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How to use verbs in the present continuous am is + V – ing are tak e – taking pla y – pla y ing [ i ] sk i p – skip p ing [ i: ] BUT: cl ea n - cleaning
Examples Sam is in the kitchen. He is having breakfast. NEGATIVE FORM Sam is not watching TV. QUESTIONS Is Sam watching TV? – No, he isn’t . Is Sam having breakfast? – Yes, he is . What is Sam doing? – He is having breakfast. Who is having breakfast? – Sam is .
Never use these verbs in continuous tenses! (dis)like understand love (dis)agree hate remember want forget need have know see
Continuous is possible have – в устойчивых сочетаниях типа: have breakfast (lunch, dinner) have (a lot of) fun have tea (coffee) have a good time have a bath (shower) see – видеться , встречаться
Сompare I have got two sisters. ( Present Simple ) We are in Paris now. We are having a good time here. ( Present Continuous ) Do you see that boy next to my sister? ( Present Simple ) I can’t come to your party tomorrow. I am seeing my business partner. ( Present Continuous )
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How to use verbs in the past simple Regular Verbs - ( e ) d / | \ [ t ] [ d ] [ id ] li k ed li v ed coun t ed sk i ed no dd ed Remember! smil e – smiled sto p – stop p ed pl a y – pla y ed y > i + ed ca rr y – carr i ed They lived in the country last summer.
Negative Form did not = didn’t I helped my mother yesterday . I didn’t watch ed TV. ( incorrect ) I didn’t watch TV. ( correct ) Questions Did you watch ed TV yesterday? ( incorrect ) Did you watch TV yesterday? – No, I didn’t . ( correct ) What did you do yesterday? – I helped my mother. Who did watch TV yesterday? ( incorrect ) Who watch ed TV yesterday? – My sister did . ( correct )
be –was / were I we he you she WAS they WERE it I was in London two years ago. My friend was at the zoo last weekend. My friend s were in the park yesterday.
Negative Form was not = wasn’t were not = weren’t Kate wasn’t at school yesterday. She was ill. Bill and Tim weren’t at my party. They were busy. Questions Were you at school yesterday? - Yes, I was . - No, I wasn’t . When were they in London? – Two years ago. Who was in London with you? – My brother was .
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will + infinitive I will=I’ll you will=you’ll he will=he’ll she will=she’ll it will=it’ll we will=we’ll they will=they’ll Sue will come soon. will not = won’t Sonia won’t come soon. Yes, she will . Will Sue come soon? No, she won’t . When will Sue come ? – She will come in ten minutes. Who will come soon? – Sue will .
Обозначает : 1) действие, которые возможно произойдёт в будущем We’ ll visit Disneyland one day . 2) предсказание на будущее You’ ll be a great singer one day. 3) спонтанные решения Do you like this dress? Then I’ ll buy it for you. 4) обещания I’ ll help you with your homework. 5) угрозы Stop or I’ ll shoot . 6) мнение говорящего по поводу будущих событий ( think / hope -надеяться/ I’m sure -Я уверен/ perhaps -возможно) I think it will be warm tomorrow.
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I/ He/ She/ It – was Verb- ing You/ We/ They – were I/He/ She/ It – was not (was n’t ) Verb- ing You/ We/ They – were not (were n’t ) Was – I/ he/ she/ it Verb- ing ? Were – you/ we/ they
Use 1) Действие, происходившее в определённый момент в прошлом Mike was washing his car at three o’clock yesterday . Майк мыл свою машину вчера в 3 часа. 2) Действие, происходившее в определённый момент в прошлом и прерванное другим действием длительное действие – the past continuous (Что делал?) прервавшее действие – the past simple (Что сделал?) John was reading a newspaper when his wife came . Джон читал ( что делал ) газету, когда вошла ( что сделала ) его жена. 3) Два или несколько действий, происходивших одновременно . The people were watching while the cowboy was riding the bu ll. Люди смотрели , пока ковбой ехал верхом на быке.
