реферат История Голливуда

Опубликовано Белозёрова Лариса Геннадьевна вкл 14.12.2014 - 17:10

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Волков Сергей

В реферате ученик изучил историю возникновения разных киностудий в США, рассмотрел жанры фильмов и назвал наиболее знаменитых и значимых актёров.

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Муниципальное образовательное учреждение

Панинская средняя общеобразовательная школа

Учебно-исследовательская работа:

«История Голливуда»

Выполнил: ученик 11 класса

Волков Сергей

Руководитель: учитель

английского языка

Белозёрова Л.Г.

Панино 2010

Содержание.

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3

2. The History of Hollywood…………………………………...........................4

2.1 The Beginning of Hollywood……….………………………………...4

2.2 Silent Cinema…………………….…………………………………...5

2.3 Golden age of Hollywood……….……………………………………6

3. Great Hollywood companies………………...……………............................8

4. Great Hollywood stars……………………………………...........................10

4.1 Greta Garbo…………………………………………………………10

4.2 Marylyn Monroe…………………………………………………….10

4.3 Elizabeth Taylor………………………………………......................11

4.4 Arnold Schwarzenegger………………………………...…………..12

5. The American Film Academy………………………………………….......15

6. Main Film Genres……………………………………………………..........16

7. My favorite films…………………………………………………………...20

7.1. The Lord of the Rings……………………………………………...20

7.2. Film "Titanic", the Prize-Winner of "Oscar" in 1998……………..22

8. Conclusion…………………………………………………….....................23

9. Список литературы………………………………………..........................25

10. Приложения………………………………….…………...........................26

1. Introduction

The United States of America is one of the largest countries of the world. It is a country of great ideas and great projects. American businessmen invest a lot of money into different industries and make large profits of them. But I want to speak about cinema industry; it is a rich source of money. Hollywood is a main place of cinema industry. Hollywood is a powerful film studio, which produces a lot of films a year. People like or do not like them, but it should be noted that the films are produced at high professional and technical standard. Of course Hollywood has the richest modern technical basis. The best actors and producers of the whole world tend to work in Hollywood. The films produced in Hollywood are, as a rule, are popular in many countries of the world. The faces of American film stars are well known to cinema lovers in the cities and in little villages all over the world. In generous we know something about film companies, films, actors. But, of course, I can’t tell some any important facts or details of that. So, I think that the tasks of my work are:

to learn about the history of Hollywood;
to learn about the main film companies;
to discover some new information about film genres and to tell about my favorite film and genre;
to name great actors and find out some interesting facts about their work.

2. The history of Hollywood.

2.1. The Beginning of Hollywood

So, Hollywood is a center of American cinematography, It is situated in one of the regions of Los - Angeles, California. In 1908 a small film crew of Selig Firm from Chicago came to California for nature shooting of the film "Monte Cristo Count". It was the beginning of Hollywood. After that some cinema businessman from New York came to Hollywood, because they wanted to avoid the prosecutions of Edison Company. Little by little producers, actors, technical stuff moved there, production basis of cinema industry was created. The first film studio in Hollywood was founded in 1911. Why Hollywood a small town, where oranges had been grown, became a center of film industry? The natural conditions of California, the bright sun the whole year round, rich and various nature were very favorable for the film’s production. There were splendid landscapes, mountains, valleys, islands, lakes, beaches, deserts, forests, where practically any nature of the planet could be created for the shooting. The earth was cheap there. There was enough manpower around for building and servicing of film studios. By 1915 60% of American film production was accumulated in Hollywood. In course of the following 5 years the system of film studios was formed, which allowed Hollywood to become a cinema capital of the world. In 1914 after the beginning of World War I film industry in many countries fell into decay. The USA joined the war only in 1917 and Hollywood used the absence of competition to create its supremacy at the world cinema market. Film studios used the scheme, proposed at the end of 1910th by Thomas Inse. In the 20th Hollywood had modern financial and technical basis of film production and the professional stuff. By the middle of the 20th there were 5 large studios: "Metro Golden Myer", "Paramount", "Fox", "Universal" and "Warner". They were headed by the producers Louise B. Mayor, Sam Goldwyn, Adolf Zuker, William Fox, Karl Laemmle and Warner brothers. They controlled the fortune of American cinematography up to 1960.

