презентация на тему Праздники и традиции России
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The Russian word «holiday» is derived from the concept of «leisure», «empty» and means a day, not the completed work. Indeed, holidays, interrupting a sequence of labour of everyday life, it is, first of all, the time of rest. Together with the holidays have important socio-cultural values, allows us to ensure the continuity of generations, to preserve the tradition. Among the Russian holidays, celebrations formal and informal, new and old, religious and secular, professional and family. Non-working holidays in Russia now are: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of January - New year holidays, January 7 - Christmas, February 23 - defender of the Motherland Day, 8 March - international women's day, may 1 - Spring and Labor day, may 9 - Victory Day June 12 - Russia Day, November 4 - national unity Day . History of the creation of the holidays. Official and unofficial holidays.
The first - both in order and in terms of the scale of fun - there is a New year. Perhaps, no other holiday is waiting with such impatience. Children dream about Christmas gifts, adults - to the most cherished dreams come true, and all wish each other happiness and joy in the coming year. With the approach of the holiday for children arranged matinees, for those who are older, balls - and variety performances. However, the New year of the majority of Russians meets the home, in the family circle, dress up the tree and lay the holiday table. The first New year in Russia is celebrated on the night from 31 December to 1 January 1700 by Peter I. prior To the beginning of the year in Russia accounted for 1 September, and even earlier - before the end of the XV century. - on 1 March. According to the European standard, a symbol of the new year holidays in Russia became the fir-tree. Meanwhile in Petoskey decree 1699, it was still not specifically about the tree, and the tree at all. At first they were decorated with nuts, sweets, fruit and even vegetables, and decorate the Christmas tree became the only since the middle of XIX century. For the first time dressed up fur-tree in Russia shone lights in 1852, in St. Petersburg in the room of the Catherine (now Moscow) railway station. In the middle of the XIX century in Russia there appeared the first Christmas toys, jewelry, belts, multi-colored paper. At the end of the century became a tradition fashion theatre performances, often which copied the secular balls.
The first Santa Claus (analog of the Western Santa Claus)and, subsequently, his granddaughter snow maiden after the same-name Opera of Rimsky-Korsakov, delighted the audience. In the first years of Soviet power the celebration of the Christmas tree was not encouraged, it was considered that this bourgeois relic, but later the tradition has been restored. In the Soviet time in the menu of new year's table included jelly, herring, Baltic sprats, Olivier salad, and a bottle of «Soviet champagne» the battle of the Kremlin chimes was the culmination of the new year celebrations. At the same time appeared the annual «Blue lights», and later and special new year's films.
The night of the 14th of January is called in Russian Old New year. Before 1918 in Russia acted the Julian calendar, which outpaced the spread in Europe of the Gregorian for 13 days. A decree of the Soviet government, dated January 24, 1918. Russia began to live on the same calendar as the rest of the country, however, for a long time all of the dates indicated with the mark of the "new style" or "old style". Over time to the new calendar used to, but the tradition to celebrate the Old New year remained. This holiday is often is more fun and democratic, the more solemn meeting of the New year, a battle of the capital chiming clock.
All the Church holidays continue to be found in Russia according to the Julian calendar. So, one of the most visible and important among them - the Christmas is celebrated on January 7. In Russia, as in other countries, made the most solemnly celebrate not even by the day of Christmas (January 7), and his eve - Christmas eve, received its name from the Slavic word «sochivo» - porridge made from barley, wheat or rice with honey or raisins. Because on Christmas eve means the end of the four-week advent, in Russia on Christmas eve, usually refrain from eating until very late at night - «before the first stars», and the dinner was to be lean. After the meal, went to Church at night the Christmas service, and in the first day of Christmas arranged a festive meal.
At the end of February - beginning of March, the week before lent, is celebrated Maslenitsa. This is the only native Slavic feast, has not had a theological interpretation and in many respects preserved elements of paganism. The main food during Maslenitsa is blind, its shape is reminiscent of an imminent coming of the sun and, therefore, the summer. Among the customs of the week - skiing in the mountains, visits to the painted, richly decorated and carpeted sleigh, Shrovetide songs and family feast. The culmination of the celebrations are the pancake - the burning of a straw doll, dressed in old clothes as a symbol of the funeral of the winter, all that is obsolete, old, and the origin of spring, of new forces of fertility.
February 23 - defender of the Motherland Day. Holiday appeared in 1918, in commemoration of the brave resistance detachments of the red Army of the German invaders. This day is widely celebrated, mainly as a holiday of the men, which in this day wish to preserve the strength and fighting spirit.
May 9-Victory Day in Russia remember the defeat of the fascist Germany in the spring of 1945. - one of the greatest military triumphs of our history. At the same time this is the day of memory of the tens of millions who died during the Second world war. On the Victory Day the veterans are in the square, wearing a military awards, the sound of the front songs of the war years, to the graves of the fallen are assigned flowers and wreaths.
12 June - Day of Russia, established in honour of the adoption in 1991. The Declaration on the state sovereignty of the Russian Federation.
November 4 - national unity Day is celebrated in memory of the events of November 4, 1612, when the militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders and put an end to a period of great spiritual and moral crisis, called the later of the time of troubles. It is believed that the feat of arms of the militias in many ways laid the basis for the construction of the Foundation of the independent Russian state. The main family holidays in Russia in many respects are similar with the relevant traditions of other countries. It's christening, birthdays, birthdays, weddings, anniversaries (especially widely celebrate the 50-th anniversary), etc. Interesting Russian tradition to celebrate the anniversary of their marriage. For example, a year after the marriage is celebrated cotton wedding, in ten years - pink, after twenty-five years of silver, and after fifty years - the gold.
January 12 - Day of the worker of the Prosecutor's office. On this day in 1722, by the decree of Peter I was instituted by the Prosecutor's office as a body of state power. 13 January - the Day of the Russian press. Is celebrated on the anniversary of the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper in 1703. 10 February - the Day of the diplomatic worker. On this day 1549, is the earliest reference to the Embassy of the order - the first of the foreign Affairs agencies of Russia. April 12th - Day of Astronautics. Is celebrated on the anniversary of the space mission of the world's first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin in 1961. 7 may - the Day of radio. It is noted in the anniversary of a demonstration of the world's first radio receiver, presented by the Russian scientist Alexander Popov in 1895. The third Sunday of June - the Day of medical worker. The second Sunday of August - Day of the Builder. The third Sunday of September - the Day of workers of the forest. October 25 - Day of customs officer. 10 November - the Day of militia (founded in 1918). December 20 - Day of the worker of the security.