Time Expressions while – в то время как; пока when ; as – когда all day / morning / night … - весь день/ утро/ ночь … when / while / as + past continuous ( Past Continuous ) when + past simple ( Past Simple )
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every day (week, month, year, summer, ..) usually, always, often, sometimes, seldom How to use verbs in the present simple We play football every weekend. He like s She swim s It snow s Remember: do es , go es Tom usually goes to the disco on Saturday.
Auxiliary Verbs I he you she > does we > do it they
Negative Form do not = don’t does not =doesn’t We don’t go to school on Sunday. Alice doesn’t speak s Russian. ( incorrect ) Alice doesn’t speak Russian. ( correct ) Questions Do you like travelling? – Yes, I do ./No, I don’t . Why does Nick like s travelling? ( incorrect ) Why does Nick like travelling? ( correct ) Who does like travelling? ( incorrect ) Who like s travelling? – Nick does . ( correct )
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When to use the present perfect 1) a period until now | ________________________ past now | I have done my homework. Now I can go for a walk. 2) When the periods are not finished: today , this week , this year I have drunk three cups of coffee today . 3) just (только что) We’ ve just had breakfast.
4) yet (in negative sentences – ещё не ) David hasn’t got up yet . 5) already / yet ( уже) УЖЕ / \ already ( + ) yet ( ? ) Jane has already seen this film. Have you seen this film yet ? 6) many times (много раз) I have been to London many times . How many times have you been to the USA? 7) ever ( когда-нибудь) , never (никогда) recently , lately (недавно; за последнее время) Have you ever heard this song? – No, never. I have never eaten Chinese food. They have built a lot of new houses recently ( lately ).
Negative Form have not = haven’t has not = hasn’t I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Ron hasn’t worked hard this year. Questions Have you cleaned your room? - Yes, I have ./ No, I haven’t . Where have you been until now? Who have taken my book? ( incorrect ) Who has taken my book? – Mike has . ( correct )
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I/ You/ We/ They – have been Verb- ing He/ She/ It – has I/ You/ We/ They – have not (have n’t ) been Verb- ing He/ She/ It – has not (has n’t ) Have – I/you/ we/ they been Verb- ing ? Has – he/ she/ it
Use 1) Действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи. ( п ереводится глаголом настоящего времени несовершенного вида) Tom has been painting the house for three days. 2) Действие, которое началось в прошлом, длилось вплоть до момента речи, закончилось к моменту речи. Его результат связан с моментом речи. (переводится глаголом прошедшего времени несовершенного вида) They’re very tired . They have been painting the garage door all morning.
Note! 1) The present perfect simple is used with non-continuous verbs. Non-continuous Verbs a) be/ become/ have/ belong/ consist/ contain b) (dis)like/ love/ enjoy/ hate/ want/ prefer/ see/ hear c) know/ understand/ realise/ believe/ think/ remember/ forget/ seem d) (dis)agree/ mean/ need/ depend I have known Sharon for five years. ( NOT : I have been knowing …)
Note! live / feel / work the present perfect simple the present perfect continuous No difference We have been living here since 1995. = = We have lived here since 1995.
Time Expressions for – в течение … She has been teaching for ten years. since since – c (предлог) since morning/ since yesterday … since – с тех пор (наречие) We haven’t seen him since . since – с тех пор как (союз) We haven’t seen him since he left for London.
Time Expressions How long (in questions) How long have you been waiting for me? all morning / day / week … It has been raining all day .
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I/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They – had + past participle I/ He/ She/ It/ had not ( hadn’t ) + past participle We/ You/ They Had I/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they + past participle ?
Use 1) Для описания действия, которое произошло в прошлом до начала другого действия . earlier action – the past perfect later action – the past simple They had done their homework before they went out to play . 2) Для описания действия, которое закончилось к определённому моменту в прошлом ( by …) . Sue had watered all the flowers by five o’clock in the afternoon .
Time Expressions before – до того как after – после того как when – когда by five o’clock – к 5 часам by the time – к тому времени already – уже just – только что What had Beth done before her husband came home? We hadn’t laid the table by the time the dinner was ready. After Kate had done the shopping, she had coffee at a café.
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Hobbies
№1
Read and complete the text. Choose the correct option.