2.2. Silent Cinema

One of the most popular producers of silent cinema was David York Griffith. David York Griffith shot 61 short films. He was one of the most promising American producers. He was called "Shakespeare of Screen". Now his films are demonstrated rarely, but Griffith went down in cinema history as a genius producer, a founder of new cinema language, which had been used by his colleagues up to 1960th. Besides, he was an innovator in the sphere of actor art. Griffith specialized in melodramas, he shot comedies, historical films, thrillers, westerns, films of Bible and different works of literature. Before 1913 there existed an opinion, that the spectator cannot watch the film longer, than 15 minutes, but Griffith thought that it was not so. He shot a film "Yudif from Betulia" in 4 parts. It lasted 42 minutes. It appeared on screens in 1915. The film lasted 3 hours and told about the relationships of two American families during the Civil war. The film had grandiose success; the expenses for its creation were compensated in two months. But the film had racist character and was prohibited in many American towns.

The brightest stars of the silent cinema Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks belonged to the most highly payed actors in the world. After their marriage in 1920 they were reckoned among Hollywood aristocracy. Mary Pickford was called the favorite of America. Usually she played the roles of young girls. Douglas Fairbanks had athletic figure and played mainly in adventure films. One of his films is "Black Pirate" (1926). In 1919 Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin joined with W.Griffit and created a company "United Artists".

One of the greatest Hollywood actors was Charles Spenser Chaplin. In course of 40 years he had been a representative of the best creative forces of Hollywood. Charles Chaplin was born in 1889 and died in 1977. All his life he devoted to cinema. He worked as an actor, producer and scriptwriter. He had a constant image - an image of a little man in black bowler hat, with black moustaches, with a stick and in big boots. This image is known to the whole world. Chaplin's character is an openhearted, sentimental and unsuccessful man. He stirs up not only laughter but also sympathy. Chaplin is very much beloved by Russian people. In 1928 and 1972 he received special ''Oscar'' prizes and in 1972 he received a golden prize at the International Film Festival in Venice. Comic and dramatic things were combined in Chaplin's creative work. The theme of human dignity is the main theme in Chaplin's art. Chaplin created his films, surrounded by worldwide glory and love of the millions of spectators.

In 1927, when talking cinema appeared the interest to silent cinema disappeared practically instantly.

2.3. Golden Age of Hollywood

The appearance of sound in cinema was connected with some difficulties. When the actors began to speak, they stopped to move, because they were attached to microphones. Absence of movement was compensated by dialogues. As a result some films of those times, for example "New-York Lights" were called "illustrated radio". Besides the films were full of music and songs out of measure to use the possibilities of sound completely. But the audience quickly became tired of it and such musicals did not make much profit.

Change over to talking cinema was very expensive, that is why Hollywood had to look for money and to appeal to banks and other business enterprises. In return for it many of them required to avoid delicate topics in the films. As a result in 1934 the Heist Code was adopted. It introduced limitations. Joseph Brine controlled the observance of this code. In accordance with this code in Hollywood films they could not criticize any religious convictions, show surgical operations, use of drugs, hard drinking, cruelty to people and animals. It was prohibited to use any swearwords. Strict limitations were imposed on everything connected with sex.

The years 1930-1945 became the golden age of Hollywood. During these years 7500 full-length films were shot there. Hollywood was named the factory of stars. It attracted attention not only by films, but by the way of life of its actors, which was described in newspapers and magazines. In the 30th Hollywood became a myth. At that time it consisted of 8 large firms companies: "Metro Golden Myer", "Paramount Pictures", "RCO Radio", "Warner Brothers", "Universal", "United Artists". It was the time of flowering of Hollywood. After the appearance of talking cinema, only one new studio was founded - "RCO Radio". The largest studio was "MCM" which offered, that they had more stars, than in the sky. This studio specialized in bright and cheerful family films. "Paramount" studio shot the films on the topics of wealth, power and human passions. "United Artists" studio did not shoot its own films, but provided the here of independent producers films. "Warner Brothers" studio was not very reach, but shot popular gangster films and musicals. "XX Century Fox" shot musicals and historic films. "Universal" studio did not have equals during the era of silent cinema, but when talking cinema appeared they had to begin shooting of cheap films, mainly horror films. "Columbia" studio was in disastrous state and existed due to the lending of stars and producers from the other studios.

