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Подготовка в ГИА
(12 золотых правил.)
Rule #1.
to be (am/is/are) (Present Simple Tense) настоящее простое время | ||
утвердительная форма | отрицательная форма | вопросительная форма |
Я – I am | I am not | Am I..?-Yes, I am/No, I am not |
Tы – You are | You are not(aren’t) | Are you..?- Yes, I am/No, I am not |
Он – He is | He is not(isn’t) | Is he..?-Yes, he is / No, he isn’t |
Она – She - is | She is not(isn’t) | Is she..?- Yes, she is / No, she isn’t |
Оно – It is | It is not(isn’t) | Is it..?- Yes, it is /No, it isn’t |
Мы – We are | We are not(aren’t) | Are we..?-Yes, we are/No, we aren’t |
Вы – You are | You are not(aren’t) | Are you..?- Yes, we are/No,we aren’t |
Они – They are | They are not(aren’t) | Are they..?-Yes,they are/No,they aren’t |
to be (was/were-был,были) (Past Simple Tense) прошедшее простое время | ||
утвердительная форма | отрицательная форма | вопросительная форма |
Я был I was | I was not(wasn’t) | Was I..?-Yes, I was/No, I wasn’t |
Ты был You were | You were not(weren’t) | Were you..?-Yes, I was/No, I wasn’t |
Он был He was | He was not(wasn’t) | Was he..?-Yes, he was/No, he wasn’t |
Она была She was | She was not(wasn’t) | Was she..?- Yes, she was/No, she wasn’t |
Оно было It was | It was not(wasn’t) | Was it..?- Yes, it was/No, it wasn’t |
Мы были We were | We were not(weren’t) | Were we..?-Yes, we were/No, we weren’t |
Вы были You were | You were not(weren’t) | Were you..?- Yes, we were/No, we weren’t |
Они были They were | They were not(weren’t) | Were they.?-Yes, they were/No, they weren’t |
to be (shall/will) (Future Simple Tense) прошедшее простое время | ||
утвердительная форма | отрицательная форма | вопросительная форма |
Я I shall | I shall not(shan’t) | Shall I..?-Yes, I shall/No, I shan’t |
Ты You will | You will not(won’t) | Will you..?-Yes, I shall/No, I shan’t |
ОнHe will | He will not(won’t) | Will he..?-Yes, he will/No, he won’t |
ОнаShe will | She will not(won’t) | Will she..?- Yes, she will/No, she won’t |
Оно It will | It will not(won’t) | Will it..?- Yes, it will/No, it won’t |
МыWe shall | We shall not(shan’t) | Shall we..?-Yes, we shall/No, we shan’t |
ВыYou will | You will not(won’t) | Will you..?- Yes, we shall/No, we shan’t |
Они They will | They will not(won’t) | Will they..?- Yes, they will/ No, they won’t |
Rule #2.
Present Simple / Indefinite
Rule #3.
Present Continuous(Progressive) Tense-настоящее длительное время (действие происходит в данный момент) To be +Ving am/is/are | ||
+утвердительная форма am/is/are +Ving am = ‘m are = ‘re is = ‘s | -отрицательная форма am/is/arenot +Ving is not = isn’t are not = aren’t am not | ? вопросительная форма Am/is/areVing? Yes, am/is/are No, am not/isn’t/aren’t |
Я – I am playing(I’m) Ты – You are playing(You’re) Он – He is playing(He’s) Она- She is playing(She’s) Оно – It is playing(It’s) Мы - We are playing(We’re) Вы - You are playing(You’re) Они – They are playing(They’re) Слова спутники(наречия): now–сейчас right now– прямо сейчас at this moment–в этот момент at this minute- в эту минуту | Я – I am not playing Ты - You are not playing(aren’t) Он - He is not playing(isn’t) Она - She is not playing Оно – It is not playing Мы – We are not playing Вы - You are not playing Они – They are not playing Правописание: - Немое -e перед –ing не пишется: make–making. - В односложных глаголах, оканчивающихся на согласную, перед которой стоит гласная, конечная согласная удваивается: swim–swimming. - В односложных глаголах, оканчивающихся на –ie (to die, to lie, to tie)–ie меняется на –y: die– dying. | 1)Общий вопрос Am/is/areVing? Я – Am I playing? Yes, I am /No, I am not Ты - Are you playing? Yes, I am / No, I am not Он – Is he playing? Yes, he is/No, he isn’t Она – Is she playing? Yes, she is/No, she isn’t Оно – Is it playing? Yes, it is /No, it isn’t Мы – Are we playing? Yes, we are /No, we aren’t Вы - Are you playing? Yes, we are/No, we aren’t Они Are they playing? Yes, they are/No, they aren’t 2)Специальный вопрос ? am/is/areVing? 3)Вопрос к подлежащему 4)Альтернативный вопрос Am/is/areVing or…? 5)Разделительный вопрос I am +Ving, aren’t I? is + Ving,isn’t местоимение? are + Ving,aren’t местоимение? |
Rule #4.
