Пособие "Petroleum English",
книга на тему

ББК 32.973

Г 153

Печатается по постановлению

редакционно-издательского совета

Нижневартовского государственного гуманитарного университета

Рецензенты:

- кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Нижневартовского государственного гуманитарного университета Т.Б. Казиахмедов

- кандидат педагогических наук, преподаватель муниципального бюджетного образовательного учреждения «Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 34» г.Нижневартовск О.А. Шестопалова.

Л.Г. Глебова «Petroleum English»: Методические рекомендации  по проведению профильного технического курса для обучающихся по направлению "Petroleum English", а также вовлечение в профессиональную среду нефтедобывающей отрасли посредством общения с ведущими специалистами, владеющими англоязычной лексикой нефтегазового сектора. - Нижневартовск: Издательство «Дизарт Груп», 2014.- 53 с.

        Пособие адресовано учителям английского языку, материалы работы могут быть использованы не только в рамках внеурочной деятельности, но и в организации профильного технического курса для обучающихся по направлению "Petroleum English", образовательного курса обучения.

© Глебова Л.Г., 2014

Unit I

Grammar Revision                ing-forms

Text                                Oil Industry Structure

Ex. 1

Read and translate the international words, try to give more than one variant of translation, where possible:

E.g.: combination – комбинация, сочетание

Active

Alternative

Category

Characterize

Collection

Combination

Complex (adj.)

Constitution

Contaminant

Conversion

Conveyer

Discrete

Focus (v.)

Generate

Industry

Injection

Installation

Integrate

Manufacture

Operation

Orient (v)

Potential

Production

Salt

Segment

Transform

Unique

Parity

Ex. 2

Match the Russian words from A with the English words from B

Ex.3

Translate the following collocations into Russian:

Industry segment, chemical composition, engineering specialty, interpretation of seismic information, combine geophysical information, geologic theory, production engineer, method of production, professional discipline, prospect generation, complex function, marketing specialist, service station, ocean-going barge, unique characteristics, hydrocarbon molecules, to focus attention, production operations, integrated company, paradox of interests

Ex. 4

Some international words are not always easy to translate from English into Russian, as in our language they have a different meaning, e.g. off-shore platform -  морская платформа, а не оффшорная платформа. Such words are called “translator’s false friends” – ложные друзья переводчика.

Match A & B and try to give Russian words with international roots in C:

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex. 5

Translate these sentences into Russian:

1. This tobacco is a mixture of three different sorts.
2. Refined oil is good for cooking, while unrefined oil is good for salads.
3. He extracted a promise from me that I’d come to the party.
4. Your face is familiar to me.
5. Geologists prospect for oil and gas.
6. In countries without adequate welfare (социальный) provisions for the poor, unemployment may be very much more severe in its effects.

Words to Text 1

Text A

Read the text and name the main oil industry functions.

Oil Industry Structure

Part I

1.        Oil industry really is a collection of industries, each characterized by a unique profession.

What consumers know as gasoline, heating oil, lubricating oil, diesel, and other petroleum products start out as crude oil. In its natural state, crude oil has little value. For one thing, in its natural state, it usually is underground, where it can do no one any good. For another, its underground location begins as an unknown. Oil underground has no value, therefore, until someone first finds it and then conveys it to the Earth's surface, or at least proves that the conveyance is economically and technically feasible. Even then, however, the crude has value only in its potential to be converted into useful fuels. Usually, crude as it comes out of the ground is dark, gooey^[1] stuff, mixed with mud and salt water and containing metals and perhaps sulfur and other chemicals. It might be black, green, brown, sometimes orange, or occasionally nearly clear. The really good stuff is nearly clear and very fluid, free of sulfur and other contaminants, approaching gasoline in chemical composition. The really bad stuff is so thick that it must be heated in order to flow, high in sulfur and metal content. To be worth anything, crude of any quality must be chemically transformed. The deliberate chemical change falls under a broad industry category called processing.

2.        Crude oil, then, must be found, extracted, and processed. And between these steps it must be transported from place to place. The oil industry segment that searches for oil is called exploration. Extraction is called production. Processing is called refining. And transporting is called, well, transportation. These functions often are categorized as "upstream" or "downstream." The upstream business, including exploration and production, provides the oil industry's raw material. The downstream business is the manufacturing part of the industry; it takes the raw material, crude oil, and turns it into valuable products through the process of refining.

Professional disciplines differ widely among these various functions, which is why the industry seems so much like a collection of businesses to people familiar with it. Exploration, for example, employs the sciences of geophysics and geology. Production involves sophisticated engineering oriented to the behavior of underground rock. In both upstream businesses, the crucial field activity is drilling, which is a professional and engineering specialty.

3.        Until the mid-1980s, the upstream industry segments tended to function discretely. A geophysicist produced a seismic section and interpreted it to produce a map of the underground. A geologist combined the geophysical information with field observations and information from any wells drilled in the study area to generate a "prospect" — a location to be drilled. Then a drilling crew, nowadays employees of a contractor and not the prospect-generating company, moved onto the location to drill a hole several thousand feet, or several tens of thousands of feet, into the ground to test the geologic theory. If the hole, or well, found oil in sufficient quantity, the production engineers took over to decide how best to get it out. The engineers' work led to field development, which normally included the drilling of more wells, installation of equipment to handle produced fluids, and perhaps a program of water injection or other method of enhancing production.

4.         All these physical steps still must be performed. Since the mid-1980s, however, extremely powerful computers have made it possible for oil companies to blend information from each of the professional disciplines. Now, geophysicists work more closely with geologists than before in prospect generation, and petroleum engineers may enter the picture so that a prospective development program becomes available before the first well has been started. The effect has been a blending of once-distinct functions, although the sequence of upstream steps has not changed much.

5.        The downstream petroleum industry employs a different set of professionals, mainly chemists and engineers. Refining is a complex function that takes the generally big molecules, constituting crude oil, and turns them into little, more useful molecules that can be mixed to make gasoline and other products. In general, chemists figure out what needs to be done, and refining engineers figure out how to do it. Related to their activities are those of marketing specialists who think of ways to make consumers buy their products rather than those of competitors.

6.        Connecting oil fields with refineries and refineries with service stations and home heating oil distributors is the transportation network. It includes tank trucks, ocean-going tankers, barges, pipelines, and storage facilities. Transportation, too, makes up a business. In fact, trucking, pipelining, and shipping are all very distinct businesses, each with its own professional specialty.

Part II

7.        This, in very simple terms, is the mechanical part of the oil market, the industry that produces what economists call supply. We will examine the parts in greater detail later. What is important at this point is to recognize the unique characteristics of the petroleum supply functions and the people who perform them. Indeed, as hydrocarbon molecules pass from function to function, their ownership often changes. The number of ownership changes varies widely.

8.        These disparities of function and ownership have important economic implications^[2]. They relate to the organization of companies, patterns of trade, and market behavior.

Some companies, for example, organize around particular functions. Thus there are independent producers, which specialize in upstream work. Their concentrations may be even narrower; some independents focus on exploration, while some prefer to conduct only development and production operations. And there are independent refiners, which concentrate on processing and marketing.

9.        Other companies organize around the concept of integration — ownership of both upstream and downstream operations. An integrated company thus finds and produces crude oil, refines it, and markets the products.

Integration introduces an interesting paradox of interests, the understanding of which is crucial to an understanding of petroleum economics. High crude-oil prices benefit producers for obvious reasons: The producer of 20 B/D of crude makes more money when crude sells for $22/bbl than when the price falls to $15. To refiners, the crude-oil price is a feedstock cost. All else being equal — especially product prices — a refiner makes more money from $15/bbl crude than from its dearer alternative.

10.        An integrated company looks at crude prices from both perspectives. At least in theory, it both sells crude (from its upstream divisions) and buys it (in its downstream units), even when the transactions occur internally. The advantages of integration have been the subjects of lively economic debate since John D. Rockefeller controlled the market. Whatever its other merits and drawbacks, integration brings into focus the vital dual nature of crude oil prices as both key determinant of producer revenues and principal cost for refiners.

Text analysis

Ex. 6

1. Refer to paragraph 1 and a) translate the sentence containing “therefore”; b) what is the meaning of “as” in the following phrase “crude as it comes out of the ground is dark, gooey stuff”?
2. Read paragraph 2 and translate the word “functions” in the following sentence: “These functions often are categorized as "upstream" or "downstream."
3. Refer to paragraph 4 and using a dictionary, identify the meaning of “enter”.
4. Look at paragraph 5. What is meant by the two “those” in the last sentence?  Do they have the same meaning?
5. Study paragraph 7 and say why the author says “indeed”.
6. Look at paragraph 8 and translate the sentence: “Their concentrations may be even narrower; some independents focus on exploration, while some prefer to conduct only development and production operations.” What is the meaning of “while” in the sentence?
7. Go to paragraph 9. What is meant by “all else being equal”?
8. In paragraph 10 a) what is meant by “both perspectives”? b) explain the meaning of the  word “internally”; c) translate the sentence: “Whatever its other merits and drawbacks, integration brings into focus the vital dual nature of crude oil prices as both key determinant of producer revenues and principal cost for refiners.”

Ex. 7

Find English equivalents to the following Russian word combinations:

Part I

Прежде всего

Неизвестная величина

Содержит много серы и металлов

Почти прозрачная

Специальное химическое преобразование

Посредством процесса переработки

Люди, которые знакомы с ней

по крайней мере

перерабатывать добытые флюиды

определение перспективного участка

действовать по отдельности

ранее отдельные операции

автомобильные перевозки

говоря простым языком

Part II

Смена собственника

структура торговли

специализация может быть уже

Ex. 8

Find in Text I the names of specialties related to oil industry and make a list of them.

Ex. 9

Match A & B, and say what each specialist does.

Words

Ex. 10

Match words in A with their explanations in B

Ex. 11

Build words and translate them into Russian:

Ex.12

Some English words are used as both nouns and verbs without changing their graphical form, e.g. use:

The use of oil for lighting is not very practical.

People use oil and its products for heating and powering engines.

Mind the pronunciation!