3. Great Hollywood companies

Now there are 6 main companies in the USA.

Columbia Pictures Industries, (Приложение 1) Inc. is an American film and television production company. It is part of the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group, which is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of the multinational conglomerate Sony. Established in 1924, Columbia is tied with MGM for the fifth-oldest American movie studio still in operation.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, (Приложение 2) Inc., or MGM, is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of films and television programs. Established in 1924, MGM is tied for the fifth-oldest movie studio in history with Columbia Pictures. The words "Ars Gratia Artis" above the Lion, is Latin, and translated, it means "Art for art's sake."

Paramount Pictures Corporation (Приложение 3) is a major American motion picture production and distribution company, based in Hollywood, California. Founded in 1912, it is the oldest running movie studio in Hollywood, beating Universal Studios by a month. Paramount is owned by media conglomerate Viacom.

Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios is one of the major American film studios. Its production studios are located at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Universal is the second longest-lived studio in Hollywood (Viacom's Paramount Pictures is the oldest by a month). (Приложение 4) Founded on June 8, 1912

Warner Bros. Entertainment, (Приложение 5) Inc., or Warner Bros. (pronounced Warner Brothers), is one of the world's largest producers of film and television entertainment. Founded in 1918, Warner Bros. is the third-oldest American movie studio in continuous operation, after Paramount Pictures, founded in 1912 as Famous Players, and Universal Studios, also founded in 1912.

Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (Приложение 6) (known from 1935 to 1985 as Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation), also known as 20th Century Fox, is one of the six major American film studios. The company was founded in 1935, as the result of a merger of two entities, Fox Film Corporation founded by William Fox in 1915, and Twentieth Century Pictures, begun in 1933 by Darryl F. Zanuck, Joseph Schenck, Raymond Griffith and William Goetz.

DreamWorks, LLC, (Приложение 7) also known as DreamWorks Pictures, DreamWorks SKG, or DreamWorks Studios is a major American film studio which develops, produces, and distributes films, video games, and television programming. The company was founded from The Walt Disney Company in 1994.

4. Great Hollywood stars

4.1. Greta Garbo

Greta Garbo (Приложение 8) was one of Hollywood stars, who had a worldwide fame. Her real surname was Gustafson and she was born in 1905. She was Swede. Garbo graduated from the dramatic school in Stockholm and began to play her roles in the cinema in 1922. She won the world recognition in Hollywood in the roles of fatal woman. There was a legend connected with her name in Hollywood. Garbo's refusal from advertisement promoted this legend. Her first film in Hollywood appeared in 1927 and made Garbo famous. Greta Garbo created bright, psychologically intensive roles in Hollywood. Her best roles were in the films "Queen Christian" in 1934, "Anna Karenina" in 1935, "A Lady with Camellia" in 1937. In 1954 Greta Garbo received "Oscar.

In spite of the fact that she has not acted in films since 1941 the cinema lovers remember this beautiful and talented actress. The great success of Greta Garbo is connected with her talent and skill, with her charm and spirituality. Marylyn Monroe

4.2. Marylyn Monroe

Among the Hollywood stars there is a very bright star - Marylyn Monroe (Приложение 9). She was the brightest film star of the USA in the 50-th and 60-th. She was born in 1926 in a poor family. Her real name was Norma Jean. When Marylyn studied at school she had her mother's surname Baker. When she was 16 she got married and became Mrs. Dogerty. And at last in 1947 the film studio "20 Century Fox" gave her the name, which became a legend. During the World War II the future star painted military planes at the plant, when a photographer from Hollywood came there to take pictures for the military newspaper. It was the beginning of Marylyn's carrier as a top model. She became popular, and then her photo appeared in the calendar in 1951. By the way, this photo appeared in

the first issue of "Playboy" magazine. After it Monroe began to act in Hollywood films and became the idol of American and world cinema with bright individuality. She was called "the godless of nuclear century". Here are the names of some of her films: "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes"(1953), "Niagara"(1953), "How to Marry a Millionaire"(1954), "Bus Stop"(1956) and many others.

