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B13

I grew up in the UK in the 1980s. During my ……………………………, there wasn't always a lot to do in the summer holidays.

CHILD

B14

On the rare occasions when it was a warm …………………………… day, we'd go for a picnic on Blackpool beach.

SUN

B15

As far as my family were concerned, there was nothing more…………………………… than eating sandwiches on the beach.

ENJOY

B16

We hardly ever went swimming, though, as the water was often…………………………… cold. So we would just play on the wet sand.

EXTREME

B17

But even if we were ……………………………with the weather and it started raining, we could always go for some fish and chips.

LUCKY

B18

Nothing gave us more pleasure after a…………………………… day at the seaside.

TIRE

B13

Pablo Picasso was born in 1881 and died in 1973. He's an extremely well-known …………………………….

PAINT

B14

Although he was born in Spain, he spent most of his ……………………………life in Paris.

AMAZE

B15

Most of Picasso's pictures are quite …………………………… to look at, as they contain strange shapes and very weird faces.

USUAL

B16

His pictures are very bright.…………………………… often say they are dramatic works of art.

VIEW

B17

Picasso had close ……………………………with several other famous people from that time, including Henri Matisse and Gertrude Stein.

FRIEND

B18

His talent was widely recognised during his lifetime, and when people think of the greatest of all time, they…………………………… think of him.

GENERAL

B13

When Nick returned from his holiday, he met his friend Jill for a drink. She asked him if he had had a…………………………… time.

RELAX

B14

Nick said he'd really enjoyed swimming and visiting all the……………………………, but that it hadn't all been perfect.

ATTRACT

B15

Because of this, Jill asked him what had made him ……………………………during the trip.

HAPPY

B16

Nick replied that he hadn't really liked the hot weather. "You can't…………………………… enjoy yourself when you're sweating all the time," he said.

EASY

B17

Jill reminded him that now he was back in London, where it was grey and…………………………….

CLOUD

B18

"I know," said Nick, "but…………………………… I still have some sunburn from Thailand to keep me warm!"

LUCKY

B13

Before the Second World War, "youth culture" didn't exist. However, by the middle of the ……………………………century, it was very exciting being a teenager in the UK.

TWENTY

B14

This was the first …………………………… of young people with money to spend on music, clothes and going out.

GENERATE

B15

It was a time when everyone was…………………………… dressed and young people filled clubs, cinemas and music venues.

FABULOUS

B16

Many parents thought young people had …………………………… attitudes, and objected to the music they listened to.

SHOCK

B17

They also often complained about their children's ……………………………because of the modern clothes they wore and their strange haircuts.

APPEAR

B18

Nowadays, youth culture is appreciated for its ……………………………and how much it contributes to culture in general.

CREATIVE

B13

Before the Second World War, "youth culture" didn't exist. However, by the middle of the ……………………………century, it was very exciting being a teenager in the UK.

TWENTY

B14

This was the first …………………………… of young people with money to spend on music, clothes and going out.

GENERATE

B15

It was a time when everyone was…………………………… dressed and young people filled clubs, cinemas and music venues.

FABULOUS

B16

Many parents thought young people had …………………………… attitudes, and objected to the music they listened to.

SHOCK

B17

They also often complained about their children's ……………………………because of the modern clothes they wore and their strange haircuts.

APPEAR

B18

Nowadays, youth culture is appreciated for its ……………………………and how much it contributes to culture in general.

CREATIVE

B13

Ravi Shankar was born in 1920 and lived until 2010. He was a famous…………………………… from India.

MUSIC

B14

He played an instrument known as the sitar, which looks a little like a guitar but only has three strings. Its name…………………………… comes from a word meaning "three strings".

ACTUAL

B15

Shankar played ……………………………Indian songs that dated back centuries but were mostly unknown outside his own country.

CLASSIC

B16

In the 1950s, Shankar began touring the USA, playing Indian music around the country. He soon became popular with American music…………………………….

LOVE

B17

Before long, Shankar was giving concerts all over the world. He had become a real  ……………………………music star.