Use (n) - [ju:s]

Use (v) - [ju:z]

Here are some more words used as both nouns and verbs without changing their graphical form.

Work in pairs. Check the pronunciation of these words in the dictionary and write down Russian equivalents to these pairs in blank spaces:

Concentrate        __________________        to concentrate     _______________________

Market         __________________        to market            _______________________

Focus                __________________        to focus              ________________________

Extract         __________________        to extract           ________________________

Value                 __________________        to value              ________________________

Service        __________________        to service           ________________________

Think of your own sentences with these pairs. Write them down.

Comprehension

Ex. 13

Refer closely to Text A and answer the questions:

1. Why does the author consider oil industry to be a collection of industries?
2. Why does crude oil in its natural state have no value?
3. What does the upstream business include?
4. What does the downstream business include?
5. What are the characteristics of high-quality oil?
6. How does crude oil get its value?
7. How did the upstream industry function in pre-computer times?
8. What professions and businesses are involved in the downstream petroleum industry?
9. What does the type of company organization in the oil industry depend on?
10. What is the paradox of interests between producers and refiners?

Ex. 14

Refer to Text A again. Here are some answers. What are the questions?

1. There are two reasons. First, because in its natural state it is usually underground, and, second, because its underground location begins as unknown.
2. It is called processing.
3. It provides the oil industry's raw material.
4. The crucial field activity is drilling.
5. The drilling of more wells, installation of equipment to handle produced fluids, and perhaps a program of water injection or other method of enhancing production.
6. the mid -1980s
7. The effect has been a blending of once-distinct functions.
8. They think of ways to make consumers buy their products
9. It connects oil fields with refineries and refineries with service stations and home heating oil distributors.
10. They are called independent companies.
11.  It finds and produces crude oil, refines it, and markets the products.

Ex. 15

Study the following list of useful words and word combinations.

rather than                 вместо того, чтобы; скорее…, чем; больше…, чем; а не…

Ex. Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first?

Почему сначала не поработать, вместо того, чтобы сразу поступать в университет?

in fact                        на самом деле; даже; к тому же

                        Ex. The sales revenues were expected to rise but in fact, they fell.

Предполагалось, что доходы от продаж увеличатся, но, на самом, деле, они сократились.

in greater/more detail        подробнее

                        Ex. This issue will be discussed in more detail        in Chapter 5.

                        Эта проблема более подробна рассматривается в Главе 5.

at this point                тут, здесь ( о времени)

                        Ex. At this point he paused a few seconds.

                        Тут он остановился на несколько секунд.

Indeed                        на самом деле, фактически

                        Ex. I was indeed impressed by her story.

                        Ее рассказ, в самом деле, произвел на меня впечатление

the number                 количество, число

                        Ex. The number of independent companies in Russia is growing.

                        Число независимых компаний в России увеличивается.

a number                ряд

                        Ex. There’s a number of reasons why these two companies merged.

Существует ряд причин, почему эти две компании объединились.

thus                        так, таким образом

Ex. We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our costs. Надеемся, что новая машина будет работать быстрее, таким образом наши затраты уменьшаться.

while                         хотя; несмотря на то, что; в то время как.

Ex. While teaching standards could be raised, more funding would also help. Хотя требования к уровню преподавания можно было бы повысить, увеличение финансирования также не помешало бы.

Their country has plenty of oil while ours has none. В их стране много нефти, в то время как у нас ее совсем нет.

at least                по меньшей мере, по крайней мере, хотя бы

                        Ex. He had at least £100,000 in savings.

Сумма его сбережений составляла, по меньшей мере, 100 000 фунтов стерлингов.

both … and                и… и; как…, так и …

                        Ex. Downstream involves both processing and marketing.

                        Даунстрим включает как переработку, так и маркетинг.

Ex. 16

Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Before WW II foreign trade of crude oil was practically unknown, because of the relatively high cost of transporting crude rather than products.
2. Taiwan’s gas demand is growing as electric power generators turn away from nuclear sources in favor of LNG. In fact, in 2004 gas-fired power plants accounted for 10% of Taiwan’s electric generation.
3. I will speak about energy consumption in the developing countries in greater detail in the third part of my presentation.
4. Futures trading in crude oil and key products developed rapidly in the 1980s. Chapter 9 will discuss the subject in greater detail. At this point it is important to recognize the extent to which futures trading open a window on the oil market.
5. Oil industry is indeed a collection of industries.
6. The rate at which oil can be produced from a given field depends upon a number of factors.
7. A modern refinery involves a number of processes. The number of processes depends on the type of oil.
8. When the dollar is weak against, say, the Japanese yen, crude oil producers who spend a lot of money in Japan suffer. A weak dollar thus influences their trading behavior.
9. What is important to remember is that oil can rise without creating inflation. And inflation can occur while oil prices are falling.
10. Producers do not base their price decisions on refinery runs, at least not directly.
11. Supply, demand, and price constantly push and pull at one another as the result of millions of producers, processors, traders, and consumers making decisions to their best economic interests. Price is both a product of this process and a key factor in the outcome.
12. Just as there are different types of petroleum products, there are different types of crude and different categories of price for both crude and products.
13. Historically, empires have been exporters of capital, rather than importers like the US.

Ex. 17

Match the first part of the sentences in column A with the second part in column C using useful words in column B:

Grammar

– ing - forms

Ex. 18

Translate the phrases with -ing-forms into Russian:

heating oil; lubricating oil; stuff, mixed with mud and salt water and containing metals; a broad industry category called processing; business, including exploration and production; the manufacturing part of the industry; sophisticated engineering;  oil-bearing layers;  method of enhancing production; a blending of once-distinct functions; big molecules, constituting crude oil; сonnecting oil fields with refineries and refineries with service stations is the transportation network; trucking, pipelining, and shipping are all very distinct businesses; independent refiners, which concentrate on processing and marketing; the understanding of which is crucial to an understanding of petroleum economics.

Ex. 19

Read and translate the following sentences with –ing forms:

1. Many developing countries subsidize oil consumption in order to stimulate economic activity. This is common in the petroleum-producing countries of Latin America,
2. Rising oil prices by themselves cannot cause inflation.
3. The Soviet Union greatly expanded its internal pipeline system during the 1960s in order to link its central Asian gasfields to the main Soviet consuming areas.
4. As more becomes known about the oil-bearing rock more successful finds are made.
5. A rising price of crude oil is neither inflation nor the cause of inflation.
6. The prices of all goods rise for reasons other than changing supply-demand relationships for those goods.
7. The degree of inflation in important trading economies as well as the state of international currency markets  play crucial roles in the condition of oil markets.
8. "Who sets the price of oil?" someone inevitably asks, wanting a comprehensible answer that can be condensed into a sentence or two.
9. Before the First World War international trade in oil was structured around product exports from refineries located in or near the main producing areas.
10. In Saudi Arabia, whose crude output continued to be processed in Bahrain throughout the war, the construction of the Ras Tanura refinery— regarded as a high military priority by the US Government—started in 1944, enabling the plant to start production in late 1945.
11.  A crude containing very small traces of sulphur is termed very sweet.
12. To consumers deciding whether to buy fuel it matters little where it comes from.
13. At today's rate of use there is still enough oil to last the next 42 years, according to BP oil company although those concerned about Peak Oil^[3] say we are closer to running out given demand is expected to rise strongly in the short-term.
14. One more concept is crucial to an understanding of petroleum price movements.
15. Imported crude oil arrives by tanker for unloading at marine terminals.
16. Futures trading in crude oil and key products developed rapidly in the 1980s.
17. The Russian oil industry developed a major export capability in the mid-1880s, when the opening of a trans-Caucasian railway made it possible to ship oil from the Black Sea.
18. Primary distillation, or "topping", is based on the fact that each fraction of oil has a different boiling point.
19. Official government selling prices became the focal point of the OPEC pricing system after the mid-1970s.

Ex. 20

Arrange the following into sentences:

1. integrated both and crude buys sells it an company.
2. the business manufacturing industry downstream is the the part of.
3. employs exploration for the sciences geophysics geology. of and example
4. extracted oil must found crude and processed be
5. the engineers mainly chemists downstream industry employs and petroleum
6. are specialize in which producers upstream work there independent.
7. feasible oil sometimes is not convey ground it economically to to the.
8. is processing refining called.
9. for is more facilities there need storage.
10. main gas fuel market natural oil’s on competitor the is.
11. last of nation’s oil increased year consumption gas the and.
12. different used enhance are oil recovery methods to.
13. a operation drilling oil sophisticated for is.
14. the the crucial speed success to is reform of.
15. upwards are oil tending prices.

Ex. 21

Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1.  Overproduction tends to cause deflation.
2. On November 30, 2007 Bruce Power signed a letter of intent to acquire Energy Alberta and take over the project.
3. Independent companies now dominate exploration and development in Alaska’s two producing provinces.
4. Integrated oil and gas companies tend today to reduce their E&D activities in Alaska while independents move in.
5. Consumers reduced consumption during 2004 in response to gasoline prices that were 20% higher than in 2003.
6. One of the historical effects of technology was that large integrated companies were granted a monopoly over the supply of energy in many countries and, on the back of this, achieved a monopoly over producing oil and gas.
7. Throughout the 150-year history of the oil industry, technological progress has been a force controlling production levels.
8. Refineries have processes for turning the lower-value products of distillation into higher-value products.
9. Pipelines convey oil, gas and petroleum products from the wellhead to consumers.
10. A state oil enterprise has general permission to engage foreign oil companies as contractors in order to assist the state oil enterprise in fulfilling its task.
11. The processing of crude into various refined products, together with the marketing of these products, is known as the downstream.
12. Petroleum exploration, development and production require long-term investments.
13. Many developing countries subsidize oil consumption in order to stimulate economic activity—or to keep government leaders in power.
14. compete
15. Like supply and demand, price cannot be viewed in isolation.
16. Crude oil purchased by the U.S. government goes into storage facilities of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
17. Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.
18. The 1986 oil price collapse benefited oil-consuming countries such as the United States, Japan, Europe, and Third World nations, but represented a serious loss in revenue for oil-producing countries in northern Europe, the Soviet Union, and OPEC.
19. Azerbaijan produces about 800,000 barrels of oil per day and 1 bcm of gas.
20. Libya is considered a highly attractive oil area due to its low cost of oil production (as low as $1 per barrel at some fields), and proximity to European markets
21. Petroleum engineers determine optimum rates and methods of production.
22. A modern refinery involves a number of processes, each designed to either break down or rearrange hydrocarbon molecules.
23. Transport is crucial to the economy and culture of Niger, this vast landlocked nation, with cities separated by huge uninhabited deserts, mountain ranges, and other natural features.
24. When prices of a necessity such as oil rise significantly, demand for luxuries tends to go down and their prices, therefore, to fall.
25. According to the doctrine prevailing in the 1960-s in the Soviet geological science Siberia was not considered an oil-bearing region.
26. Drilling costs at this oilfield were very high.