Marylyn Monroe was the sex symbol of the USA; she was called "beloved Marylyn", "unique Marylyn". But in spite of it she was unhappy in her personal life. She got married two more times, but her husbands left her, she wanted to have children, but did not have them, she was afraid of loneliness, but she was always lonely. On the 5-th of August in 1962 she was found dead in her house. She died from narcotics, but there is a version, that she was killed.

4.3. Elizabeth Taylor

The other famous star of Hollywood is Elizabeth Taylor (Приложение 10). She was born in 1932 and began to act in films in 1942 when she was 10. At the beginning of the 50-th she became famous. She played psychologically complex roles. The films with Elizabeth Taylor are "Life with Father"(1947), "Father of the Bride"(1950), "Father's Little Dividend"(1951), "A Place in the Sun"(1951), "Giant"(1956), "Ramtree Country"(1957), "Cat on s Hot Tin Roof'"(1958), "Suddenly Last Summer"(1959), "Batterfield, 8"(1960), "Cleopatra"(1963), "Who is Afraid of Virginia Wolf'"(1966), "The Tanning of the Screw"(1967), "Reflection in a Golden Eye"(1967), "The Comedians"(1967), "Secret Ceremony"(1968),"Zee and C°"(1972), "Hammersmith is Out"(1972), "The Blue Bird"(1976), "The Mirror Cracked"(1980).

Elizabeth Taylor devoted to the cinema more than 50 years of her life. She took part in more, than 60 films and has two "Oscar" prizes for the films "Butterfield, 8" and "Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf". Besides she has some successful theatre roles. Liz Taylor is a very beautiful woman and a very talented actress. Her life was rich in events. First she married when she was 17 years old. Then she was married 8 times. One of her husbands cracked in the plane named "Happy Liz". Elizabeth always tried to be happy in her family life but she was a failure in it.

4.4. Arnold Schwarzenegger

Schwarzenegger (Приложение 11) is my favourite actor.

He wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. His second film appearance was as a deaf and mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. "It was very difficult for me in the beginning – I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance."

Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized. In 1991, Schwarzenegger purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980 he starred in a biopic of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.

In 1984, he made the first of three appearances as the titular character and what some would say was the signature role in his acting career in director James Cameron's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator. Following The Terminator, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985, which "sank without a trace."

During the 1980s, audiences had a large appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his droll, often self-deprecating sense of humor (including sometimes famously bad puns), separating his roles from more serious action hero fare.

Following his arrival as a Hollywood superstar, he made a number of successful films: Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), and Red Heat (1988). In Predator (1987), another successful film, Schwarzenegger led a cast which included future Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura (Ventura also appeared in The Running Man and Batman & Robin with Schwarzenegger) and future candidate for governor of Kentucky Sonny Landham.

Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, was a change of pace, and also proved successful.

Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins.

Footprints and handprints of Arnold Schwarzenegger in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre

Schwarzenegger's commercial high-water mark was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the "International Star of the Decade." His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero was released opposite Jurassic Park, with the box office suffering accordingly. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994) was a highly popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger, reunited with The Terminator director James Cameron, appearing opposite Jamie Lee Curtis.

Shortly thereafter came the comedy Junior (1994), the last of his three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought Schwarzenegger his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy.

Instead, he returned after a hiatus with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002) all of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.

His latest film appearances included a 3-second cameo appearance in The Rundown (AKA, Welcome to the Jungle) with The Rock, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days, where he appeared onscreen with action star Jackie Chan for the first time.

Schwarzenegger voiced Baron von Steuben in Episode 24 ("Valley Forge") of Liberty's Kids. In 2005 he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I.

I think he is a great American actor nowadays.