Past SimpleTense -прошедшее простое время V2илиVed Did – вспомогательный глагол( не переводится ) | ||
+утвердительная форма V2илиVed | -отрицательнаяформа Did not +V1 (didn’t) did not = didn’t | ? вопросительная форма DidV1?Yes, did No,didn’t |
Я I played, went ТыYou played, went ОнHe played, went ОнаShe played, went ОноIt played, went МыWe played, went ВыYou played, went ОниThey played, went Слова спутники(наречия): yesterday-вчера the day before yesterday-позавчера ago-назад an hour ago-час назад a week ago-неделю назад a month ago-месяц назад a year ago-год назад last-последний, прошлый last week-на прошлой неделе last month-в прошлом месяце last year-в прошлом году | Я I did not play, go(didn’t) Ты You did not play, go Он He did not play, go Она She did not play, go Оно It did not play, go Мы We did not play, go Вы You did not play, go Они They did not play, go | 1)Общийвопрос DidV1 ?( Yes, did / No, didn’t ) Я - DidI play?Yes, I did/No, I didn’t Ты Did you play? Yes, Idid/No, I didn’t Он - Didhe play? Yes, he did/No, he didn’t Она - Didshe play? Yes, she did/No, she didn’t Оно - Diditplay? Yes, it did/No, it didn’t Мы - Did we play? Yes, we did/No, we didn’t Вы - Did you play? Yes, we did/No, we didn’t Они - Did they play? Yes, they did/No, they didn’t 2) Специальный вопрос ? did V1? 3)Вопрос к подлежащему Who(what)V2(Ved)? 4)Альтернативный вопрос Did V1 or…? 5)Разделительный вопрос V2 илиVed,didn’t местоим? didn’t V1,did местоим? |
Rule #5.
Present Perfect - Настоящее совершённое
- используется для выражения действий, которые произошли в прошлом, но результат можно наблюдать в настоящем
Have
} + V3
Has
I have washed the dishes.
He has eaten fruit.
Мы используем:
I.Когда мы говорим о прошедших действиях и хотим подчеркнуть их ВАЖНОСТЬ в настоящем, а не ВРЕМЯ, когда они произошли.
We have cleaned the house. The house is cleaned now. - Мы убрали в доме. Дом чистый сейчас. ( Неважно, когда мы убрали дом, главное, что он чистый.)
II. Когда мы говорим о действиях, завершившихся в не истекший период времени.
Today – сегодня
This week – на этой неделе
This month – в этом месяце
What have you done this month? -Что вы сделали в этом месяце?
We have helped elderly people this month. - Мы помогали пожилым людям в этом месяце.
III. Когда мы говорим о действиях, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются в настоящем.
Since – с
For – в течение
Helen has played the piano since she was 5. - Хелен играет на пианино с 5 лет.
We have done gymnastics for three years. - Мы занимаемся гимнастикой в течение 3 лет
IV. Когда мы говорим о действиях, которые произошли только что, когда-либо, уже или не происходили никогда.
I have already watered the flowers. - Я уже полил цветы.
She has just washed the dishes. - Она только что помыла посуду.
Слова спутники:
- Ever – когда-либо
- Never – никогда
- Just – только что
- Before – раньше, прежде
- Already – уже
- Yet – ещё, уже (в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях)
Rule #6.
Past Perfect (предпрошедшее время)
had + V3/ ed
I had had a great time!
You had had a great time!
He/she/it had had a great time!
We/you/they had had a great time!
Вопросы:
Had I had a great time?
Had you had a great time?
Had he/she/it had a great time?
Had we/you/they had a great time?
Отрицание: had + not
I had not had a great time.
You had not had a great time.
He/she/it had not had a great time.
We/you/they had not had a great time.
Слова спутники:
Before, after, by, when
Rule #7.
CONDITIONALS:
Conditional type zero: it is used to talk about general truth.
Form: If + present V1(s) + present V1(s).
The ice melts if you heat it.
If you eat a lot, you become fat.
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Conditional type 1 : It is used to express a real conditional.
Form: If + present (V1(s) + Future (will V1).
If it rains, I won’t go to the beach.
She will travel to The USA, if she saves money.
Conditional type 2: It is used to express an imaginary or improbable situation.
Form: If + past V2(ed) + WOULD V1.
If I were a boy, I could understand.
If she moved to the city, she would have more jobs opportunities.
He would buy an expensive car if he had a lot of money.
If I had a good voice, I would be a singer.
Conditional type 3: It is used to talk about unreal situation in the past, situation that didn’t happen. It’s regret about the past.
Form: If + past perfect(had + V3) + WOULD have +V3).