Ex. 22

1. Fill in the gaps with the following words:

feasible, drilling, produced, stuff, harm, petroleum, mixture, to provide, supplying, produce, well, good, natural gas, value, benefits, ownership, crude

In 1859 Edwin Drake drilled the first oil __________in Pennsylvania. In terms of both time and distance, however, it was very far from where oil was first discovered by ___________. Oil was first _________in China in around 200 BC. Long before 200 BC, however, people had realized the __________of crude oil and some of its properties. As early as 3500 BC, in what is now Iraq, the Sumerians used asphalt as an indestructible adhesive for bricks^[4]. From 2200 BC, following the Sumerians, the Babylonians built bridges, walls, tunnels, roads, the Hanging Gardens and the seven-storey Tower of Babel with asphalt.

Under the pharaohs the Egyptians mummified their dead with a special ________ mixture of bitumen and other things. By the 2nd century AD, the Romans also burned _________oil as a fumigant. By the early 10th century, Arab nations understood that it could be distilled.

Oil, however, has done people both _________and _________. In the story of __________ and __________, fire and conflict have often taken place. In the 20th century battles and even whole wars have been fought over the _________ of oil, and have been won or lost through the possession or loss of it. The same was true of the Middle Ages. Moreover, in the times of the Roman Empire it was discovered that the________ of  petroleum and calcium oxide  was highly explosive. This had such obvious _________ that it became a closely guarded secret.

But for most people the most common reason for burning oil or gas has been ___________ simple domestic lighting and heating. In 1272, passing through the town of Baku, the great traveler Marco Polo noted that everyone used oil lamps, and that people came from miles around to buy oil. Half a millennium later, in 1795, Britain’s first ambassador to Borneo wrote about the island’s successful oil industry; there were at least 500 wells (all dug by hand) _________ oil for lighting and heating to over 7 million people.

Such comforts did not exist in Europe even then, in the late 18th century; and Europe’s earlier Dark Ages were not only metaphorically but literary so. When the sun went down in the evening that, for most people, was that.

In any social or economic sphere, the difference between having light after nightfall and having none is amazing. It was not that the Europeans in the Dark Ages ignored the possibilities of oil; those few who were educated certainly knew it existed. The reason that they did not _________ oil was simply that there was no oil, or so very little that it was not ________ to produce it. If there had been  significant land-based resources of oil near London, Paris, Rome or any other centre of western Europe’s medieval civilization, they could have been exploited at the earliest possible date; and the entire world’s history would have been different.

2. Define the functional style of the text

Ex. 23

Translate into English:

1. Бензин, топливо коммунально-бытового назначения и смазочное  масло являются продуктами переработки сырой нефти.
2. Загрязняющие вещества наносят большой вред окружающей среде.
3. Люди давно поняли ценность нефти.
4. Газ доставляют потребителям по трубопроводам.
5. Технико-экономическое обоснование проводят для того, чтобы выяснить, следует ли инвестировать средства в какой-либо проект.
6. К концу 1950-х годов стала возможной перевозка газа по морю.
7. Переработка сырой нефти в очищенные продукты и маркетинг этих продуктов относятся к вторичным отраслям нефтегазового хозяйства.
8. Для того чтобы добывать углеводородное сырье требуется сложное оборудование.
9. Добыча нефти и газа в России постоянно растет.
10. Несмотря на то, что число НПЗ  в мире сократилось, объем переработки сырой нефти в минувшем году увеличился.
11. Россия является единственным поставщиком газа в Болгарию.
12. В первичных отраслях нефтегазового хозяйства заняты (вовлечены) такие специалисты, как геологи, буровики и инженеры-разработчики.
13. Нефть впервые добыли в Китае около 200 г. до н.э.
14. ТЭО проекта подтвердило его экономическую эффективность.

Ex. 24

Translate Text B into Russian in writing. Use your dictionary.

Main Sectors of the Oil Industry

The location and extraction of crude petroleum constitute the upstream end of the oil industry, while the processing of crude into various refined products, together with the marketing of these products, is known as the downstream end. Trading activities between the extraction and refining stages constitute a "midstream" area, which emerged as a distinct sector of the international oil industry in the late 1970s as increasing volumes of crude came to be marketed outside the formerly dominant "closed circuit" of integrated upstream and downstream interests controlled by the major companies.

Ex. 25

Render into English

Нефтяная и газовая промышленность представляют собой сложные отрасли производства. Для обеспечения добычи нефти и газа, производства нефтепродуктов и доставки их потребителям требуется участие большого количества организаций и предприятий, осуществляющих различные технологические процессы, тесно связанные между собой. В настоящее время можно выделить следующие сферы деятельности в нефтегазовой отрасли: поиск и разведка месторождений; бурение и строительство скважин; добыча нефти, газа и конденсата; транспорт, хранение и сбыт нефти, газа и продуктов их переработки.

Основными звеньями «нефтяной и газовой цепочки» являются добыча и переработка нефти и газа, потому что они создают продукцию – сырую нефть и газ и продукты их переработки. Деятельность остальных сфер подчинена им.

Unit II

Grammar Revision: Noun Structures, Participles

Text: The Distribution System

Ex. 1

Read and translate the international words, try to give more than one variant of translation, where possible:

Ex.2

Translate the following collocations into Russian:

product marketing, professional dealer, unique brand, universal automobile, transportation by tanker, limited reserves, unique functions, to invest money, local investors, marine terminal, system functions, local reserves, service station, product brand.

Ex.3

Match “false friends” in A with Russian words in B and try, where possible, to give Russian words with international roots in C:

Ex. 4

Translate these sentences with international words into Russian:

1. The company keeps a full inventory of its equipment.
2. You can find all these books in your local library.
3. Be sure you read the directions before using any piece of equipment.
4. The hot water tank is leaking.
5. After a brief examination by a local doctor, I was taken to the city's main hospital.

Words to Text A

Text A

Read the text and name the parts of the distribution system.

The Distribution System

1.        As liquid hydrocarbons, oil or LNG, flow from the wellhead to the consumer, patterns of ownership change along the course. Let us see how the distribution system functions. The United States will serve as the example, since it is the world's single biggest petroleum market and since other distribution systems follow the general pattern.

2.        The U.S. distribution system has three parts. What is called the primary distribution system handles crude oil and products from the wellhead to large bulk terminals for petroleum products. The secondary distribution system divides the large quantities of product from large bulk terminals into smaller quantities for delivery to retail outlets and smaller bulk storage facilities. The tertiary system includes storage facilities and inventories of product consumers.

3.        The primary distribution system begins at the lease tank, a storage unit near the producing well. Crude oil moves from there into gathering pipelines or tank trucks. Gathering pipelines may connect to larger trunk pipelines or to loading stations for trucks, barges, or rail tank cars. The crude may travel to a storage terminal or directly to a refinery, where it usually spends more time in a storage tank. Imported crude oil arrives by tanker for unloading at marine terminals, which have storage capacity and pipeline links to refineries or trunk pipelines. Crude oil purchased by the U.S. government goes into storage facilities of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

4.        Refineries have storage tanks for crude, intermediate products (those requiring further processing), and finished products. The finished products move from refinery storage by pipeline, tank truck, barge, or tanker toward a general market area, stopping usually at the large bulk terminal that represents the end of the primary distribution system.

5.        The secondary distribution system includes localized storage facilities and retail outlets. The storage at this stage usually involves wholesale bulk plants that receive products by tank car or truck. From wholesale storage, products move to tanks at retail outlets, including service stations and retail fuel oil dealers.

6.        Storage in the tertiary distribution system includes everything from fuel tanks for boilers at factories to fuel oil tanks in homes, to gasoline tanks in automobiles. Sometimes, products move directly from the primary distribution system to the tertiary system. High-volume fuel users often invest in direct transportation links to the primary system in order to avoid the costs of the secondary system. Large airlines, for example, purchase jet fuel directly from refineries where logistics are favorable.

7.        Downstream of refineries, product ownership can change several times. Especially in the case of gasoline, this is not always apparent because of widespread brand identification with oil companies. A motorist filling up at a service station identified by the brand of a major refiner indeed buys that refiner's gasoline, but the station attendant may or may not be an employee of the refiner. In fact, the attendant probably works for an independent business person who owns the station and pays for the right to use the refiner's brand. The station owner might also be an investment company operating stations on behalf of the refiner.

8.        In 1985, 81.5% of gasoline sales by all refiners were to independent dealers or wholesalers. Service stations operated by refining company employees accounted for only 16.4% of total gasoline sales. The rest of the sales were to bulk purchasers.

9.        When crude oil comes out of the ground, then, it and its derivatives most likely will have several owners before a consumer buys the finished products. Each of these changes in ownership implies a business transaction. Petroleum changes many hands and rings many cash registers, as it passes through production, processing, and distribution systems.

