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The Winter Olympic Games
The Winter Olympic Games are a multi-sport event held every four years. The first Winter Olympics was held in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Some of the original sports were alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating, ice hockey, Nordic combined, ski jumping, and speed skating. Other events have been added as time went on, and some of them, such as luge (sledge), short track speed skating, and freestyle skiing have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme. Others, such as speed skiing, bandy (ice hockey with a ball), and skijoring (a sport in which a skier is pulled over snow or ice by one or more dogs) were demonstration
sports but were never incorporated as Olympic sports.
The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936 when they were interrupted byWorld War II. The Olympics resumed in 1948 and were celebrated every four years until 1992. At that point the governing body for the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years.
The Winter Games have undergone significant changes since their inception. The rise of television as a global medium for communication has enhanced the profile of the Games. It has also created an income stream, via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising, which has become lucrative for the IOC. This has allowed outside interests, such as television companies and corporate sponsors, to influence the Games. The IOC has had to address several criticisms, internal scandals, and the use of performance enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians. There has
been one political boycott of the Winter Olympics. Nations have also used the Winter Games to showcase the claimed superiority of their political systems.
The Winter Olympics have been hosted on three continents, but never in a country in the southern hemisphere. The United States has hosted the Games four times. France has been the host three times. Austria, Canada, Italy, Japan, Norway, and Switzerland have hosted the Games twice. In 2014 Sochi will be the first Russian city to host the Winter Olympics.
The Summer Olympic Games
The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an international multi-sport
event, occurring every four years, organized by the International Olympic Committee. Medals
are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for
third, a tradition that started in 1904. The Winter Olympics were also created due to the success
of the summer Olympics.
The olympics have increased from a 42-event competition with fewer than 250 male athletes to a
300-event sporting celebration with over 10,000 competitors from 205 nations. Organizers for
the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing expected approximately 10,500 athletes to take part in the
302 events on the program for the games.
The United States has hosted four Summer Olympic Games, more than any other nation. The
United Kingdom will have hosted three Summer Olympics Games when they return to the
British capital in 2012, all of them have been (and will be) in London, making it the first city to
hold the Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all
hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the summer
Olympics are Belgium, Canada, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain,
the Soviet Union and Sweden. China hosted the Summer Olympics for the first time in Beijing in
2008. In the 2016 Summer Olympics, Rio de Janeiro will host the first Summer Games in South
America. Four cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games: Los Angeles, London, Paris and
Athens. Stockholm, Sweden, has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted
the games in 1912 and the equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympics—which they are
usually listed as jointly hosting. Events at the Summer Olympics have also been held in Hong
Kong and the Netherlands (both represented by their own NOCs), with the equestrian events at
the 2008 Summer Olympics being held in Hong Kong and two sailing races at the 1920 Summer
Olympics being held in the Netherlands.
Five countries — Greece, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and Australia (twice combined
with New Zealand as Australasia) — have been represented at all Summer Olympic Games. The
only country to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great
Britain, ranging from one gold in 1904, 1952 and 1996 to fifty-six golds in 1908.
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Use of English exercise №1
Complete the passages using the words.
A) board
B) becomes
C) practice
D) sport
E) foot
F) sometimes
G) body
H) balance
I) feet
Skateboarding has become a very popular . All a person needs to enjoy this sport is a skateboard, good , and some . It is a good idea to use safety helmets and kneepads because even the best skateboarders fall . To begin skateboarding, put one foot on the skateboard and push forward with the other . When you get moving fast enough put both on the . You keep your balance by moving your arms and . The more you practice the easier it .
Use of English exercise №2
Complete the passages using the words.
A) draft
B) sunrise
C) notches
D) parts
E) lasted
F) tell time
G) burn down
H) passed
I) animal
Long ago in England, candles were used to . Each candle was divided into twelve parts by colours or by . People knew how long it took for the candle to to a notch or to a hew colour. When three of the candle had burned down, an hour had by. Each candle four hours. Six candles lasted from one until the next. When there was a , the candles burned faster than usual. Some people put a covering, made from the horn of an , around the candles to protect them from the draft.
Use of English exercise №3
Complete the passages using the words.
A) racing
B) until
C) goggles
D) almost
E) as long as
F) safety
G) splash
H) besides
I) ear plugs
J) prevent
Most Americans can swim, and everyone likes to at least around in the waves on a hot day at the beach. Knowing how to swim is important for but when you do it seriously, swimming is also one of the best exercises for your body. water and swimsuit you don't need much. keep irritating chlorinated water out of your eyes and let you watch where you're going, and a swimming cap makes you more streamlined for and keeps your hair out of your face. keep the water out and ear infections. To get in shape, start by swimming twenty minutes three times a week. Add ten minutes you're swimming for an hour each time. Vary your strokes to work different muscles. It's okay to take short breaks, your heart rate stays up.