If I had studied, I would have passed in the test.
Rule #8.
PASSIVE VOICE
Слова спутники:
By (кем-то), with (чем-то)
Мы используем страдательный залог,
* когда лицо или лица, совершающие действия, неизвестны, неважны или о них ясно из контекста, например
The food was cooked. - Еду приготовили. (мы не знаем, кто приготовил)
The shirt is being washed. - Рубашка стирается. (нам неважно, кто ее стирает)
The criminal has been arrested. - Преступника арестовали. (понятно, что полиция арестовала преступника)
Образование времен страдательного залога
Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Perfect Progressive | |
Present | am is V3 are | am is beingV3 are | have been V3 has | ___ |
Past | was V3 were | was beingV3 were | had been V3 | ___ |
Future | will be V3 | will have been V3 |
Simple Present Passive
am / is / are V3
мы используем, когда говорим о вещах, являющихся неоспоримой истиной или о вещах, которые случаются все время, регулярно, часто, иногда или никогда не случаются.
I am paid every two weeks. Мне платят каждые две недели.
A lot of paper is made from wood. Большое количество бумаги производится из древесины.
Our windows are cleaned once a month. Наши окна моют раз в месяц.
Simple Past Passive
was / were V3
мы используем для описания действий и событий, случившихся в какой-то период времени в прошлом и не связанных с моментом речи.
He was born in 1954.Он родился в 1954 году.
These books were left in the classroom yesterday.Эти книги оставили в классе вчера.
Simple Future Passive
will be V3
мы используем, чтобы сказать о вещах или событиях, про которые мы думаем, о которых мы догадываемся или знаем, что они произойдут в будущем.
The football match will be played on Saturday.
Футбольный матч будет сыгран в субботу.
One day all the work will be done by machines.
Когда-нибудь всю работу будут выполнять машины.
Rule #9.
множественное число имён существительных образуется с помощью окончаний -sили -es | ||
Окончание es прибавляется: | Окончание s прибавляется: | |
1.если сущ. в ед.ч. заканчивается на -dg(e),-s,-ss,-ch,-sh,-o,-x,-z: a bus-buses a dish-dishes a boss-bosses a potato-potatoes a bench-benches a fox-foxes a bridge-bridges | 1 в остальных случаях: a cat-cats a dog- dogs a book-books a cake-cakes | |
2.если сущ. в ед.ч. заканчивается на букву -y,перед которой стоит согласная; при этом -y меняется на -i a lady-ladies a pony-ponies | 2 если сущ. в ед.ч. заканчивается на букву –y,перед которой стоит гласная a toy-toys a boy-boys | |
3. если сущ. в ед.ч. заканчивается на букв -f (-fe); при этом -f (-fe) меняется на -v а wolf-wolves a wife-wives | ||
исключения: | ||
a man-men мужчина-мужчины a woman-womenженщина-женщины a mouse-mice мышь-мыши a foot-feet ступня-ступни a tooth-teeth зуб-зубы a goose-geese гусь-гуси | a child-children ребёнок-дети an ox-oxen бык – быки an ax – axen – топор-топоры a fish-fish рыба-рыбы a sheep-sheep овца-овцы a deer-deer олень-олени |
Rule #10.
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ:
Rule #11.
числительные | |||
количественные | порядковые | ||
1one[ wʌn ] | 1-ый the first [ fз:st] | the 1st | |
2two [ tu:] | 2-ой the second [‘sekənd] | the 2nd | |
3 three [ θri:] | 3-ий the third [ θз:d] | the 3rd | |
4 four [ fɔ: ] | 4-ый the fourth[ fɔ:θ] | the 4th | |
5five [ faıv ] | 5-ый the fifth[ fıfθ ] | the 5th | |
6 six [ sıks ] | 6-ой the sixth[ sıksθ ] | the 6th | |
7 seven [ ‘sevən ] | 7-ой the seventh[ ‘sevənθ ] | the 7th | |
8eight [ eıt] | 8-ой the eighth[ eıtθ] | the 8th | |
9 nine [ naın ] | 9-ый the ninth[ naınθ ] | the 9th | |
10 ten [ ten ] | 10-ый the tenth[ tenθ ] | the 10th | |
11 eleven [ I’levən ] | 11-ый the eleventh [ I’levənθ ] | the 11th | |
12 twelve [ twelv ] | 12-ыйthe tvelfth[ twelfθ ] | the 12th | |
13 thirteen[ ,θз:‘ti:n ] | 13-ый the thirteenth[ ,θз:’ti:nθ ] | the 13th | |
14 fourteen[ ,fɔ:‘ti:n ] | 14-ый the fourteenth [ ,fɔ:‘ti:nθ ] | the 14th | |
15 fifteen[ ,fif’ti:n ] | 15-ый the fifteenth[ ,fif’ti:nθ ] | the 15th | |
16 sixteen [ ,sıks’ti:n ] | 16-ый the sixteenth[ ,sıks’ti:nθ ] | the 16th | |