Text Analysis

Find English equivalents for the following in Text A

по мере продвижения; первичная распределительная система охватывает операции с сырой нефтью и нефтепродуктами от устья скважины до крупных нефтеналивных терминалов; промысловый трубопровод; отводы трубопровода; после НПЗ; не всегда можно определить; крупная нефтеперерабатывающая компания; заставляет работать не один кассовый аппарат

Comprehension

Ex.5

Refer closely to Text A and answer the questions:

1. What is each part of the distribution system responsible for?
2. What are the starting and terminal points of the primary distribution system?
3. What storage and transportation facilities are employed in the primary distribution system?
4. Where does the secondary distribution system begin and where does it end?
5. What storage facilities are involved here?
6. How can high volume fuel users skip the secondary distribution system?
7. How do crude and products change ownership through the distribution system?

Ex. 6

Refer to Text A again. Here are some answers. What are the questions?

1. It includes storage facilities and inventories of product consumers.
2. This system handles crude oil and products from the wellhead to large bulk terminals for petroleum products.
3. It goes into salt dome storage facilities of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
4. High volume users do so to avoid the costs of the secondary system.
5. Storage in this distribution system includes everything from fuel tanks for boilers at factories to fuel oil tanks in homes, to gasoline tanks in automobiles.
6. They accounted for only 16.4% of total gasoline sales.
7. They have storage tanks for crude, intermediate products, and finished products.

Ex. 7

Match the words in A with the definitions in B

Ex. 8

Build words and translate them into Russian:

Ex. 9

Read and translate into Russian the following sentences, paying attention to the words: handle, run, treat:

1. Royal Vopak is a Dutch company, that stores and handles various oil and natural gas-related products. The company was created by the merger of Van Ommeren and Pakhoed in 1999.
2. Standard Oil Company of Iowa was created in 1885 as a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Trust to handle marketing along the Pacific Coast states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, California, and Arizona.
3. SaskOil is a Canadian state-owned oil and gas corporation handling oil exploration and production.
4. The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) is a deepwater port in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana near the town of Port Fourchon. LOOP provides tanker offloading and temporary storage services for crude oil transported on some of the largest tankers in the world. Most tankers offloading at LOOP are too large for U.S. inland ports. LOOP handles 13 percent of the nation's foreign oil, about 1.2 million barrels a day, and connects by pipeline to 50 percent of the U.S. refining capacity.
5. We treat all our customers’ complaints very seriously.
6. The crude leaving the well head must be processed and treated to make it safe, environmentally acceptable, and economically viable^[5] for storage, processing and export.
7. H-Bio is an oil refinery process developed in Brazil by the state run oil company Petrobras for refining vegetable oil into standard petroleum products.
8. Central Asia-Center is a Gazprom controlled system of natural gas pipelines, which run from Turkmenistan via Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to Russia.
9. The Standard Oil Company of Kentucky or Kyso was an oil company and gasoline distributor that operated in the southeastern United States from 1886 until it was acquired by Chevron Oil Company in 1960. After the breakup of the Standard Oil company in 1911, the company was awarded rights to run the oil operation of Kentucky, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi.
10. Bombay High is an offshore oilfield 160 km off the coast of Mumbai (Bombay). Despite the name of Bombay being changed to Mumbai, the name of the rigs remains Bombay High. The oil operations are run by India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation.
11. Venezuela has the largest conventional oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere. In addition Venezuela has non-conventional oil deposits (extra-heavy crude oil, bitumen and tar sands) approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. Venezuela nationalized its oil industry in 1975-1976, creating Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PdVSA), the country's state-run oil and natural gas company. Along with being Venezuela's largest employer, PdVSA accounts for about one-third of the country’s GDP, 50 percent of the government’s revenue and 80 percent of Venezuela’s exports earnings.

Ex. 10

Translate the sentences into English, using useful words in the box:

rather than         in fact                in greater detail        at this point                indeed                the number         a number        thus        while                 at least        both … and

1. За последнее время число скважин, пробуренных в Западной Сибири, значительно возросло.
2. Уже в античном мире нефть использовалась как в мирных, так и в военных целях.
3. За последнее время в Западной Сибири был пробурен целый ряд горизонтальных скважин.
4. Авиалинии закупают реактивное топливо напрямую у НПЗ, избегая, таким образом, дополнительных затрат.
5. В настоящее время компания проводит технико-экономическое обоснование проекта.
6. Мы сообщим подробнее о результатах переговоров на нашей следующей встрече.
7. На самом деле, как нефть, так и газ дешевле перевозить по морю, а не транспортировать по трубопроводам.
8.  В 1930-х годах Тринидад. Колумбия, Перу и Эквадор экспортировали нефть, в то время как Аргентина и Канада добывали нефть только для собственного потребления.
9. За последнее время цены на нефть увеличились, по меньшей мере, вдвое.
10. Вся работа была фактически выполнена одним человеком.

Grammar

Noun structures

Ex. 10

Join the words below in an appropriate noun structure; use necessary articles.

1. facility /storage
2.  system/distribution
3.  retail/outlet
4. construction/tankers
5. inventories/company
6. purchaser/bulk
7. amount/stock
8. end/century
9. tanker/LNG
10. station/service
11. user/fuel
12. Taiwan/gas demand
13. geophysics/science
14. rock/underground
15. contractor/employees
16. equipment/installation
17. method/production
18. earth/surface
19. operations/upstream
20. set/professionals
21. product/consumer
22. competitor/price
23. trade/pattern
24. price/barrel

Ex. 11

Rewrite the following phrases as noun structures.

1. development of a field of oil
2. the production of oil and gas in the world
3. a station for serving cars which belongs to the Brown family
4. a car for races belonging to my brother
5. a tank containing oil
6. a study made to determine if the project is feasible
7. a tank for oil
8. a user consuming high volumes of fuel
9. an employee working for the refiner
10. dealers selling oil used as a fuel on retail basis
11. a contractor involved in drilling operations
12. a layer bearing oil
13. consumption of large volumes of energy
14. the center which makes research into energy crisis
15. the institute in Houston which trains teachers
16. increase of capacity to export Russian oil

Participles

Импортированная/импортируемая нефть - imported crude

Страны, экспортирующие нефть - oil exporting countries

Страна, экспортировавшая нефть – the country that (which) exported oil

Ex. 12

Translate into English:

1. распределенные материально-технические запасы; отдел, распределяющий материально-технические запасы
2. потребленный объем энергии; двигатель, потребляющий меньше энергии
3. нанятый персонал; чиновник, нанимающий персонал
4. арендованный участок; буровой подрядчик, арендующий оборудование
5. СПГ, транспортируемый по трубопроводу; компания, транспортирующая готовые продукты
6. Добытый объем нефти; компания, добывающая природный газ
7. разведываемый участок; разведанный участок
8. газ, хранимый в подземном коллекторе; газ, хранящийся в подземном коллекторе
9. продаваемый в розницу товар; АЗС, продающая бензин в розницу; АЗС, продавшая бензин в розницу
10. нефть, закупленная у ОПЕК; страна, закупившая нефть у ОПЕК
11. сжиженный газ; агрегат, сжижающий газ (unit)
12. переработанная сырая нефть; компания, перерабатывающая сырую нефть
13. разработанное месторождение; разрабатывающий месторождение
14. повышенная добыча; метод, повышающий добычу; компания, повысившая уровень добычи

Grammar

Consider the following sentences with verbals and the way they can be translated into Russian:

Not knowing the language he couldn’t understand them - Не зная языка, он не мог понять их. - причина

Knowing the language he could understand what they were saying. – Зная язык, он понимал, о чем они говорят. - причина

After spending so much money on the car I can’t afford a holiday. – Потратив (поскольку я потратил) так много денег на машину, я не могу позволить себе поехать отдохнуть. - причина

By working hard she passed her maths exam – Она сдала экзамен по математике за счет того, что много занималась. – метод

On (after) returning from Beijing, he wrote to the Chinese embassy. – Вернувшись из Пекина, он написал письмо в китайское посольство. – время

They left without paying. – Они ушли, не заплатив. – второе действие не состоялось

Ex. 13

Translate the sentences into Russian, pay attention to verbals and their functions in the sentences:

1. While making the feasibility study experts found some mistakes.
2. By working in a team specialists learned from each other.
3. After signing the contract the company started exploration.
4. Many developing countries subsidize oil consumption in order to stimulate economic activity — or to keep government leaders in power.
5. Oil prices can rise without creating inflation.
6. Rising prices make investments in new capacity look attractive.
7. When preparing the project we consulted experts in downstream operations.
8. The company could not prepare the project without involving specialists in oil refining.
9. Being very busy the President of the company did not attend the meeting.
10. To consumers deciding whether to buy fuel it matters little where it comes from.
11. Tankers used to transport oil and gas are very expensive.
12. Large airlines purchasing jet fuel from refineries avoid costs of the tertiary distribution system.
13. Based on existing resource estimates world oil and gas resources are extensive.
14. Approximately 40% of the energy consumed annually by the United States is produced by burning oil.
15. What is important to remember is that oil prices can rise without creating inflation.
16. Processing adds value to oil.

Ex. 14

Translate into Russian, paying attention to the active vocabulary:

1. Oil is known to be one of the primary commodities.
2. France was the No. 1 purchaser of Iraqi oil.
3. The inventories of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve of the USA account for 727 bbl.
4. In 2000, Peru’s government awarded a license to develop Camisea gas field to an upstream consortium. Another downstream consortium is building a 700km pipeline to the coast.
5. BP has many retail outlets selling petrol and lubricating oils.
6. There will also be two plants on the Pacific coast to process and export gas to Mexico and energy-hungry California.
7. The Asian Development Bank has provided financial assistance of $1 million for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline feasibility study.
8. The US has been actively involved in rehabilitation and reconstruction of oil and gas facilities in Iraq since March 2003.
9. Crucial decisions had to be made, involving millions of dollars.
10. As of September 2005, 22 projects in the areas of crude oil production, processing, gas-oil separation plants and distribution had been completed.
11. Gazprom operates 21 underground natural gas storages.
12. The Druzhba pipeline remains the main export artery for Russian crude, transporting up to 1.3 million b/d.
13. Developing Lukoil’s new terminal at Vysotsk will increase Russia’s oil exports capacity in the Baltic.
14. High oil and gas prices are supporting the investment needed to increase worldwide production capacity.
15. Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population.
16. Russia will not use all the pipeline capacity for its own crude, sharing it with Kazakhstan and other central Asian exporters rather than using foreign facilities.
17. The company makes and distributes own-label products for supermarket retailers and wholesalers.
18. Learning to work together is a crucial part of the training program.
19. Foreign investors are not permitted to purchase land.
20. If this product does not give complete satisfaction, please return it to the manufacturer stating when and where it was purchased.
21. Import duties on some goods can be avoided if you know how.
22. She's a good manager, because she never avoids dealing with the problems of her staff.
23. None of these ideas requires much in the way of money or logistics.
24. Coke and Pepsi are the most popular brands of cola.
25. We lease all our computers.
26. I am writing to you on behalf of a group of purchasers of your company’s products.
27. Of this year’s E&D capital spending in the US, geological and geophysical costs will account for $11.6 billion.
28. The early morning market is for wholesalers only, the general public have to wait until later in the day.
29. Worldwide oil and gas industry capital investment will increase sharply this year, especially for upstream work.
30. The US Minerals Management Service has recently conducted an inventory of Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas resources.
31. As of 2000, oil and gas exports in Niger accounted for more than 98% of export earnings and about 83% of federal government revenue, as well as generating more than 40% of its GDP.