My brother and I have 1) … in common. We both (оба) like watching TV. We watch TV 2) … We prefer 3) … any other hobby. I must say we can’t do without television.
It’s great when you sit at home in front of your television and travel to different countries at 4) ...
time. You can relax after a hard working day listening 5) … music or watching different films and comedy shows. You can always 6) … because there are so many interesting programmes on. You can even (даже) win some prizes taking part in 7) …
But our parents are often angry with us. They say we watch 8) … TV. They think it can 9) … our eyes.
1) a) a lot of b) a lot c) nothing d) many
2) a) regular b) often c) very often d) sometimes
3) a) watch TV to b) watching TV than c) to watch TV to d) watching TV to
4) a) the same b) the c) your free d) prime
5) a) - b) of c) to d) at
6) a) having a lot of fun b) have a lot of fun c) to have a lot of fun d) make a lot of fun
7) a) sports programmes b) comedy shows c) performances d) game shows
8) a) much b) too much c) many d) a lot
9) a) damage b) break c) be bad d) bad for
№2
In each sentence there is a mistake. Find and correct it.
1. I don’t have a common interests with my sister.
2. We fond of jogging and swimming.
3. What music do you usually listen?
4. What do you do to keep in fit?
5. I prefer walk to go by bus.
6. What ballet is at the Bolshoi Theatre tonight? – “Sleeping Beauty”.
7. Did you ever take part in a game show? – Never. But I’d like to.
№3
Complete the sentences. Put in the verbs in the correct form.
1. … you … to the radio? – No, I don’t. I prefer … TV. (listen/ watch)
2. When my father was a little boy, he … old coins. (collect)
3. Mary … jogging every morning to … fit. (go/ keep)
4. I … to Jim’s party tomorrow. I think I … a lot of fun. (go/ have)
5. Yesterday we … , we … TV. They … an interesting film. (not go out/ watch/ show)
6. Joan is fond of travelling. She … to seven countries in Europe. Next year she … some
countries in South America. (be/ visit)
7. If you watch too much TV, it can … your eyes. (damage)
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Towns and Cities
№1
Find an appropriate explanation for each word.
1) urban | a) the amount of money a person needs to live |
2) rural | b) in or near the centre of a town or city, especially the business or shopping areas |
3) residential area | c) the busy part of the day when cities or towns are crowded; usually in the morning and in the evening when people are going to and coming back from work |
4) downtown | d) relating to or characteristic of a city or town |
5) suburb | e) to live in a rural or remote area; countryside |
6) out in the sticks | f) busy and noisy |
7) cost of living | g) relating to the country, country people or life, or agriculture |
8) rush hour | h) an outlying part of a city or town |
9) hustle and bustle | i) an area in a city or town where private homes are located; usually no offices or factories |
№2
Read the text and answer the questions.
1) What’s the name of the town?
2) What is located near it?
3) What makes the town special?
4) What was the author’s favourite place?
5) What problems does the town have?
6) In what ways does the author think his hometown can improve?
7) Why does the author like going back to his hometown?
I’m going to begin talking about my hometown by saying the name which is difficult to pronounce. It’s called Ephrata. Lots of people say it the wrong way when they see it. Having said that, I would like to continue by telling you a little bit about this place where I was born and raised.
My hometown is a quiet and small municipality (город, имеющий самоуправление) surrounded by farmland and other nearby communities (населённые пункты) about the same size. The downtown area has two major streets that intersect (пересекаться). The center of town is not real busy unless there is a community event like the annual street fair (ярмарка). This traditional event lasts for 5 days and the locals, people from other nearby communities, and some tourists enjoy the delicious food, fun games, and amusement rides (аттракционы) that it has to offer. Besides the yearly fair, there’s not a whole lot going on. I almost forgot to mention, when the fair is in town the streets are shut down so this creates traffic jams and there’s nowhere to park. It’s like being in a big city.
I want to switch now to some of the other things my town has to offer. For example, it has a beautiful community park that includes a public swimming pool. During the summer this place is jam packed with area residents, especially children and teenagers.
Another option is the Rec Center. It is for all ages and it’s a place where members can go swimming, play sports, or just sit and talk or watch TV. I remember as a teenager going to this place almost every evening with my friends. We used to play basketball, billiards, and floor hockey all the time. I really miss this place a lot!