NATIONAL

B18

Shankar won many awards in his…………………………… career. He won Grammy awards and received the highest civilian honours in India and France.

CREDIBLE

B13

I went shopping yesterday. When I went into my local bookshop, I saw something …………………………….

AMAZE

B14

Jamie Oliver, the famous TV chef, was signing copies of his latest cookbook. You can't imagine my…………………………… at meeting him in person.

EXCITE

B15

I've seen a few other…………………………… over the years, but Jamie Oliver is one of my favourites.

CELEBRATE

B16

He has done various TV cookery shows, teaching viewers how to cook food which is quite simple, but still…………………………… and delicious.

HEALTH

B17

Jaime Oliver always appears to be such a friendly person. Some TV chefs, on the other hand, seem to try to be as …………………………… as possible.

PLEASANT

B18

I think they want viewers to…………………………… them, perhaps because hating them actually makes people keep watching their TV shows.

LIKE

B13

The British Broadcasting Company was formed in 1922. Its…………………………… saw the start of the first national radio broadcasting service in the UK.

INTRODUCE

B14

The company was ……………………………owned at first, but in 1926 it changed into a public corporation. In other words, it became owned by the state.

PRIVATE

B15

John Reith was the Director General of the new corporation. He insisted that the BBC must be completely…………………………… rather than under the control of the government.

DEPENDENT

B16

Reith's aim was to broadcast radio, and later TV, programmes that were both informative and very…………………………….

ENTERTAIN

B17

The BBC began regular TV broadcasts in 1934, and in 1964 opened a second TV channel, BBC2, renaming the…………………………… channel as BBC1.

ORIGIN

B18

Today, the BBC has millions of…………………………… and listeners all round the world.

VIEW

B13

The pirozhki is a well-known food around the world. It…………………………… comes from Russia.

ORIGINAL

B14

Pirozhkis are made using dough filled with meat and ……………………………vegetables.

DIFFER

B15

They are then baked in the oven or fried until they become a…………………………… brown colour.

GOLD

B16

The pirozhki has entered the cuisines of other countries, where it is made in…………………………… ways so that it resembles local food.

VARY

B17

Most non-Russian people…………………………… the word "pirozhki". The  accent falls on the last syllable, not the middle. You're supposed to say "pee-ro-SHKEE".

PRONOUNCE

B18

Because pirozhkis are made quite……………………………, they are popular as "street food" in many places worldwide.

EASY

B13

Alan walked into a bank to speak to someone about his cash card. He was…………………………… because the machine outside had just taken it from him.

HAPPY

B14

"Did you …………………………… change your PIN number?" the woman in the bank asked Alan.

RECENT

B15

Alan thought for a moment. He had the…………………………… that he had changed it.

FEEL

B16

"Yes, I think I tried to use the old number. I clearly didn't…………………………… the new one well enough," said Alan.

MEMORY

B17

Just then, a man walked up to the counter. "I found this card in the machine. Maybe it belongs to one of your ……………………………," he said.

CUSTOM

B18

It was Alan's card, and he thanked the man. The card was ……………………………, though, because Alan still couldn't remember the new PIN number.

USE

B13

Have you heard of "Big Ben"? It's one of the most ……………………………landmarks in Britain.

FAME

B14

When you think of Big Ben, what do you think of? You probably think of a clock tower on the end of a big…………………………… in the centre of London.

BUILD

B15

But Big Ben is …………………………… not a tower - it's the bell inside the tower. It's named after Sir Benjamin Hall, whose name is written on the bell.

ACTUAL

B16

The first bell cracked and broke, so the current bell is in fact a……………………………. It was first rung in 1859.

REPLACE

B17

Until 2012, the tower was officially called the Clock Tower. Then it was renamed in …………………………… of Queen Elizabeth's 60 years as queen.

CELEBRATE

B18

Now it is called Elizabeth Tower. And the …………………………… bell behind the clock has an official name too. It's not Big Ben - that's just a nickname. It's called the Great Bell.