Ex. 15

Translate into Russian:

1. Природный газ сжижают для удобства транспортировки.
2. Экологически чистое производство является первоочередной задачей компании.
3. Основным средством транспорта нефти, газа и нефтепродуктов являются магистральные трубопроводы.
4. Франция закупает большие объемы газа у Ирака.
5. Запасы стратегического нефтяного резерва США составляют 727 миллиардов баррелей.
6. Компания получила лицензию на разработку газового месторождения.
7. «Лукойл» обладает широкой сетью АЗС, продающих в розницу бензин и смазочные масла.
8. Природный газ составляет 41,5% общего потребления энергии в Пакистане.
9. На шельфовых месторождениях затраты на добычи довольно высоки.
10. Потребление природного газа в Индии в настоящее время невелико.
11. В настоящее время наша компания занята в ряде международных нефтяных проектов.
12. Иран, занимая второе место в мире по запасам природного газа, добывает около 70 млрд.
13. Новый наливной терминал, построенный в прошлом году, работает на полную мощность.
14. Взяв в аренду емкости для хранения нефтепродуктов, мы сможем избежать дополнительных расходов.
15. Правильно организованное материально-техническое снабжение газораспределительной системы имеет решающее значение.

Text B

1. Read Text B and fill in the blanks with the words in the box in the correct form
2. Give Text B a heading.

producer        LNG        be privatized        pipeline        ownership        account for         storage        gas supplier        consumer (2)        distribution        facility                demand

___________________________________________

Under the Gas Act 1986, the gas industry in Great Britain, in state ownership since 1949, _______________ and the assets of the British Gas Corporation transferred to the new company, British Gas plc.^[6] The Act also established the Office of Gas Supply to monitor British Gas’s activities as a public __________________, and the Gas Consumers Council to look after the interests of _________________.

The British Gas national high-pressure _______________ system of some 5,900 km provides for the ____________ of natural gas. It is supplied by mains from four North Sea shore terminals and from a terminal in Barrow-in-Furness (Cumbria). The whole of the high-pressure transmission system is regularly inspected. Various methods of _______________ of natural gas to meet the peak load conditions are used including salt domes and storage _______________ for _______________.

Sales of gas by the supply industry in Britain __________________ 18,742 million therms^[7] in 1986. About half of all gas sold by British Gas to its 17 million ________________ is for industrial and commercial purposes, the remainder being for household use. Gas is used extensively in industries requiring the control of temperatures to a fine degree of accuracy such as the pottery industry and certain processes of making iron and steel products. In 1986, 5,242 million therms of gas were sold to industry in Britain, 197 million therms to fuel __________________ and 2,950 million therms to commercial and other non-domestic users. The domestic load includes gas for cookers, space heaters, water heaters and refrigerators, but an increasingly large part of domestic demand is for gas for central heating.

(Britain 1988, An official Handbook)

 Ex. 16

Refer to Text A and do the following assignments:

1. Write down key words from the text
2. Divide the text into logical parts and give each part a headline.
3. Make a plan of the text.
4. Speak about the distribution system following your plan.

Ex. 17

Translate the texts into Russian.

New Project for Transportation of Oil

“Sovcomflot”, “Gazprom” and “Sevmorneftegaz” signed an agreement about realization of projects for transportation of oil from the oil field Prirazlomnoe by sea, informs the press-service of “Sovcomflot”. The planned volume of oil extraction amounts to 6.5 million tons per year, the shipment will start at the end of 2007 – beginning of 2008. Within the frames of the project the company placed an order for two tankers of the ice class with deadweight 70,000 tons each. The USA will be the main consumer of oil from the oil field Prirazlomnoe.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Russian Railways Increases Oil Transportation to China
Russian Railways increased its transportation of oil to China by 34.1 percent to 7.6m tons in 2005 compared to the year before, the company’s press service reported. Some 5.2m tons were supplied through the Zabaikalsk border terminal (a 68.2 percent increase) and 2.47m tons through the Naushki terminal (down 5.9 percent).

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Kazakhstan's Gas Transportation System

Kazakhstan's gas transportation system is used mainly for international transit - in 2004, transit gas from Kazakhstan amounted to 120 bcm.  Major gas pipelines are concentrated in the west of the country, which prevents full-scale gas utilization and adequate gas supply to the domestic market. As a result, exporting half of its gas production Kazakhstan is compelled to import gas to meet 44% of its domestic gas demand. Given a significant degree of depreciation of Kazakhstan's mains the priority objective is their upgrade and retooling. This is primarily the case with the Central Asia-Center (CAC) Pipeline system constituting a major infrastructure facility supporting the long-term agreements signed with Gazprom for gas transportation from Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan to Russia and farther to Europe. Kazakhstan is upgrading the CAC system independently.

The projects for adding throughput capacity to domestic pipelines and new pipeline construction have been initiated under the National Program for Building up Kazakhstan's Gas Industry for 2004 to 2010. The feasibility of major and most capital consuming of these projects is contingent on the success of the gas project to China. The currently considered China project scenarios include such projects as components.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex. 18

Render the following text in English in writing.

Трубопроводный транспорт сегодня

Развитие топливно-энергетического комплекса, определенное Энергетической стратегией России на период до 2020 года, во многом будет зависеть от работы магистрального трубопроводного транспорта энергоресурсов. На сегодняшний день на территории Российской Федерации создана разветвленная сеть газопроводов, нефтепроводов и продуктопроводов, проходящих по территориям многих регионов страны Протяженность российских магистральных трубопроводов, транспортирующих продукцию нефтегазового комплекса, составляет  219 тыс. км.

Важно отметить, что с помощью магистральных трубопроводов перемещается 100% добываемого газа, около 99% добываемой нефти, более 50% продукции, производимой подключенными к системе магистральных продуктопроводов нефтеперерабатывающими предприятиями.

Трубопроводный транспорт включает в себя значительное количество сооружений. В частности, на магистральных трубопроводах и подземных газохранилищах Единой (national) системы газоснабжения эксплуатируется 247 газокомпрессорных станций общей мощностью более 42 млн кВт. Число газораспределительных станций, обеспечивающих подачу газа потребителям, составляет 3,3 тыс.

За последние годы резко возросла роль трубопроводного транспорта в российской экономике. Трубопроводный транспорт активно влияет на формирование и развитие ТЭК страны и отдельных регионов, являясь его важной частью, и обеспечивает как передачу добытого и переработанного сырья, так и его на экспорт. Кроме того, трубопроводный транспорт выполняет роль распределительной системы энергетического сектора. Таким образом, системы трубопроводного транспорта являются эффективным инструментом реализации государственной политики, позволяющим регулировать поставки нефти, нефтепродуктов и газа как на внешний, так и на внутренний рынки. Ведь, как известно, экспорт газа, нефти и нефтепродуктов в основном осуществляется трубопроводным транспортом, в том числе через (via) морские терминалы.

(по материалам журнала «Нефтегазовая вертикаль» №11/2003)

Ex. 18

Render the following text in English in writing.

Необходимость в перевозке нефти и газа морским транспортом может возникнуть в силу различных причин. Зачастую морской транспорт является единственным технически возможным решением: море слишком глубоко, чтобы по его дну проложить трубопровод. К тому же при транспортировке на большие расстояния морской транспорт оказывается еще и дешевле по сравнению с магистральными нефте- и газопроводами. Помимо этого морской транспорт обеспечивает еще одно важное преимущество: надежность поставок. Дело в том, что при транспортировке углеводородов по морю не приходится пересекать территорию других государств. Таким образом, уменьшаются экономические (введение высоких транзитных пошлин) и политические риски (приостановка поставок в результате введения санкций). Одним из первых судов, специально спроектированных для перевозки нефти, стал «Мюрекс», построенный в 1892 году по заказу компании Шелл. Его грузоподъемность (или дедвейт от английского dead weight) составляла 5 000 тонн. Стандартные танкеры времен Второй мировой войны имели грузоподъемность уже в три раза больше – около 17 000 тонн. Самые большие танкеры в истории начали строиться в конце 1970-х годов. Их грузоподъемность достигает 550 000 тонн (фактически в сто раз больше, чем у «Мюрекса»!).

По мере увеличения размеров танкеров непрерывно снижалась стоимость морских перевозок.

( по материалам книги «Взгляд в будущее: Нефть и Природный Газ»)

UNIT III

Grammar :                revision

Text                         The Notion of Capacity

Skills:                Writing Summaries

Ex. 1

Read and translate the international words, try to give more than one variant of translation, where possible:

boiler

complex

component

cracking

diameter

distillation

eguipment

fraction

function

hydrocracking

invest

isolate

limit

modern

modification

modify

nature

optimum

parity

phase

reason

region

ruin

substance

technology

theory

total

upgrade

visualize

Words to Text I

Text A

The Notion of Capacity

Part I

1. Because it is a closed system, the market at any given time can handle only so much oil. The limit is its capacity. And the market's ultimate capacity to deliver petroleum products to consumers represents the sum of the physical capacities of the industry's various functions.