Now, I’m going to talk about one of my hometown’s biggest problems which is illegal drugs being sold and consumed, especially heroin. I’m not sure what can be done about it. I think maybe educating our youth could help. Moreover, I think the police need to start cracking down (принимать суровые меры) on the drug dealers.
Overall, my hometown was and still is a great place to live and grow up. I love going back there to visit my family and friends. Also, I’m amazed at how things have changed like new businesses such as fast food restaurants and even shopping centers. Generally speaking, I think most people who no longer live in their hometown enjoy returning for the same reasons as me.
№3
Describe your hometown.
You should say:
- what its name is,
- where it’s located,
- what makes it special,
- what you can do there,
- what problems your hometown faces,
- in what ways your hometown can improve.
№4
Read the text. Try to guess the meaning of the underlined words.
I’ve visited so many places in my life that it’s hard to choose just one of them. Although, there’s one in particular that I’m going to talk about which I visited last year.
When I was on a road trip last year driving from the east coast to the west coast in the USA, I stopped and stayed in a small almost barren rural town called Ritzville in the state of Washington. I can honestly say it’s out in the sticks.
This rural town is located just off a major interstate highway, so I think most of people who visit it, like me, are taking a break from driving and staying overnight to rest.
The handful of locals are friendly and helpful. For instance, the receptionist at the hotel I was staying at was so kind. She went out of her way to help me with directions to a local restaurant despite the fact that she was busy with other customers. It’s nice to know that some people are still eager to please others.
Speaking about restaurants, this town is so small that there are only two restaurants and one little grocery store (продуктовый магазин). Oh, I forgot about the gas station that’s a convenient store also.
I was glad that I was only staying there one night. It’s not that I didn’t like the town. It’s just that it’s like a deserted village. Having said that, I must say again the people living there are hospitable and accommodating. They are the kind of people you want to have as neighbours.
Сheck your guesses.
barren – deserted, empty
the handful of locals – a small number of local people
… went out of her way to help – tried to help
hospitable and accommodating – kind and helpful towards visitors and guests
Answer the questions.
1) What’s the name of the place? 4) What did the author do there?
2) Is it a town or a city? What kind of place is it? 5) Did he like or dislike the place?
3) Where is it located? 6) What did he like (dislike) most?
№5
Describe a town you visited.
You should say:
- what’s the name of it,
- where it’s located,
- what you did there,
- why you like or dislike it.
Read the Russian text and use the information from it to make up a description of Brighton to attract tourists to the town.
Брайтон - старинный город, расположенный на берегу пролива Ла-Манш, что на самом юге Англии. Это наиболее популярный и фешенебельный морской курорт Англии, который местные жители окрестили как “Лондон на море”. И это совершенно точное название, ведь в Брайтоне турист найдет множество красивых пляжей, модных ресторанов, баров, ночных клубов, а также великолепных архитектурных сооружений.
Конечно, главная “изюминка” Брайтона — это пляжи. Однако кроме как насладиться отдыхом и купанием на чистых муниципальных пляжах, здесь можно и развлечься совсем другим образом. Что же стоит посетить туристу в городе? Церковь Святого Бартоломью (St Bartholomew’s Church) взяла пальму первенства, по высоте обогнав все европейские церкви. Королевский павильон (The Royal Pavilion) — это место, созданное для развлечений самых значимых персон страны. Необходимо осмотреть и музеи: художественный музей (the Brighton Museum and Art Gallery), музей игрушек (the Brighton Toy and Model Museum), музей естественной истории (the Booth Museum of Natural History), музей рыболовства (the Brighton Fishing Museum). Приморский комплекс (Brighton Marine Palace and Pier) поражает живописными видами на гавань. Здесь можно насладиться дайвингом, попутешествовать на яхте, устроить пикник, а также побродить по уютным магазинчикам в поисках сувениров. Фестиваль искусств (Brighton Festival) имеет почти пятидесятилетнюю историю. Он считается вторым после Эдинбургского фестиваля искусств, но в зрелищности ему ничуть не уступает.