17 seventeen[ ,sevən’ti:n ] | 17-ый the seventeenth[ ,sevən’ti:nθ ] | the 17th | |
18 eighteen [ ,eı’ti:n ] | 18-ый the eighteenth[ ,eı’ti:nθ ] | the 18th | |
19 nineteen[ ,naın’ti:n ] | 19-ый the nineteenth[ ,naın’ti:nθ ] | the 19th | |
20 twenty[ ‘twentı] | 20-ый the twentieth[ ‘twentıθ] | the 20th | |
30 thirty [ ‘θз:tı ] | 30-ый the thirtieth[ ‘θз:tıθ ] | the 30th | |
40 forty [ ‘fɔ:tı ] | 40-ой the fortieth[ ‘fɔ:tıθ ] | the 40th | |
50fifty [ ‘fıftı] | 50-ый the fiftieth[ ‘fıftıθ] | the 50th | |
60 sixty[ ‘sıkstı] | 60-ый the sixtieth[ ‘sıkstıθ] | the 60th | |
70 seventy [ ‘sevəntı] | 70-ый the seventieth[ ‘sevəntıθ] | the 70th | |
80 eighty[ ‘eıtı] | 80-ый the eightieth[ ‘eıtıθ] | the 80th | |
90 ninety [ ‘naıntı] | 90-ый the ninetieth[ ‘naıntıθ] | the 90th | |
100 (one) hundred [ wʌn ‘hʌndrıd] | 100-ый the hundredth [‘hʌndrıdθ] | the 100th | |
1000 (one) thousand [ wʌn ‘θaυzənd ] | 1000-ый the thousandth [‘θaυzəndθ ] | the 100th |
Rule #12.
степени сравнения имён прилагательных | ||||||
1.простые прилагательные(одно и двухсложные прилагательные) | ||||||
положительная степень _____ | сравнительная степень -er | превосходная степень the -est | ||||
cold | colder | the coldest | ||||
small | smaller | the smallest | ||||
warm | warmer | the warmest | ||||
-Буква e в конце прилагательных выпадает. | ||||||
large | larger | the largest | ||||
-Если простое прилагательное заканчивается на–y, перед которой согласная, то-y меняется на–i. | ||||||
dirty | dirtier | the dirtiest | ||||
funny | funnier | the funniest | ||||
happy | happier | the happiest | ||||
Но: grey | greyer | the greyest | ||||
-Если односложное прилагательное заканчивается на согласную, перед которой стоит краткая гласная, то конечная согласная удваивается. | ||||||
big | bigger | the biggest | ||||
hot | hotter | the hottest | ||||
2.сложные прилагательные(более 2х слогов) | ||||||
_____ | more-более | the most-самый | ||||
beautiful | more beautiful | the most beautiful | ||||
interesting | more interesting | the most interesting | ||||
исключения | ||||||
good-хороший | better- лучше | the best-самый лучший, лучше всего | ||||
bad-плохой | worse- хуже | the worst-самый плохой, хуже всего | ||||
many/much-много | more-больше | the most-наибольший, больше всего | ||||
little-маленький, мало | less-меньше | the least-самый маленький, меньше всего | ||||
Предварительный просмотр:
Тренировочные упражнения по английскому языку, раздел «Словообразование» для учащихся 9-11 классов.
WORD-BUILDING (exercises)
Ex. 1. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы:
Untrue, prehistoric, ultramodern, postwar, ex-champion, anti-body, decompose, decode, deform, depart, discover, disappearance, reread, reconstruct, coauthor, unequal, misunderstand, undress, disarm, anti-fascist, cooperation, co-existence, interaction, superhuman, ultra-violet.
Ex. 2. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова. Переведите их:
Achievement - achieve, resistance - resistant, assistance - assist - assistant, celebration - celebrate, difference - different, city - citizen, nation - national - nationality, measure - measurement, develop - development, act - active - activity, contain - container, discover - discovery - discoverer, literature - literary, graduate - graduation - undergraduate - post-graduate, educate - education, progress - progressive, act - action - activity - active, govern - governor - government.
Ex. З. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса -ег или -or. Переведите на русский язык:
To lead, to write, to read, to visit, to speak, to sleep, to act, to direct, to conduct, to drive, to fight, to mine, to report, to sing, to skate, to swim, to teach, to travel, to sail, to invent, to found, to compose.
Ex. 4. Образуйте от данных слов существительные с помощью суффикса -ist, -ism, -ian. Переведите на русский язык:
Special, social, art, capital, economy, international, piano, technic, mathematics, statistics, politics, music, electric, Russia, Hungary, Canada, India.