Thus there are production capacity, pipeline capacity, refining capacity, and storage capacity.

2. Nature and money determine the capacities. Nature determined the extent and location of Earth's reserves of crude oil. Money determines the amount of the effort to find crude and the extent of investment in production, transportation, refining, and storage equipment. Furthermore, the availability of money for operations performed by that equipment depends greatly on prices of crude and petroleum products, which in turn depend greatly, though not entirely, on demand.

3. Production capacity is a function of reserves and the capital invested in producing equipment. The term "reserves" is important. It means the amount of oil known with fair certainty to exist underground that can be produced under current economic conditions with current technology. The rate at which oil can be produced from a given field depends upon a number of factors. Some have to do with the nature of the reservoir rock: how much pressure exists within it, how readily oil can pass through it, how fluid the oil is, and so forth. It is possible to ruin oil fields by producing crude oil too fast, a practice that exhausts natural pressures and renders much of the oil in place unproducible. Petroleum engineers determine optimum rates and methods of production.

4. Within those natural constraints, economics determines the rate and extent of field development, which involves the drilling of production wells and installation of production equipment. A company seldom makes all its investment in a field at once. Usually, it drills enough wells and installs enough equipment to bring the field on stream at some rate that generates an acceptable level of cash flow. Then, as initial investments are recovered, subsequent phases of development may be undertaken to increase or maintain production. The decision parameters are complicated. Crude prices, and expectations for them, are crucial.

5. Once a field is on stream, its production capacity at any given time is the maximum rate, usually in barrels per day, at which it can produce on a sustained basis, given the reservoir's characteristics and the equipment installed to handle production. A company increases capacity by spending money to find and develop reserves and to increase the maximum producing rate of existing reserves. If those investments are not made, capacity shrinks because reserves deplete, underground pressures go down, natural flowing rates decline, and equipment turns old and rusty^[9].

6. Often, production capacities are reported in two subcategories. One is a maximum rate called a surge capacity. Fields cannot produce at surge capacity for extended periods for a number of reasons. Among those reasons are pressure problems with producing reservoirs and the inability of equipment to operate at maximum rates forever. The more meaningful production capacity figure is the maximum sustainable producing rate. As the name implies, it measures the highest rate of production that can be maintained without damaging the underground reservoir and with proper allowance for equipment maintenance, replacement, and operating necessities.

Ex. 2

Refer closely to Part I of Text A and answer the questions:

1. What does the market’s ultimate capacity represent?
2. What are the capacities determined by?
3. What does the availability of money for operations depend on?
4. What is production capacity a function of?
5. Does a company make all its investments in a field at once?
6. What does a company’s decision on investment depend on?
7. How does a company increase production capacity?
8. What happens if investments in production capacity are not made?
9. Why cannot fields produce at a surge capacity for long periods?
10. What does the maximum sustainable producing rate measure?

Ex. 3

Fill in the missing parts of the sentences from Part I of text A,

1. The availability of money for operations performed by that equipment depends greatly on________________________________, which in turn depend greatly, though not entirely, on ____________.
2. The ________ at which oil can be produced from a given field depends upon ___________________.
3. ___________________________ determine the capacities.
4. Nature determined _____________________________________ of crude oil.
5. Money determines _________________________to find crude and _____________________ in production, transportation, refining, and storage equipment.
6. Petroleum engineers determine _____________________________production.
7. Economics determines________________________, which involves the drilling of production wells and installation of production equipment.

Part II

7. The capacities of transportation and storage functions are easier to visualize than those of production. Pipelines have maximum volumes. Petroleum can pass through them at rates that depend mostly on pipe diameters, the power of pumping equipment installed, the resistance to flow (or viscosity) of the petroleum itself, and the extent of efforts to reduce friction between the fluid and pipeline walls. Tanks have obvious volume limits. Capacities in each case depend on investments. When more storage is necessary, tank owners build more tanks. When more transportation is necessary, pipeline owners install more pumps or lay new pipelines.

8. Refining capacities are more complicated. A modern refinery involves a number of processes, each designed to either break down or rearrange hydrocarbon molecules. The basic process, the first main step in refining, is distillation. In it, crude oil and other inputs such as natural gas condensates are heated to the point of boiling at the bottom of a tall tower. Vapors rise through the tower, cooling along the way. Heavier, less volatile substances condense first and are collected in trays and carried out of the tower. Lighter components of crude, or fractions, condense later - higher in the tower. Some fractions never condense and leave the tower as gases.

9. Basic refining capacity thus measures the maximum amount of crude a plant's distillation towers can handle in a given period. Capacities are measured in barrels per stream day, which is the maximum processing rate during a period of operation, or barrels per calendar day, which are generally based on a year's operating averages and include normal downtime for maintenance and repairs.

10. Obviously, a refiner can add capacity by building more distillation capacity. To the extent distillation capacity is limited by some physical constriction of a product stream, the refiner also can add capacity by widening or eliminating the constriction. This process is called debottlenecking.

11. Capacities of refining processes downstream of distillation are increasingly important to petroleum economics. The market increasingly wants more light products, such as gasoline and jet fuel, than result from the distillation process, and less of the heavy ones, such as residual oil, which doesn't evaporate during distillation. Refineries therefore have processes for turning the lower-value products of distillation into higher-value products. They are called upgrading capacities. A rough way to measure the relative refining productivity of plants, countries, or regions is to compare their ratios of distillation capacity to upgrading capacity.

12. Deciding what types of processes to install in a refinery, or how to modify existing processes, is complex. Planners have to predict demand patterns for the various petroleum products and decide how to match refining processes to their market projections. The ability to invest at all depends on current and expected refining profitability, which is a function of crude costs, product prices, and operating expenses.

Ex. 4

Refer closely to Part II of Text A and answer the questions:

1. What does the rate at which petroleum can pass through the pipelines depend on?
2. How can storage capacity be increased?
3. How can transportation capacity be increased?
4. How is refining capacity measured?
5. Which components of oil condense first: heavier or lighter ones?
6. Why are refining capacities downstream of distillation so important for petroleum economics?
7. What is debottlenecking?
8. How is the relative refining productivity of plants, countries, or regions measured?

Ex. 5

Fill in the missing parts of the sentences from Part II of text A.

1. Petroleum can pass through pipelines at ______ that depend mostly on pipe diameters, the _________ of pumping equipment installed, the _________ to flow (or viscosity) of the petroleum itself, and the __________ of efforts to reduce friction between the fluid and pipeline walls.
2. A modern refinery involves a number of processes, each designed to either ________  _________ or ______________ hydrocarbon molecules.
3. Capacities are measured in ____________ per ______________, which is the maximum processing rate during a period of operation.
4. The process of widening or eliminating physical constrictions of a product stream is called _____________________.
5. . The market increasingly wants more light products, such as ____________ and ________ __________, than result from the distillation process, and less of the heavy ones, such as ___________ __________, which doesn't evaporate during distillation.
6. Planners have ______________ demand patterns for the various petroleum products and decide how _____________ refining processes to their market projections.

Ex. 6

Word Scramble

Put the letters in the correct order to form a word.

1. tteiualm        ____________________
2. mestatei        _____________________
3. tasrme        _____________________
4. eeedptl        _____________________
5. aaiimtnn         _____________________
6. netmiensvt        _____________________
7. ausanlesbit        _____________________
8. piylm                _____________________
9. elavtilo        _____________________
10. pautconerrt        _____________________
11. evarega         _____________________

Keys: 1. ultimate 2. estimate 3.stream 4. deplete 5.maintain 6. investment 7. sustainable 8. imply 9.volatile 10. counterpart 11. average

Ex.7

Form abstract nouns from the following verbs and give their Russian equivalents

Example: act – activity - деятельность

Arrange - __________________ - ____________________

Deplete- __________________ - ____________________

Eliminate- __________________ - ____________________

Include- __________________ - ____________________

Install- __________________ - ____________________

Invest- __________________ - ____________________

Maintain- __________________ - ____________________

Sustain- __________________ - ____________________

Produce- __________________ - ____________________

Operate- __________________ - ____________________

Profit - __________________ - ____________________

Refine- __________________ - ____________________

Replace - __________________ - ____________________

Ex. 8

Odd one out

a. 1. handle                 2. produce          3. treat         4.refine

b. 1. ultimate                 2. final                3.  limited         4. last

c.1.extent                 2. part                3. degree        4. amount

d. .estimate                 2.calculation        3. guess        4.truth

e.1.constraint                2. limitation         3. law                4. restriction

f. 1. flow                2.stream        3. river                4. series

g. 1. rate                 2. pace                3. speed        4. method

h. deplete                2. shrink        3.surge                4. reduce

i. 1.maintain                 2. use                3. care                4. look after

j. 1. sustainable         2. renewable        3.suitable        4. viable

k.1.  imply                 2.suggest        3. mean        4. know

l. 1.volatile                2.average         3. regular        4. standard

m. 1.counterpart         2.opposite number        3. colleague         4. producer        

Ex. 9

Match A & B

Ex. 10

Match A & B

Ex. 11

Translate into Russian:

1. Specialists believe that the world's ultimate reserves of non-conventional oil such as heavy crude oil, tar sands, and oil shale are several times as large as those of conventional oil and will be highly profitable.
2. The Atlantis oil field is the third largest oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. The field was discovered in 1998 and is located in US federal waters about 130 miles (210 km) from the coast of Louisiana in 6,500 feet (2,000 m) of water. It has estimated ultimate reserves of about 600 million barrels (95 million m³).
3. In 2006, Elm Coulee was producing about 53,000 barrels (8,400 m3) of oil per day from more than 350 wells. Ultimate production is expected to exceed 270 million barrels (45 million m³), with some estimates as high as 500 million barrels (80 million m³).[ Production at Elm Coulee has more than doubled the oil output of the state of Montana.
4. In October 1981 OPEC reaches an agreement to unify crude price at $32 per barrel through 1982 and sets an ultimate price ceiling of $38 per barrel.
5. Our ultimate objective is to have as many female members of parliament as there are male.
6. Natural gas processing plants have no other ultimate purpose than to quickly, safely and profitably turn raw gas into products to be safely shipped to market.