Сегодня Брайтон – современный город с особой атмосферой. А как, скажите, можно её не почувствовать, когда на пляже вечером устраивают просмотры фильмов? Когда на Пирсе Брайтона милейшие дамы продают настолько вкусный и тёплый горячий шоколад, что просто невозможно пройти мимо? Вообще, это, наверное, самый спокойный, но и в то же время весёлый город.
Read the Russian text and use the information from it to make up a description of Brighton to attract tourists to the town.
Брайтон - старинный город, расположенный на берегу пролива Ла-Манш, что на самом юге Англии. Это наиболее популярный и фешенебельный морской курорт Англии, который местные жители окрестили как “Лондон на море”. И это совершенно точное название, ведь в Брайтоне турист найдет множество красивых пляжей, модных ресторанов, баров, ночных клубов, а также великолепных архитектурных сооружений.
Конечно, главная “изюминка” Брайтона — это пляжи. Однако кроме как насладиться отдыхом и купанием на чистых муниципальных пляжах, здесь можно и развлечься совсем другим образом. Что же стоит посетить туристу в городе? Церковь Святого Бартоломью (St Bartholomew’s Church) взяла пальму первенства, по высоте обогнав все европейские церкви. Королевский павильон (The Royal Pavilion) — это место, созданное для развлечений самых значимых персон страны. Необходимо осмотреть и музеи: художественный музей (the Brighton Museum and Art Gallery), музей игрушек (the Brighton Toy and Model Museum), музей естественной истории (the Booth Museum of Natural History), музей рыболовства (the Brighton Fishing Museum). Приморский комплекс (Brighton Marine Palace and Pier) поражает живописными видами на гавань. Здесь можно насладиться дайвингом, попутешествовать на яхте, устроить пикник, а также побродить по уютным магазинчикам в поисках сувениров. Фестиваль искусств (Brighton Festival) имеет почти пятидесятилетнюю историю. Он считается вторым после Эдинбургского фестиваля искусств, но в зрелищности ему ничуть не уступает.
Сегодня Брайтон – современный город с особой атмосферой. А как, скажите, можно её не почувствовать, когда на пляже вечером устраивают просмотры фильмов? Когда на Пирсе Брайтона милейшие дамы продают настолько вкусный и тёплый горячий шоколад, что просто невозможно пройти мимо? Вообще, это, наверное, самый спокойный, но и в то же время весёлый город.
GLOSSARY
remote town - отдаленный/труднодоступный город
She’s from some place called Bagatal, in a really remote part of Siberia.
sprawling city - расстилающийся на большие расстояния город
It’s a huge sprawling city - it goes on for miles and miles.
(Это же прилагательное можно использовать, когда мы говорим о exhaust fumes - выхлопные газы, которые распространяются на длинные расстояния)
deprived - малоимущий/низкий уровень жизни
It’s a very poor area - one of the most deprived areas of the city.
run-down town - разваливающийся, обветшалый
This town seems to be run-down, everything is in bad condition.
vibrant city - полный энергии, динамичный
- The nightlife’s wild. There’s so much going on. - Yeah, it’s such a vibrant city! There’s always something going on.
Можем построить предложения следующим образом:
The city seems to be:
- quiet (тихий, спокойный) - bustling (суетливый, шумный)
- crowded/overcrowded (плотно населенный) - deserted/abandoned (пустынный, часто используют еще такое словосочетание ghost town)
- dirty (грязный), filthy (очень грязный), polluted (загрязненный) - clean (чистый), spotless (чистый, безупречный)
- dangerous (опасный) - safe (безопасный)
- modern (современный), contemporary (ультрасовременный) - historic (исторический, имеющий значении в истории)
- small (маленький) - spacious (просторный, большой)
- well-run (хорошо-организованный, с хорошим управлением)
- dull (скучный, мало мест для досуга) - imposing (внушительный, впечатляющий), gorgeous (очаровательный, красивый), picturesque (колоритный)
GLOSSARY
remote town - отдаленный/труднодоступный город
She’s from some place called Bagatal, in a really remote part of Siberia.
sprawling city - расстилающийся на большие расстояния город
It’s a huge sprawling city - it goes on for miles and miles.