5. The American Film Academy

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is the social organization in the USA. It was founded in Hollywood in 1927. Its purpose is to increase the educational, cultural and technical level of the American film production. The first president of AMPAS was Ferbenks. The academy unites about 4 thousand members; among them are the most famous creative and administrative workers of Hollywood. It consists of 12 sections, has a rich film hall. The academy performs information and lecture work. Beginning from 1929 every year the academy awards "Oscar" prizes for the best American and foreign films and for the achievements in different spheres of American cinema (in 20 categories). "Oscar" is a statuette of 32,5 cm height. It is covered by gold. This name was given to the statuette in 1931, when Margaret Herrick, a librarian of the Film Academy noted that the statuette reminds her aunt Oscar. The cinema workers of the other countries win "Oscar" prize in case if they take part in American films. The prizes are awarded by secret ballot of the Academy members. Beginning from 1973 the Academy organizes the contests of students films. Three times a year the Academy issues the catalogues of new American films and reference books, devoted to American actors and actresses. The film "Ben Gour" took the largest number of Oscars eleven in member. Walt Disney took 26 "Oscars" and 6 special prizes of the Academy. Last years "Oscar" prize was awarded to the films "Forrest Gump", "Four Rooms", "English Patient" and "Titanic". For the best man's role "Oscar" was awarded to Robert De Niro, Tom Hanks, Jack Nicolson, Richard Gere and the others. For the best woman's role "Oscar" was awarded to Sharon Stone, Kim Bessenger, Mira Sorvino, Helen Hunt and the others. In 1998 the film "It Can't Be Better" with famous Jack Nicolson won two "Oscar" prizes for the best man's and woman's roles. Jack Nicolson's partner in this film is Helen Hunt. The film became very popular and it is really very pleasant.

6. Main Film Genres

Fantasy is my favorite genre. It is a genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting. Many works within the genre take place on fictional planes or planets where magic is common. Fantasy is generally distinguished from science fiction and horror by the expectation that it steers clear of scientific and macabre themes, respectively, though there is a great deal of overlap between the three (which are subgenres of speculative fiction).

In popular culture, the genre of fantasy is dominated by its medievalist form, especially since the worldwide success of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. In its broadest sense however, fantasy comprises works by many writers, artists, filmmakers, and musicians, from ancient myths and legends to many recent works embraced by a wide audience today.

Fantasy is a vibrant area of academic study in a number of disciplines (English, cultural studies, comparative literature, history, medieval studies). Work in this area ranges widely, from the theory of Tzvetan Todorov, which emphasizes the fantastic as a luminal space, to work on the connections (political, historical, literary) between medievalism and popular culture.

Action films usually include high energy, big-budget physical stunts and chases, possibly with rescues, battles, fights, escapes, destructive crises (floods, explosions, natural disasters, fires, etc.), non-stop motion, spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous, often two-dimensional 'good-guy' heroes (or recently, heroines) battling 'bad guys' - all designed for pure audience escapism. Includes James Bond 'fantasy' spy/espionage series, martial arts films, and so-called 'blaxploitation' films. A major sub-genre is the disaster film. See also Greatest Disaster and Crowd Film Scenes and Greatest Classic Chase Scenes in Films.

Adventure films are usually exciting stories, with new experiences or exotic locales, very similar to or often paired with the action film genre. They can include traditional swashbucklers, serialized films, and historical spectacles (similar to the epics film genre), searches or expeditions for lost continents, "jungle" and "desert" epics, treasure hunts, disaster films, or searches for the unknown.

Comedies are light-hearted plots consistently and deliberately designed to amuse and provoke laughter (with one-liners, jokes, etc.) by exaggerating the situation, the language, action, relationships and characters. This section describes various forms of comedy through cinematic history, including slapstick, screwball, spoofs and parodies, romantic comedies, black comedy (dark satirical comedy), and more. See this site's Funniest Film Moments and Scenes collection - illustrated, and also Premiere Magazine's 50 Greatest Comedies of All Time.

Crime (gangster) films are developed around the sinister actions of criminals or mobsters, particularly bank robbers, underworld figures, or ruthless hoodlums who operate outside the law, stealing and murdering their way through life. Criminal and gangster films are often categorized as film noir or detective-mystery films - because of underlying similarities between these cinematic forms. This category includes a description of various 'serial killer' films.

Dramas are serious, plot-driven presentations, portraying realistic characters, settings, life situations, and stories involving intense character development and interaction. Usually, they are not focused on special-effects, comedy, or action, Dramatic films are probably the largest film genre, with many subsets. See also the melodramas, epics (historical dramas), or romantic genres. Dramatic biographical films (or "biopics") are a major sub-genre, as are 'adult' films (with mature subject content).

Epics include costume dramas, historical dramas, war films, medieval romps, or 'period pictures' that often cover a large expanse of time set against a vast, panoramic backdrop. Epics often share elements of the elaborate adventure films genre. Epics take an historical or imagined event, mythic, legendary, or heroic figure, and add an extravagant setting and lavish costumes, accompanied by grandeur and spectacle, dramatic scope, high production values, and a sweeping musical score. Epics are often a more spectacular, lavish version of a biopic film. Some 'sword and sandal' films (Biblical epics or films occuring during antiquity) qualify as a sub-genre.