Ex. 12

The word “average” combines with the following nouns and adverbs. Write down and translate into Russian these combinations.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. age of geological formation
2. cost of oil field development
3. earnings
4. estimate of petroleum reserves
5. family
6. population growth
7. derrick height
8. gas-cap height
9. household

Ex. 13

Translate into Russian:

1. Oil companies base their budgets on an average price of a barrel of crude.
2. Average earnings in this state are about $2 500 a month.
3. Households below average income is an annual publication on poverty statistics in the United Kingdom .
4. Burma is one of the poorest nations in the world, suffering from decades of stagnation, mismanagement, and isolation. Burma’s GDP grows at an average rate of 2.9% annually – the lowest rate of economic growth in the Mekong^[10] region.
5. As of the census^[11] of 2000 the average household size in California was 3.59 and the average family size was 3.92
6. It was estimated in the early 1980s that the world average recovery rate of oil in place could be increased to a maximum level of 40 per cent through the wider use of sophisticated recovery techniques.
7. Production in 1992 averaged 51,000 boepd.(barrels of oil equivalent per day)^[12]

Grammar: Gerund

Ex. 14

Read and translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Processing is called refining.
2. Production involves sophisticated engineering oriented to the behavior of underground rock.
3. Refining is a complex function that takes the generally big molecules, constituting crude oil, and turns them into little, more useful molecules that can be mixed to make gasoline and other products.
4. The energy sector has a crucial role in driving economic growth and the World Petroleum Council encourages young people to their part in ensuring the sustainable development of the world’s petroleum industry. Characteristics of youth, such as creative thinking, being sensitive to new issues and having powerful potential for innovation, are vital for the future of our industry.
5. Satisfying demand for oil and gas will not be easy in the coming decades.
6. By ensuring services providers are included in operator’s project planning at an early stage the technology offering would be much better adapted to the needs of the industry.
7. The setting of a good example from the top, training in how to be successful in every area of the business, at every level, without corruption, and in how to apply principals of good business conduct to new situations: these are essential components for building a good reputation of a company.
8. . The processing of crude into various refined products, together with the marketing of these products, is known as the downstream end.
9. His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over.
10. At today's rate of use there is still enough oil to last the next 42 years, according to BP oil company although those concerned about Peak Oil^[13] say we are closer to running out given demand is expected to rise strongly in the short-term.
11. Russia's Gazprom has accused the Ukrainian government of not pumping gas into its underground storage facilities as required in the first half of June.
12. France's Total says it wants to build another gas-export facility in Nigeria. But piping natural gas across the Sahara desert to supply Europe faces big problems.
13. The Lybian National Oil Corporation (NOC) has lowered its ambitious target of raising oil production to 3.0m b/d by 2012. The company is now targeting an increase to 2.3m b/d by 2013, from present capacity of about 1.8m b/d.
14. Supreme Petroleum Council of Kuweit is responsible for approving all government policy and expenditure related to the hydrocarbons sector. The new  five-year development programme currently debated in the Parliament may extend the timeline for expanding crude production capacity and put more emphasis on developing the country's gas reserves. Present plans call for producing 4m b/d by 2020, up from around 3m b/d. But this deadline may be put back to 2030.

Grammar: Absolute constructions

Absolute constructions consist of a noun and some kind of modifier, the most common being a participle. Because they often come at the beginning of a sentence, they are easily confused with dangling participles^[14]. But an absolute construction modifies the rest of the sentence, not the subject of the sentence (as a participial phrase does). You can use absolute constructions to compress two sentences into one and to vary sentence structure as a means of holding a reader’s interest. Depending on the context, these may be translated into Russian:

i) with the help of conjunctions: так как (поскольку, ввиду того что), после того как (когда)

Here are some examples:

No other business arising, the meeting was adjourned.

Поскольку не возникло новых вопросов, встреча была перенесена.

The paint now dry, we brought the furniture out on the deck.

Когда краска высохла, мы вынесли мебель на палубу.

The truck finally loaded, they said goodbye to their neighbors and drove off.

После того, как грузовик наконец загрузили, они попрощались со своими соседями и уехали.

        ii) by an independent sentence starting with the conjunctions причем, в то время как, а, и

For example:

The contract between the parties is drawn up in the Russian and English languages, both texts being equally valid.

Контракт между сторонами составлен на русском и английском языках, причем оба текста имеют одинаковую силу.

Business on the London Stock Exchange was very active that day, oil being trade at $105 a barrel.

В тот день сделки на лондонской фондовой бирже проходили оживленно, и нефть продавали по цене 105 долларов за баррель.

Constructions like these are used more often in writing than in speaking, where it is more common to use a full clause:

 When the paint was dry, we brought the furniture out on the deck.

There are, however, many fixed absolute constructions that occur frequently in speech:

The picnic is scheduled for Saturday, weather permitting. – при благоприятной погоде

All things considered, it’s not a bad idea. – в конечном счете

Ex. 15

Read and translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. All else being equal — especially product prices — a refiner makes more money from $15/bbl crude than from its dearer alternative.
2. With the prices increasing, we are seeing solar, geothermal, biomass and ethanol become more competitive in the overall energy mix.
3. The hydropower industry also is gaining ‘steam’, with the Canadian Hydropower Association estimating that water power already delivers two-thirds of the electricity generated.
4. With current record-breaking oil and gas prices having been sustained for at least a year, producing companies around the world are driving exploration and development drilling to peak levels, particularly offshore and in difficult environments.
5. With energy consumption expected to grow in the coming decades, the country needs access to its untapped domestic resources.
6. Hurricane Katrina having struck the US oil industry in summer 2005, a lot of refinery capacity was down for maintenance.
7. Gas storage in underground reservoirs being economically attractive; it is considered the most important type of storage.
8. Nippon Oil first announced in May 2008 that it had agreed with China’s National Development and Reform Commission  to turn the Osaka refinery into a joint venture operation, with Nippon Oil holding a 51% stake and CNPC the remaining stake.
9. Abu Dhabi's Mubadala Development has teamed up with ConocoPhillips and state-owned KazMunaiGaz (KMG) to sign up for a joint exploration and development deal for the offshore Nursultan block. KMG as majority owner will hold a 51% interest in the block, with the remaining 49% shared equally between ConocoPhillips and Mubadala.

Ex. 16

Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the active vocabulary of the unit:

1. Computers can handle huge amounts of data.
2. Three or four staff members handle incoming telephone calls.
3. The ultimate responsibility for policy lies with the President.
4. Since the first Federal Clean Air Law in 1955, U.S. citizens have increasingly desired a cleaner environment, and environmental protection laws have become increasingly strict. Various estimates have been made of the cost to the industry to comply with these regulations.
5. Construction did not begin in 2006 and the refinery is unlikely to be on stream before 2009.
6. Exploration in Russia’s West Siberian Basin Province has led to the discovery of several giant oil and gas fields, including Urengoy gas field with more than 3,500 tcf of estimated ultimate recovery.
7. Costs should fall as new technology comes on-stream.
8. Prices were relatively stable from 1918 to 1970, when large multinational oil companies controlled much of the oil flow.
9. Cash flow is the balance of the amounts of cash being received and paid by a business during a defined period of time.
10. Imports of petroleum products have grown at an annual rate of over 10% in the last decade, although still providing only 5% of U.S. gasoline consumption.
11. If we continue to deplete the Earth's natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment.
12. Contrary to the familiar industrial image of "boomtowns", the size of some cities has declined, despite a growth in world population. Cities shrink when economic investment moves elsewhere in the world.
13. Stores are expecting a surge in demand as Christmas approaches.
14. Air France has maintained a high level of service for many years.
15. In spring 2006, an unusual amount of refinery capacity was down for maintenance that had been delayed because of the stresses placed on the industry by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the late summer and fall of 2005.
16. Between 1990 and 2002, the number of different grades of gasoline increased from three to fourteen. This trend made refining more complex, requiring refineries to reconfigure their operations at lower production levels or invest money to sustain the same output.
17. Investment in capital-intensive industries does not directly track changes in profits or prices. Analysis of historical data shows that annual investments in refinery capacity are more stable than profits.
18. Some analysts have argued that refinery capacity should be substantially higher and that such increases would reduce gasoline prices to $1.50 per gallon. Given that refiners needed $1.95 per gallon to cover their costs in 2005, this theoretical combination of higher capacity and lower prices would not be sustainable.
19. Given the number of people we invited, I'm surprised so few came.
20. The high level of radiation in the rocks implies that they are volcanic in origin.
21. It is necessary to make allowance for the time required by the sound to ascend from the bottom.
22. One might expect the decline in inventories to increase gasoline price volatility. Yet, although gasoline price volatility has been generally trending up, current volatility levels are actually less than in the years 1979 – 1992, when inventories were higher. The volatility in those years is probably explained by the more volatile price of crude oil, which is the major determinant of gasoline prices.
23. Real prices reached a historical low in 1998 during the Asian economic crisis and did not return to their historical average of $2.13 per gallon (in 2005 dollars) until 2005.
24. The profits the companies earned from their domestic and foreign refining operations are roughly comparable. On average between 1977 and 2005, the companies earned a combined $4.7 billion annually from their overseas refining operations, about 10% less than from domestic operations.
25. Regular maintenance is a sure way to minimize costly downtime.
26. At low levels of capacity utilization, refineries lose some of their economies of scale (повышение эффективности от роста масштабов производства) and are likely to have higher costs. At levels of capacity utilization over 95%, costs may also increase because of process bottlenecks.
27. A male 35-year-old smoker will pay 78 % more in life insurance premiums^[15] than his non-smoking counterpart.
28. Russian foreign minister is the counterpart of British secretary of state.

Ex. 17

Read the text about gas storage in the US and do the assignments below

Text B

Natural Gas Storage in the US

Natural gas, like many other commodities, can be stored for an indefinite period of time in natural gas storage facilities for later consumption. Gas storage is principally used to meet seasonal load variations. Gas is injected into storage during periods of low demand and withdrawn from storage during periods of peak demand.