Ex. 5. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса -ment. Переведите на русский язык:
Develop, achieve, move, arrange, treat, state, improve, agree, equip, govern, require, measure, announce, pave, amuse, argue, advertise, invest.
Ex. 6. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов -ful и -less, переведите их на русский язык:
Beauty, thank, hope, doubt, сare, aim, use, shape, fruit, power, thought, harm, colour.
Ex. 7. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов -able, -ible, переведите их на русский язык:
Change, convert, prevent, break, compare, desire, profit, read, comfort, respect, expect, fashion, flex.
Ex. 8. Найдите и выделите суффиксы в данных словах и определите, к ка кой части речи эти слова относятся:
British, foolish, understandable, heartless, pitiless, successful, experiment, function, musician, socialist, artist, capitalism, professional, fundamental, industrial, doubtful, useful, different, treatment, creative, attractive, peaceful, dangerous, elementary, childish, active, economic, director, worker, passage, marriage, silence, freedom, kingdom.
Ex. 9. Образуйте глаголы с помощью суффикса -en:
Red, tight, soft, deep, short, dark, bright, weak, black, white, sweet, sharp,
Strong, long.
Ex. 10. Образуйте наречия с помощью суффикса -1у и переведите их:
Bad, first, part, quick, strong, short, silent, rapid, wide, extreme, cruel, kind, happy.
Ex. 11. Образуйте глаголы от данных существительных. Переведите их:
Turn, smile, smoke, snow, start, stay, step, stop, study, talk, visit, rest, air, paper, cover, handle, cause, watch, act, address, answer, brush, clean, cross, crowd, wave, wish, work, dance, doubt, dress, end, fight, help, hope, joke, laugh, lift, light, love, mind, paper, pencil, place, plan, play, post, reply, report, return, sail, show.
Ex. 12. Переведите на русский язык. Выделите словообразующие элементы. Определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова:
React, reaction, reactor, reactivity; science, scientific, scientist; industry, industrial, industrious; cold, coldly, coldness; dark, darkness, darken; happy, happily, happiness, unhappy; equal, equally, unequal, equality; free, freedom, freely; attention, attentive, attentively; sun, sunny, sunless; care, careful, careless, carefully, carelessness; to differ, different, difference, indifferent; England, English, Englishman; poison, poisonous, extreme, extremely, extremity, extremist, friend, friendship, friendly, unfriendly.
Ex. 13. Переведите следующие сложные слова:
Aircraft, airspace, Air Force , summer-resort, rest-house, custom-house, dining-room, dining car, living-room , fireplace, nightlife, newsagent, sunglasses, popstar, snowboarding, bungee jumping, earthquake, greenhouse, laptop, software,science-fiction,solar system, so-called, haircut, hairbrush, icebox, newspaper, notebook, rain forest, lifetime, raincoat, sportsman, sunshine, sunrise, sunset, sunflower, body-piercing.
Ex. 14. Прочтите следующие пары слов, соблюдая ударения. Переведите их:
An accent - to accent, a contract - to contract, a content - to content, a contest - to contest, an increase-to increase, a convict - to convict, a perfect - to perfect, a record - to record, refuse-to refuse, a refugee-to refuge.
Ex. 15. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные слова:
1. Не works as a teacher. 2. I saw one of his works at the exhibition. 3. I was waiting for your report. 4. They report the results of their experiment every Monday. 5. His report contains some of his thoughts about the experiment. 6. You’ll make progress if you work hard. 7. He thought about his new work. 8. I have a present for you. 9. I am busy at present. 10. He presented me with a book.
Ex. 16. Проанализируйте состав следующих слов. Определите части речи. Дайте начальную форму. Переведите слова:
Powerful, inventor, high-quality, network, demoralize, profitable, dislike, disagree, movement, shorten, incorrect, electricity, fruitful, fruitless, happiness, dangerous, noisy, sunny, rainy, badly, strongly, reading, teaching, rebuild, retell, leader, teacher, unhappy, unusual, translation, cooperation, schoolboy, icebreaker.
Ex. 17. Напишите сложные существительные, исходя из объяснений.
Например: A machine for drying hair – hair drier.
1. A thing for opening tins - ... . 2. A machine for playing records - ... . 3. A machine for mixing food - ... . 4. A thing that times eggs (when they are boiling) - ... . 5. Things for warming people’s legs - ... . 6. Stuff that kills flies - ... . 7. A liquid that removes paint - ... . 8. A tool that opens bottles - ... . 9. A thing for peeling potatoes - ... . 10. A liquid for removing eye makeup - ... . 11. Stuff for freshening the air - ... .
Ex. 18. Распределите прилагательные по трем группам: 1) люди, 2) места, 3) вещи:
Obstinate, unspoilt, hand-made, waterproof, easy-going, breathtaking, aggressive, deserted, overgrown, overcrowded, cunning, picturesque, arrogant, long-lasting, spoilt, automatic, accurate, artificial.