Horror films are designed to frighten and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, shocking finale, while captivating and entertaining us at the same time in a cathartic experience. Horror films feature a wide range of styles, from the earliest silent Nosferatu classic, to today's CGI monsters and deranged humans. They are often combined with science fiction when the menace or monster is related to a corruption of technology, or when Earth is threatened by aliens. The fantasy and supernatural film genres are not usually synonymous with the horror genre. There are many sub-genres of horror: slasher, teen terror, serial killers, satanic, Dracula, Frankenstein, etc. See this site's Scariest Film Moments and Scenes collection - illustrated.

Musical/dance films are cinematic forms that emphasize full-scale scores or song and dance routines in a significant way (usually with a musical or dance performance integrated as part of the film narrative), or they are films that are centered on combinations of music, dance, song or choreography. Major subgenres include the musical comedy or the concert film. See this site's Greatest Musical Song/Dance Movie Moments and Scenes collection - illustrated.

Sci-fi films are often quasi-scientific, visionary and imaginative - complete with heroes, aliens, distant planets, impossible quests, improbable settings, fantastic places, great dark and shadowy villains, futuristic technology, unknown and unknowable forces, and extraordinary monsters ('things or creatures from space'), either created by mad scientists or by nuclear havoc. They are sometimes an offshoot of fantasy films, or they share some similarities with action/adventure films. Science fiction often expresses the potential of technology to destroy humankind and easily overlaps with horror films, particularly when technology or alien life forms become malevolent, as in the "Atomic Age" of sci-fi films in the 1950s.

War films acknowledge the horror and heartbreak of war, letting the actual combat fighting (against nations or humankind) on land, sea, or in the air provide the primary plot or background for the action of the film. War films are often paired with other genres, such as action, adventure, drama, romance, comedy (black), suspense, and even epics and westerns, and they often take a denunciatory approach toward warfare. They may include POW tales, stories of military operations, and training. See this site's Greatest War Movies (in five parts).

Westerns are the major defining genre of the American film industry - a eulogy to the early days of the expansive American frontier. They are one of the oldest, most enduring genres with very recognizable plots, elements, and characters (six-guns, horses, dusty towns and trails, cowboys, Indians, etc.). Over time, westerns have been re-defined, re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed.

My favourite genre is fantasy.

7. My favorite films.

7.1 The Lord of the Rings

The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three live action fantasy epic films: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). The trilogy is based on the three-volume book The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. While they follow the book's general storyline, the films also feature some additions to and deviations from the source material.

Set in the fictional world of Middle-earth, the three films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins as he and a Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring, and thus ensure the destruction of its maker, the Dark Lord Sauron. The Fellowship becomes divided and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam and the treacherous Gollum. Meanwhile, the wizard Gandalf and Aragorn, heir in exile to the throne of Condor, unite and rally the Free Peoples of Middle-earth, who are ultimately victorious in the War of the Ring.

The films were directed by Peter Jackson and distributed by New Line Cinema. Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious movie projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $285 million, the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in Jackson's native New Zealand. Each film in the trilogy also had Special Extended Editions, released on DVD a year after the theatrical releases.

The trilogy was a great financial success, with the films being among the highest-grossing films of all time. The films were critically acclaimed; winning 17 out of 30 Academy Awards nominated in total, and received wide praise for the cast and for the innovative practical and digital special effects. Jackson is collaborating with Guillermo del Toro on a two-part The Hobbit film adaptation, for release in 2011 and 2012.

The Lord of the Rings film trilogy is the highest grossing motion picture trilogy worldwide of all time, besting such other film franchises as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather. The film trilogy grossed a total of $2.91 billion. The film trilogy also tied a record for the total number of Academy Awards won.