It is also used for a variety of secondary purposes, such as market speculation, insuring against any unforeseen accidents and reducing price volatility. Producers and marketers use gas storage as a speculative tool, storing gas when they believe that prices will increase in the future and then selling it when it does reach those levels. Gas storage can be used as an insurance that may affect either production or delivery of natural gas. These may include natural factors such as hurricanes, or malfunction of production or distribution systems. Gas storage ensures commodity liquidity at the market centers. This helps contain natural gas price volatility and uncertainty.

Gas storage in underground reservoirs being economically attractive; it is considered the most important type of storage. There are also other types of storage such as: LNG storage tanks and pipeline capacity which have both advantages and disadvantages over underground reservoirs.

Gas storage facilities in the US are operated by interstate pipline companies and independent storage operators. There are twenty-five interstate pipeline companies currently operating 172 underground natural gas storage facilities. They are subject to the jurisdiction of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Prior to 1994, these companies owned all the gas that flowed through their systems. This also included gas in their storage facility, over which they had complete control.

Then FERC Order 636 was implemented. This required the companies to operate their facilities, including gas storage on an open access basis. For gas storage, this meant that these companies could only reserve the capacity needed to maintain system integrity. The rest of the capacity would be available for leasing to third parties – producers, marketers and independent storage operators - on a nondiscriminatory basis.^[16]

Open access has opened a wide variety of application for gas storage, particularly for marketers who can now exploit price arbitrage^[17] opportunities. Arbitrage is the process of buying a commodity or a currency in one place and selling them immediately in another place in order to make a profit from the difference in prices ?Any storage capacity would be priced at cost-based pricing^[18], unless the provider can demonstrate to FERC that it lacks market power^[19], in which case it may be allowed to price at market-based rates^[20] to gain market share. FERC defines market power as "..the ability of a seller profitably to maintain prices above competitive levels for a significant period of time.". The underlying pricing structure for storage has discouraged development in the gas storage sector, which has not seen many new storage facilities constructed, besides current ones being expanded. In 2005, FERC announced a new Order 678 targeted particularly at gas storage. This rule is intended to stimulate the development of new gas storage facility in the ultimate goal of reducing natural gas price volatility.

Commission Chairman Joseph T. Kelliher observed: “Since 1988, natural gas demand in the United States has risen 24 percent. Over the same period, gas storage capacity has increased only 1.4 percent. Construction of storage capacity lagging behind the demand for natural gas, we have seen record levels of price volatility. This suggests that current storage capacity is inadequate. Further, this year, what storage capacity exists may be full far earlier than in any previous year. According to some analysts, that raises the prospect that some domestic gas production may be shut-in. Our final rule should help reduce price volatility and expand storage capacity.”

It is expected that this new order will entice developers, especially independent storage operators, to develop new facilities in the near future.

(from Wikipedia)

1. Say whether the following is true to the text:

1. Gas storage is principally used for later consumption.
2. Marketers use gas as a speculative tool.
3. Gas as a commodity is liquid at market centers.
4. Gas is stored in underground reservoirs because it is economically attractive.
5. Before 1994 all the gas that flowed through the US pipelines belonged to twenty-five interstate companies.
6. Prior to 2005 many new storage facilities were constructed and the current ones were expanded on the basis of the exsisting pricing structure.
7. The ultimate goal of Order 678 is to stimulate the development of new gas storage facility.
8. The Commission Chairman observed correlation between price volatilityon the one hand and natural gas demand/storage capacity ratio on the other hand.

B.Say if the following is:

Ex. 18

Render the text into Russian

Балтийская трубопроводная система (БТС)

В марте 2006 года в порту Приморск состоялся пуск Балтийского магистрального трубопровода на проектную мощность в 65 млн. тонн нефти в год и открытие второго причала для загрузки танкерных судов. Это событие явилось знаменательным не только для Ленинградской области, но и в целом для России. Нефть и нефтепродукты занимают сегодня одно из ведущих мест в структуре мировой экономики. Реализация проекта Балтийской трубопроводной системы позволяет получить экономически эффективный экспортный маршрут для доставки нефти из Тимано–Печерского, Западно–Сибирского и Урало–Поволжского месторождений до главного центра нефтеторговли и переработки в Европе – Роттердама. Туда ежегодно доставляется свыше 300 млн. тонн грузов, 120 млн. из которых приходится на нефть и нефтепродукты.  Технико-экономического обоснование проекта, проведенное немецкими, американскими и российскими специалистами, показало, что транспортировка нефти до Роттердама через Приморск является наиболее выгодной по сравнению с маршрутами через Вентспилс, Бутинге, Муугу и Порвоо. Например, затраты при доставке тонны нефти через Приморск на 3 – 5 долларов меньше, чем через Вентспилс. Прокладка трубопровода через Бутинге, Муугу и Порвоо увеличила бы эту разницу еще больше.

Общий объем экспорта российской нефти и нефтепродуктов с использованием всех видов транспорта составляет свыше 100 млн. тонн. При этом дефицит мощностей (shortfall) для транспортировки нефти и нефтепродуктов морским транспортом составляет около 40 млн. тонн. В итоге, после выхода на проектную мощность, Балтийская трубопроводная система позволит ликвидировать узкие места и существующий дефицит мощностей в транспортировке нефти. Предполагается, что доля нефтепродуктов в общем объеме морских перевозок на Балтике составит 41 процент.

При реализации проекта компания «Транснефть» применила лучшие мировые достижения и современное оборудование в области строительства трубопроводного транспорта для нефти. Балтийские трубопроводные системы – проект, отвечающий всем международным требованиям по технической и экологической безопасности. Это подтвердила проверка экспертов из Финляндии и стран Балтии.

Skills:                WRITING SUMMARIES

Preparing a summary requires a special kind of writing. Unlike most types of writing a summary should not include any of your personal ideas. The only purpose of a summary is to condense what another author has written. This means reducing what the author has said to its main points.

Summarizing an Article

A good summary should present a clear, concise idea of the main points of an article to someone who has not read it. For example, at your future job you can be asked to summarize an article from Petroleum Economist or Oil and Gas Journal for your boss who is too busy to read it him/herself. In order to write an effective summary, you need to have a true understanding of the original article. This means taking time to read the article carefully to determine the author’s purpose, thesis and main supporting points.

Here, let us specify the term thesis. A thesis is the sentence or group of sentences which state what the main idea of a piece of writing.

How to Write a One-Paragraph Summary

Read the article once to determine the author’s purpose:

• to inform the reader
• to persuade the reader
• to entertain the reader

Reread the article to determine the author’s thesis and take notes of the main points

Using the notes as a guide, write the first draft of your summary. It should include:

• A topic sentence stating the name of the article, the author and the source. It should also include the main point (thesis) of the article
• A body that focuses on explaining, in your own words, the main ideas presented in the article. An effective way to do this is by answering the questions what, where, when, who and why.
• A final statement that summarizes any conclusions the author made.

Revise the draft summary. Check to see that you accurately summarized the author’s main ideas. If you have included any of the author’s minor points, eliminate them. Besides, be sure that you did not include any of your own thoughts or opinions about the topic.

Edit your summary to make sure that the grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization are correct.

Ex. 19

Read the story below and make a summary:

Text C

How Capitalism Saved the Whales

by James S. Robbins

Part I

It is the credo among environmentalists that the ills of the world can be traced to economic and technological development, especially since the industrial revolution. The changes that took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, such as harnessing new sources of energy (moving from water to coal power, for example), the development of the factory system, and the human population explosion, they say, led directly to the current problems with waste disposal, air and water pollution, overcrowding, and misused resources, not to mention global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, and other highly possible developments.

Fixation on doomsaying^[21] can cause environmentalists to forget that the negative consequences of industrialization are minute compared to the positive developments of the industrial age. People are healthier, live longer, and are more productive than ever before in history. But defenders of industrialism can go even further to show that in many cases technological progress has benefited the environment. This is vividly demonstrated in the case of one of the most emotion-laden symbols of environmentalism, the whales.

At the dawn of the industrial age, whales were an important natural resource which humans had been exploiting for centuries. Whales were especially valued for their oil, which was used primarily as fuel for lamps. It was also used for heating, for lubrication, soap, paint and varnish manufacturing, and the processing of textiles and rope. The Japanese among others had long ago acquired a taste for whale meat. Regular whale oil ("train oil") was extracted from the fat which encased the whale's body. But the best oil was spermaceti, found only in the nose of the sperm whale (the cachalot) . It was used for smokeless candles, regarded as the finest quality candles ever made.

The sperm whale also sometimes produced ambergris, a sticky substance used in the manufacture of perfume. Baleen^[22], the bony, plankton-straining ribs in the mouths of most whales (excepting the sperm whale), was lightweight and had good tensile qualities. It was used for a variety of things, including corset stays, umbrella ribs, fishing rods, buggy whips^[23], carriage springs, and skirt hoops. Bones from the body were generally used as fertilizer.

Whaling was a major industry in the 19th century, and the United States was the pre-eminent whaling nation. According to tradition, American commercial whaling began in 1712 in New England. Whaling expanded through the 18th century, but was disrupted by the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. In 1815 came peace and rapid growth in the industry. By 1833 there were 392 American whaling vessels. By 1846 there were 735 whalers, comprising 80 percent of the whaling fleet of the entire world. Each year whaling produced 4-5 million gallons of sperm oil, 6-10 million gallons of train oil, and 1.6- 5.6 million pounds of bone. The price of train oil rose from 35 cents per gallon 9 cents per litre in 1825 to 95 cents 25 cents per litre in 1855.

Though large, whaling was not a strong industry. Even with rising prices, profit margins were always slim, and one in ten ships typically lost money on a voyage. In 1858, a very poor year, 64 percent failed to make a profit. But whalers could always count on an increasing demand for their products, as populations grew and markets expanded accordingly. Had the whaling industry matched the 300 percent population growth from 1850 to 1900, many species of whale would have been extinct long ago.

(to be continued)

from The Freeman, August 1992

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________