Ex. 19Выберите слово с нужным по смыслу префиксом или суффиксом.
1. I know Jim Kerry is very popular but I find him totally childish / childlike. 2. I couldn’t work out whom the letter was from. The signature was childish / childlike. 3. Sarah is so childish / childlike. She always plays trick on her friends. 4. It was wonderful to watch the tiny lambs playing. I got such childish / childlike pleasure from the experience. 5. Sophie is extremely sensitive / sensible at the moment. Anything you say seems to upset her. 6. Karen is not a very sensitive / sensible person. She wore high-heeled shoes for our four-mile walk. 7. I’ve never known her to tell a lie. She’s a very true / truthful person. 8. I can never watch sad films that are based on true / truthful a story. They always make me cry. 9. Susan is so intolerable / intolerant of other people. She never accepts anyone else’s opinion, and she always thinks she knows best. 10. I find Mark’s behaviour intolerable / intolerant. It’s unfair to be so selfish. 11. We’re having an economic / economical crisis at the moment. James has lost his job and I don’t know how we are going to pay the rent. 12. It’s more economic / economical to drive slowly. You can do a lot more miles to the gallop.
Ex.19 Подберите к каждой тройке слов такое, чтобы с его помощью образовать составные существительные, используйте слова: board, green, paper, book, birthday, blood, rain, site, road, sports, ice, water, day, night, hand, case, sun, bag.
Например: camp..., building..., bomb... – campsite, building site, bomb-site.
1. ...test, ...pressure, ...donor. 2. ...fall, ...melon, ...skiing. 3. ...house, ...grocer, ...salad. 4. ...club, ...mare, ...shift. 5. brief..., suit..., book... . 6. paper..., plastic..., shoulder... . 7. ...bow, ...coat, ...drop. 8. ...shine, ...rise, ...set. 9. ...works, ...sign, ...rage. 10. black..., floor..., notice... . 11. ...light, ...break, ...dream. 12. ...shake, ...writing, ...book. 13. ...cube, ...berg, ...rink. 14. ...cake, ...present, ...card. 15. ...scape, ...lady, ...slide. 16. ...car, ...center, ...ground. 17. address..., visitor’s..., note... .
Ex. 20Дополните предложения сложными существительными в скобках (это могут быть и составные существительные, и существительные в притяжательном падеже в простой или аналитической форме).
1. Your coat is on the ... (back, chair). 2. You’ve just spilt the ... (milk, cat). 3. Can you buy some ... (paper, toilet). 4. I never listened to my ... (advise, parents). 5. Can you buy a ... (wine, bottle) to have with supper? 6. What did that ... (road, sigh) say? Did you see it? 7. It’s such a mess in here. There are empty ... (wine, bottles) everywhere. 8. The ... (Prime Minister, duties) include entertaining heads of the state. 9. The ... (my shoe, heel) has come off. 10. Can I borrow your ... (brush, hair)? 11. What happened at the ... (film, end)? 12. Here is ... (today, news). 13. Where is the nearest ... (Metro, station)? 14. It’s my ... (anniversary, parents, wedding) next week. 15. The ... (company, success) is due to its efficiency. 16. I’ve got a ... (fortnight, holiday) next month. 17. The ... (government, economic policy) is confusing. 18. My children go to the local ... (school, state). 19. The annual ... (rate, inflation) is about 4 percent. 20. Are there any ... (coffee, cups) in your bedroom? There are none in the kitchen. 21. Do you want a ... (coffee, cup)?
Ex.21. Заполните пропуски глаголом или существительным: advice – to advise, use – to use, abuse – to abuse, belief – to believe, relief – to relieve, grief – grieve, excuse – to excuse, breath – to breathe, half – to halve, house – to house, safe – to save, bath – to bathe.
1. It is my personal ... that this man is innocent. 2. Let me listen to your chest. Take a deep ... and say “Ah”. 3. You should put your valuables in the ... . 4. Drug ... is a terrible problem all over the world. 5. I know it isn’t good for my skin, but I love sun ... . 6. I’ve been so worried about you! It’s such a ... to see you at last! 7. “What are we going to do with this cake?” “Cut it in two. You take ... and I’ll take ... .” 8. Can you show me how to ... this new coffee machine? 9. The refugees are ... in temporary accommodation. 10. She apologizes for her behavior, and said it was because she’d had a busy day, but that’s no ... for breaking all the plates. 11. People need time to ... after the death of someone they love. 12. Take my ... . Never marry for money. Marry for love.
Ex. 22. Напишите слово противоположное по значению, используя префикс
Kind, honest, credible, appear, fair, equal, pleased, continue, fasten, normal, employed, friendly, trust, professional, known, cover, safe, use, probable, important, emotional.