(Это же прилагательное можно использовать, когда мы говорим о exhaust fumes - выхлопные газы, которые распространяются на длинные расстояния)
deprived - малоимущий/низкий уровень жизни
It’s a very poor area - one of the most deprived areas of the city.
run-down town - разваливающийся, обветшалый
This town seems to be run-down, everything is in bad condition.
vibrant city - полный энергии, динамичный
- The nightlife’s wild. There’s so much going on. - Yeah, it’s such a vibrant city! There’s always something going on.
Можем построить предложения следующим образом:
The city seems to be:
- quiet (тихий, спокойный) - bustling (суетливый, шумный)
- crowded/overcrowded (плотно населенный) - deserted/abandoned (пустынный, часто используют еще такое словосочетание ghost town)
- dirty (грязный), filthy (очень грязный), polluted (загрязненный) - clean (чистый), spotless (чистый, безупречный)
- dangerous (опасный) - safe (безопасный)
- modern (современный), contemporary (ультрасовременный) - historic (исторический, имеющий значении в истории)
- small (маленький) - spacious (просторный, большой)
- well-run (хорошо-организованный, с хорошим управлением)
- dull (скучный, мало мест для досуга) - imposing (внушительный, впечатляющий), gorgeous (очаровательный, красивый), picturesque (колоритный)
COLLOCATIONS
- hustle and bustle of the city - городской шум и суета
- native town - родной город
- mining towns - шахтерские города
- in the suburb - в пригороде
- on the outskirts - на окраине
- traffic system is… - система транспортного движения
- bumper-to-bumper traffic - плотное движение
- get stuck in a traffic jam - застрять в пробке
- there’s nowhere to park - негде припарковаться
- everywhere is busy - все занято
- the car park is already full - парковка уже вся занята
- ….a district of… - район …
- has a lot of open spaces - имеет много открытых мест/площадок
- shops are pricey - дорогие магазины
- has many pavement cafes - имеет много кафе на открытом пространстве/ кафе-веранды
- three-lined avenues - трехполосная дорога
- residential areas/estates - жилой район
- no-go areas - части города, куда не стоит ходить из-за высокого уровня криминала
- run-down buildings - обветшалые здания
- it takes me 2 hours to get to work - я добираюсь до работы за 2 часа
- to be in a hurry - спешить
- get home feeling exhausted from the travelling - возвращаться домой уставшим от долгой поездки (глагол travel также активно употребляется для перемещений по городу)
- I’m stressed - я испытываю стресс
- there’s lively /relaxed atmosphere - есть живая/расслабляющая атмосфера
- there’s a wide variety of … - огромное разнообразие...
- flats cost a lot/a fortune - квартиры стоят много/целое состояние
COLLOCATIONS
- hustle and bustle of the city - городской шум и суета
- native town - родной город
- mining towns - шахтерские города
- in the suburb - в пригороде
- on the outskirts - на окраине
- traffic system is… - система транспортного движения
- bumper-to-bumper traffic - плотное движение
- get stuck in a traffic jam - застрять в пробке
- there’s nowhere to park - негде припарковаться
- everywhere is busy - все занято
- the car park is already full - парковка уже вся занята
- ….a district of… - район …
- has a lot of open spaces - имеет много открытых мест/площадок
- shops are pricey - дорогие магазины
- has many pavement cafes - имеет много кафе на открытом пространстве/ кафе-веранды
- three-lined avenues - трехполосная дорога
- residential areas/estates - жилой район
- no-go areas - части города, куда не стоит ходить из-за высокого уровня криминала
- run-down buildings - обветшалые здания
- it takes me 2 hours to get to work - я добираюсь до работы за 2 часа
- to be in a hurry - спешить
- get home feeling exhausted from the travelling - возвращаться домой уставшим от долгой поездки (глагол travel также активно употребляется для перемещений по городу)
- I’m stressed - я испытываю стресс
- there’s lively /relaxed atmosphere - есть живая/расслабляющая атмосфера
- there’s a wide variety of … - огромное разнообразие...
- flats cost a lot/a fortune - квартиры стоят много/целое состояние