Use of English exercise №4
Complete the passages using the words.
A) poisonous
B) mysterious
C) safety
D) glorious-looking
E) dangerous
F) thoughtful
G) worse
Sometimes beautiful flowers might be . You should be careful not to pick flowers when you go to a field or garden. Be and always think of your . A flower could be ninety times than you think.
You are going to read a newspaper article about the influence of food on people's health.
IS BROCCOLI THE NEW PROZAC?
Could our memory and ability to learn be affected by what we eat? That old saying: "We are what we eat", seems more pertinent than ever with a spate of research that suggests we may have to go no further in our search for brain power and happiness than our dinner plate. A study now being conducted by the Human Nutrition Department of the CSIRO is looking at how folates and other В vitamins found in green leafy vegetables can influence our moods and our ability to think and remember. "Folate is a vitamin that helps us feel good," says project leader Dr Janet Bryan. "People suffering depression often have low levels of folate, and people who have lower blood levels of folate and other В vitamins perform relatively poorly on tests of mental performance." Another recent study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology indicated that people who ate inadequately or missed meals experienced greater memory loss than those who ate regularly. Zinc, found in seafood, red meat, poultry and eggs, has also been found to affect the brain's performance.
And even much-maligned fat may be important in the pursuit of health and happiness. Research published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine suggests that low-fat diets can lead to depression. The research found that young women who had low levels of cholesterol displayed higher measures of depression and anxiety than those with normal or high cholesterol.
While these might be significant findings for the world of modern science, they are nothing new to the branch of medicine known variously as natural, alternative or complementary. Natural therapists have long insisted that a properly balanced diet is as essential for the healthy function of the mind as it is for the body.
To David Stelfox, director of the Melbourne College of Natural Medicine the idea that foods could affect the function of the brain is self-evident' Foods are cocktails of literally hundreds of chemicals which can have an effect on the human body, Stelfox says. "We know that certain foods affect the function of certain organs and body systems. The kidneys and urinary tract for instance are stimulated by foods such as watermelon parsley and celery. In the same way, some foods can affect our mental performance and moods. What we eat can determine whether we are anxious or relaxed, happy or depressed, alert or dull-headed." This explains why we turn to stodgy comfort food when we're feeling miserable, and why we were always told to eat fish before an exam. High-protein foods rev up our brains to tackle a difficult mental task.
Worthless Food
An odd thing has happened when it comes to food. Even though having the best, freshest, most wholesome food possible is one of the most significant considerations of daily life, frequently food does not receive the attention itA22 _______ . Because of vested commercial interests, greed, convenience and apathy, misinformation about food has made far too many people feel A23 _______ about it, believing that anything they can swallow is okay for them. It's not.
You may be A24 _______ to buy someone's product through advertising, false claims or promises of value. But much of the food is as worthless as eating crushed bricks. Far more ill health can be traced to what people eat than you might expect. The greatest A25 _______ to your health on this planet is not the increase of nuclear weapons, it is processed foods!
There is more devitalized worthless "food" A26 _______ to people today than real, authentic food that is necessary for our sustenance; and we have the food manufacturers to thank.
We use the term "processed food" so routinely that for many of us it has come to A27 _______ "just another kind of food". Understand what it really means.
Processing is the practice of taking a perfectly good food, one that contains the nutrients necessary to prolong life, stripping it of anything of value and then offering it for sale. Understand that when the word "processed" is used, it A28 _______ to procedures that undermine your health. It is a term that you can easily and accurately interchange with the word "destroyed".