WORD-BUILDING (Test)
1. Определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите их:
Beautiful, function, artist, musician, heartless, economic, worker, badly, act, action, active, basic, fruitless, population, movement, historic, democratic, work, daily, literature, picture, organization, friendship, highly, leader, fight, fighter, national, impressive, hopeful, hopeless, beautiful, special, specialist, define, definition, humanism, humanist, humanistic, use, useful, useless.
2. Переведите слова на русский язык. Определите префикс и его значение:
Coauthor, undress, disarm, postwar, illegal, unkind, reconstruct, deformation, prewar, antihero , ex-champion, superhuman, disagreement
3. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных при помощи следующих суффиксов: -al, -ful, -ous, -у, -able, -ible, -ic, -less, -ish. Переведите пары слов.
Reason, beauty, hope, doubt, care, aim, use, desire, boy, success, heart, experiment, form, office, danger, fame, electron, base, nature, cloud, sun, child, Scott, history, home.
4. Переведите предложения. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные слова. Назовите сложные слова:
1. Many pupils study English. 2. My grandfather has a large study. 3. Who ruled this country? 4. All sportsmen must obey the rules of the game. 5. The Soviet Union is tied by friendship with India in their work for peace. 6. All peace-loving people work for peace for the whole of mankind.
5. Назовите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные:
Protection, show, writer, worker, movement, investigation, achievement, statement, reader, department, equipment, construction, organization, reporter, arrival, improvement, conductor, establishment, development, education, definition, regulation, assistance, agreement.
6. Переведите без словаря. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова:
a) Specialist, institute, university, culture, cultural, centre, central, nation, national, international, organization, minister, nature, natural, traditional, progressive, moral, social, socialist, public, programmer, popular, modern, revolution, revolutionary, final, talent, continent, festival, political, experiment, experimentation, electricity, technical, transformation, system, systematically, practice, practical, seminar, lecture, lecturer, period, historic, history, professor, complex, form, acceleration, instrument, philosopher, idea, basic, fundamental, conceptions, mass, class, element, motor, method, problem, energy, radio, text, material, temperature, progress, television.
b) 1. France and England are European countries. 2. In the evening we like to listen to classical music. 3. We saw a comedy at the Drama Theatre last night. 4. Your train leaves from platform two. 5. This jazz orchestra gave several concerts in our town. 6. In 1610 Galileo constructed the first tele scope in the world. 7. This was a dangerous experiment.
7. Проанализируйте следующие слова, какие они? Определите их составляющие. Переведите на русский язык:
Ice-hockey, world-wide, bedroom, newspaper, long-term, birthplace, sportsman, apple-juice, peace-loving, schoolchildren, football, highland, television, underground, north-west, sometimes, lowland, landscape, well-known, multinational, network, vice-president.
8. Поставьте слово, указанное в скобках, в нужную форму.
1. My father is very ... (act) even though he’s seventy. 2. I’ve always wanted to work in the theatre, but ... (act) it isn’t a very secure profession. 3. I ... (hope), we’ll soon find a solution to the problem. 4. Look ... (care) to the left and to the right before crossing the road. 5. It was very ... (care) of you to lose my watch. 6. I take two ... (day) newspapers and three Sunday papers. 7. You’ve broken my camera! Look at it! It’s ... (use)! 8. Thanks for the advice. It was really ... (use). 9. I have some very ... (noise) neighbours. 10. She became ... (fame) as a result of her invention.
Тренировочные тесты.
Test 1.
- This is the most . . . . . . concert I‘ve ever been to. (Expense)
- Her husband’s not a very…...person. (Patience)
- Susan is very…...and wants to do well. (Ambition)
- Show some……. Don’t you like the idea? (Enthuse)
- Her problem is that she has not enough……in herself. (Confide)
- Dan is really very……, even rude sometimes. (Polite)
- I haven’t been to the cinema…… . (Recent)
- Mary…… and they never s aw her again. (Appear)
Test 2.
- Most people have no real…… in ghosts.(Believe)
- Mark Twain wrote many…… stories. (Humour)
- The children’s…… at the concert was excellent. (Behave)
- Rita asked for a …… and cashier gave her one. (Receive)
- Do you think you have the…… to pass the exam? (Able)
- You need a lot of …… to write a good story. (Imagine)
- I read an interesting …… in the newspaper. (Advertise)
- Their friendship began in their …… . (Child)
Test 3.
- I’m telling you the ……! I swear! (True)
- Your composition isn’t good enough. You’ll have to …… it. (Write)
- Did you know Ann used to work as a …… when she was younger? (Wait)
- They need your …… before they can do it. (Sign)
- It all happened quite…… . I didn’t have time to think. (Sudden)
- I’m sure his new film is going to be a huge…… .(Succeed)
- Did Paul give an …… for his actions? (Explain)
- The …… of the village are all very kind. (Inhabit)
Test 4.