The majority of critics have also praised the trilogy, with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that "the trilogy will not soon, if ever, find its equal". In particular, performances from Ian McKellen, Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Andy Serkis, and Bernard Hill stood out for many in audience polls, and special effects for the battles and Gollum were praised. A few critics such as Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times did not rank the trilogy so highly, and while praising the special effects, Ebert was critical of the story, and none of the films appeared in his "Top 10" lists for their respective years. Some were also critical of the films' pacing and length: "It's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another" according to the Philadelphia Weekly. Overall however, the films received a positive 94% critics rating on rottentomatoes.com, (92% for FotR, 96% for TTT and 94% for RotK) a consensus amongst film critics.

The trilogy appears in many "Top 10" film lists, such as the Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association's Top 10 Films, Time Magazine's All-Time 100 Movies, James Berardinelli's Top 100, and The Screen Directory's "Top Ten Films of All Time" (considering the trilogy as "one epic film split into three parts"). In 2007, USA Today named the trilogy as the most important films of the past 25 years.

Academy Awards

The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards, of which they won 17, a record for any movie trilogy. The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated, an extremely rare feat; its Oscar for Best Picture was widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire trilogy. The Return of the King also tied a record for the total number of Academy Awards won, 11, with Ben-Hur and Titanic (though both of those films had additional nominations that they lost out on). No actors in any of the three films won Oscars, although Ian McKellen was nominated for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring.

The Fellowship of the Ring (Приложение 12) — Nominations: 13, Wins: 4

The Two Towers (Приложение 13) — Nominations: 6, Wins: 2

The Return of the King (Приложение 14) — Nominations: 11, Wins: 11

7.2 Film "Titanic", the Prize-Winner of "Oscar" in 1998

In 1998 the other Hollywood film "Titanic"(Приложение 15) received 11 "Oscars" and it was the record in the number of prizes for one film. The producer of this film James Cameron is one of the most popular producers in Hollywood. He has shot the most cash films "Abyss", "Stranger", "The Strangers". The young Hollywood actors, such as Leonardo Di Caprio and Kate Winslet played the main roles in "Titanic". This film is very expensive, because the model of the ship "Titanic" has been made in natural scale. But the film is so popular in the world that the expenses have been compensated and a large profit has been obtained. The fact is that in the film there are underwater shootings of the real "Titanic", lying on the sea bottom. These shootings have been made with the help of Russian scientific and investigation ship "Mstislav Keldysh", Russian deep-water apparatuses "Myr" and "Myr-2" and Russian divers. Nowhere in the world there are such deep-water apparatuses, but only in Russia. With the help of "Myr" and "Myr-2" the unique shootings have been made. A documentary film about it was created, it was shown before the premiere of "Titanic".

8. Conclusion

During my work, I think, that I managed to execute all tasks which I named. Namely: I have studied in detail the history of Hollywood, it was interesting for me to learn how a cinema world capital was established, how difficult it was to begin all with a pure sheet of paper, in fact before occurrence of Hollywood there were no movie companies in the world and consequently it depended on them :what Hollywood will be. And it seems to me, that they solved the problem because Hollywood became « Paradise for people » now, in fact stars of cinema live there as gods on the Olympus which each person of any country dreams to see, also there are huge private residences - houses of stars where stars live, that we have appeared somewhere in unusual place, and it can be can even a wonderful place. Thus, I think, I have spent time and it was interesting to me to learn new things.

Secondly, I have in detail studied a material about the largest movie companies of Hollywood, I have named six of them: 21th century Fox, Universal, Dream Works, Warner Bros, Paramount and Metro Goldwin Mayer. I investigated the history of their development, their difficult way to the world popularity (in fact, not gift, about these movie companies knows all world). Also, I have learned what magnificent films each of these movie companies removed. And I consider that such great movie companies in Hollywood do it even more attractive to tourists from all world.

Thirdly, studied a plenty of material, I have learned: what genres of cinema are there , directions in which movie companies can create films. And for myself I chose the favourite genre which seems to me the most interesting. It is a fantasy.

And, at last, I have learned a lot about the names of great actors and actresses, since the epoch of silent cinema, and to this day. I have found out, how much each of them made for such delightful art, as cinema. For an example it is possible to result such names as: Charlie Chaplin, Marylin Monro, Al Pacino, Greta Garbo and many other actors. The majority of them subsequently became still directors, and could develop cinema.

During the work I tested unusual feeling - as if I was dipped all more deeply and more deeply into this surprising and fantastic world, under the name Hollywood! Sometime in the future I would wish to visit Hollywood and to see "fairy tale" myself.

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