). If a person just wants to learn how to swim with scuba diving and traveling the world, enjoy the infinite variety of underwater beauty, focus training on the principles of security - the primary task of any class, without significance. Russia in this respect is also not lagging behind in the 2003m year we NLD organization was created (National Dive League), has received international recognition and an ISO certification and EN (European standards).

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Modern scuba (aqualung), or in other words SCUBA set (SCUBA Unit), is a fairly reliable, high-tech equipment that allows virtually any trained person on a tour of the underwater world. Abbreviation SCUBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus), translated as "contained a breathing apparatus." But SCUBA set is not only a means to achieve their breath underwater. Modern scuba must necessarily include a special device to monitor and control buoyancy, allowing the diver to achieve the state of weightlessness (neutral buoyancy) underwater. Scuba includes three related gear elements, each of which consists of several components: The cylinder of compressed breathing gas , regulator, Buoyancy Compensator BCD.

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Thank you for attention!