A22
1) draws 2) devotes 3) attracts 4) deserves
A23
1) confident 2) aware 3) familiar 4) accustomed
A24
1) forced 2) convinced 3) required 4) obliged
A25 1) risk 2) warning 3) precaution 4) threat
A26
1) suggested 2) proposed 3) offered 4) meant
A27
1) represent 2) apply 3) refer 4) relate
A28
1) defines 2) refers 3)concerns 4) determines
LEXICAL TEST
1) At seeing the body in his own library he was absolutely ... . 2) Peaceful intentions was something the minister paid ... to only in public. 3) He now regretted ... the job he had refused. 4) The banking sector is expected to pick up ... with the Financial Group's board having nominated Euh Yoon-dae as its new chairman. 5) His ... requests to lend him either a lawn-mower or a bread-slicer became tiresome. 6) I feel quite relaxed with Julia, she is such a ... person! 7) The central bank decided to ... the activity of one of its affiliates. 8) He was so ... by her performance that he didn’t see the crowd leaving the hall. 9) The invention of the new principle of telescopes was a great ... in the space studies. 10) The airplane was ... to the beam of the barn and was slowly spinning in the air. 11) He hurried to finish the translation, and computer ... made him furious. 12) James was late for his own wedding. This ... accident ruined his life. 13) Feeling concealed danger, the diplomat all his resources. 14) The new resolution of the Central bank became a hurdle in the way of lenders. 15) Feeling that the conservatism of CEO might ... the business, the board prevailed upon him to change the policy.
scoffing; petrified; steam; hamper; lip-service; laid-back; repetitive; mesmerized; push; pending; deplorable; deployed; mockup; hurdle; suspend;
Keys: 1) Petrified; 2) lip-service; 3) scoffing; 4) steam; 5) repetitive; 6) laid-back; 7) suspend; 8) mesmerized; 9) push; 10) mockup; 11) pending; 12) deplorable; 13) deployed; 14) hurdle; 15) hamper; |
MATCH STATEMENTS AND PARAGRAPHS
Match statements with the texts below. Mind that there is one extra statement. Which article A— Е says that:
1) A company cooperated with supervising company and had no problems with law; 2) Those who used to have discounts for electric trains will have to spend more money on transport; 3) A big company had to part with a long-cherished dream; 4) Customers of a company preferred to stay with it instead of claiming retaliation. 5) Producers had to retrieve flawed gadgets for fear of physical damage to their possible users. 6)A company got rid of its co-worker because he suffered from a rare form of autism.
A. W.C. Wood has recalled 112,000 freezers and refrigerators because the defrost heater coil can become exposed, risking electrical shock. The products are the 15-, 17- and 20-cubic foot Automatic Defrost Upright Freezers and 17-cubic-foot Automatic Defrost All-Refrigerators, sold under the brand names Amana, Crosley, Danby, Maytag, Whirlpool or Woods.
B. DreamWorks ended talks on what could have been a $1 billion acquisition deal by NBC Universal during disagreements about price and creative control, DreamWorks co-founder David Geffen said. The deal would have given Universal control of DreamWorks’ live action film studio, including its 60-title library, as well as pipeline to new films by the ever-popular Spielberg. DreamWorks SKG, which includes Steven Spielberg, and Jeffrey Katzenberg among its founders, had granted NBC Universal an exclusive two-month negotiating period that was set to expire on Friday. Both sides previously expressed optimism about the deal that fell apart. Geffen declined to elaborate on what creative issues were under discussion. Negotiations with Universal could eventually resume, but DreamWorks is now free to consider other offers.
C. Marsh & McLennan, the world’s largest insurance broker, said 70,000 clients, including 90 percent of its biggest customers, agreed to participate in an $850 million settlement of bid-rigging accusations, reached in January with New York Attorney General Eliot L. Spitzer. The participants will exhaust $750 million of the settlement money and must waive their right to sue to get the funds. About 140,000 clients nationwide could have opted in to accept the restitution, company spokesman Barbara Perlmutter said.
D. Taser International, the world’s biggest maker of stun guns, said the Securities and Exchange Commission upgraded its inquiry into the company to an investigation and expanded the probe to look at possible stock manipulation and whether individuals outside the company were able to obtain material nonpublic information. The SEC said in January it was probing Taser's safety claims for its stun guns and the booking of a year-end order. Expanding that inquiry into a formal investigation gives the SEC subpoena power. Taser President Thomas Smith said the company has not received a subpoena and has cooperated with the SEC.
E. Amtrack said ticket prices nationwide would increase an average of $3 to 4$ starting Tuesday, saying the increases are important to covering increases in expenses, including fuel costs. Acela Express and long-distance coach train fares will rise 7 percent, while regional and long-distance sleeper train fares will rise 5 percent. Starting Oct. 16, Northeast Corridor commuters with monthly passes will have their discount reduced from 70 percent to 60 percent, and then to 50 percent in February.
Keys: 1 — D; 2 — Е; 3 — B; 4 — C; 5 — A; |
TEST 9. GRAMMAR TEST. Put the words in brackets in a correct form:
|
MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST 6
1) Pamela was ________ enjoying the party |
TEST 5. WORD FORMATION. Use the words below in a correct form.
1)Being an … vegetable, the potatoes soon won the sympathies of all people. |