- The leaflet gives a brief…… of each place. (Describe)
- Can you give us a quick …… of how it works? (Explain)
- Olga broke the vase during an …… with her husband. (Argue)
- Gold is a very …… metal. (Value)
- Peter began to feel depressed and …… . (Help)
- His book is the result of years of …… research. (Care)
- This snake is not …… at all. (Danger)
- The bright flowers make the room look….. . (Cheer)
Test 5.
1. Teenagers nowadays are more interested in ……. problems. (Globe)
2. Have you seen the new Levi …… on TV? (Advertise)
3. I looked everywhere but I couldn’t find him. He’s …… (Appear)
4. It’s very…… to drink and drive. (Danger)
5. Can you give me some more …… about this adventure holiday? (Inform)
6. We need to put up some …… for tonight’s party. (Decorate)
7. The weather today will be cold and…… . (Wind)
8. Margarita was very …… with the service. (Satisfy)
Test 6.
- They put a lot of …… on him to agree to their demands. (Press)
- I’ve had three…… nights and l feel exhausted. (Sleep)
- If you have problems with your ……, see a doctor. (Circulate)
- I’m feeling very …… today. I think I’ll go for a run. (Energy)
- Remember that …… are also human. (Examine)
- His nose was quite …… for days after he’d it pierced. ( Pain)
- There are a lot of …… restaurants in this area. (Fashion)
- Although she isn’t beautiful, most men find her quite…… (Attract).
Test 7.
1.The food was completely …… ; he was a useless cook .(Taste)
2. There were over 500 ……to the temple every day .(Visit )
3. You can’t hope to win the race without any …… .(Train)
4. In spite of her ……,Jane continued her journey .(Hungry )
5.Hard as he tried , he was unable to find …… .(Solve )
6.I …… speaking , I don’t think Latin is a useful subject .(Person)
7.You need to organize your time more …… (Efficient )
Test 8.
- Stories are more ……. than lists of words .(Memory )
- His exam results were very …… . (Please )
- Passing exams will help you to get a ……job .(Good )
- You should revise on a regular …… (Base )
- There are books that are specially …….for foreign learners.(Simple )
- A degree is a very useful…….to have .(Qualify )
- I hope you will take into …… what I have just said to you .(Consider )
- This new book had many beautiful ……in it .(ILLUSTRATE)
Test 9.
1.My aunt became …….when she went to America. (Fame)
2.Paul sings …….; I’m surprised he isn’t a professional singer. (Beauty)
3.I was …….to see all my old friends again. (Delight )
4.They bought some …… for their new house. (Furnish )
5. She lives in a really ……mansion in the suburbs. (Luxury )
6. Are you sitting ……. in that chair ? (Comfort )
7.Everyone was nervous about the ……’s visit. (Inspector)
8.Our teacher has a really strong ……. . (Person)
9.His father has the best …… of ancient coins. (Collect)
Test 10.
1.The teacher wanted to know what my greatest …….(Ambitious)
2.I……ever go to the theatre. I don’t like it .(Hard )
3.Marina has a very …… manner , which I appreciate .(Relax)
4.Her son took part in the world ……last year .(Champion)
5.I was …….when victor said I was beautiful.(Flatter)
6. Julia got a ……for best leading actress .(Nominate )
7.She’s a very ……thinker .(Origin)
8.Her friend is very …….! You can trust him .(Rely)
Ответы к тренировочным тестам.
Test 1.
1. Expensive
2. Patient
3.Ambitious
4.Enthusiasm
5. Confidence
6.Impolite
7.Recently
8.Disappeared
Test 2.
- Belief
- Humorous
- Behaviour
- Receipt
- Ability
- Success
- Advertisement
- Childhood
Test 3.
1. Truth
2. Rewrite
3. Waitress
4. Signature
5. Suddenly
6. Success
7.Explanation
8. Inhabitants
Test 4.
- Description
- Explanation
- Argument
- Valuable
- Helpless
- Careful
- Dangerous
- Cheerful
Test 5.
1. Global
2. Advertisement
3. Disappeared
4. Dangerous
5. Information
6. Decorations
7. Windy
8. Satisfied
Test 6.
1. Pressure
2. Sleepless
3. Circulation
4. Energetic
5. Examiners
6.Painful
Test 7.
1.Tasteless
2. Visitors
3.Training
4 . Hunger
5. Solution
6. Personally
7. Efficiently
Test 8.
1. Memorable
2. Pleasant
3. Better
4. Basis
5. Simplified
6. Qualification
7. Consideration
8. ILLustrations
Test 9.
- Famous
- Beautifully
- Delighted
- Furniture
- Luxurious
- Comfortably
- Inspector
- Personality
- Collection
Test 10.
- Ambition
- Hardly
- Relaxed
- Championship
- Flattered
- Nomination
- Original
- Reliable