NOISE

B13

Diamonds are stones that are usually clear and extremely hard. They are often very …………………………….

BEAUTY

B14

They're also quite rare, and as a result, they're very …………………………….

EXPENSE

B15

Diamonds make ……………………………jewellery. They are found in rings, necklaces, earrings and watchers.

LOVE

B16

The people who cut and polish rough diamonds to turn them into jewellery are called diamond …………………………….

CUT

B17

Diamonds were probably first discovered in India thousands of years ago. Today, though, the country's mines are almost ……………………………empty.

COMPLETE

B18

These days, diamonds are found in many countries around the world. Some of the largest ……………………………of diamonds are Russia, Canada, Australia and South Africa.

PRODUCE

B13

Being in a courtroom was a new experience for Alan. He felt more…………………………… than he had ever felt before.

NERVE

B14

He looked at the judge. She looked very serious and …………………………….

POWER

B15

Then he looked at the 12 members of the jury. They were sitting there…………………………… with serious expressions on their faces, too.

QUIET

B16

Then he looked in the…………………………… of his family. His mum smiled at him.

DIRECT

B17

"This is ……………………………," thought Alan's mum. "It's the proudest day of my life."

WONDER

B18

"This is fantastic," thought Alan. "I think I'm going to enjoy working as a……………………………."

LAW

B13

Do you use public transport? Russian cities provide a wide ……………………………of ways to travel around, including buses, trams, and trolley - buses.

VARY

B14

Seven of the largest Russian cities, such as Yekaterinburg, Samara and Kazan, have an underground metro system. This is very……………………………, especially when it's cold!

USE

B15

For …………………………… who want or need to fly, there are more than 1200 airports in Russia.

TRAVEL

B16

Flights from Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg often go to other countries. For this reason, the airport is often called Pulkovo ……………………………Airport.

NATION

B17

Moscow is sometimes known as "the port of the five seas," due to its river and canal …………………………… to five seas, including the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

CONNECT

B18

The Trans-Siberian Railway is an…………………………… long railway. It takes more than 6 days to travel from Moscow to Vladivostok.

EXTREME

B13

My dream had finally come true. I had arrived in the truly ……………………………city of Rome.

AMAZE

B14

Looking at the beautiful and ancient buildings everywhere, I felt so small and ……………………………. What had I ever done to make the world a better place?

IMPORTANT

B15

Wandering through churches, museums and galleries, I thought about all the great ……………………………who had created the famous works of art that filled them.

ART

B16

After a day of exploring the historic centre, I returned to my hotel…………………………… exhausted.

TOTAL

B17

But, I was determined to enjoy every second of my stay there. In the evening, I booked a table at a very stylish and ……………………………restaurant.

FASHION

B18

As I knew it would, the view from the table on the restaurant terrace…………………………… took my breath away. I was in paradise!

ABSOLUTE

B13

'Greenhouse affect' is actually a ……………………feature of our atmosphere

 NATURE

B14

without which life on our planet would be …………………….

 POSSIBLE

B15

Certain atmospheric gases work as a kind of blanket, keeping the Earth warm. The amount of these 'greenhouse' gases used to be more or less the same for centuries. But the …………………… revolution broke this balance.

INDUSTRY

B16

Because of heavy industry and other human…………………… the amounts of CO2 and other gases have increased by 30%.

 ACTIVE

B17

Climate experts predict that by 2050 the…………………… average temperature will rise by 2-3 degrees.

 GLOBE

B18

It doesn't seem much. Remember, however, that the …………………… between the average global temperatures now and the last ice age (20,000 years ago) is only 6 to 8 degrees.

 DIFFER

B13

Ask an American man to choose between losing his …………………… house and losing his car,

COMFORT

B14

and he might …………………… choose to keep his car.

EASY

B15

A car, after all, gives you ……………………, and this is what Americans want most of all.

FREE

B16

The car is such an important part of American…………………… that many just can’t live without it.

LIVE

B17

A woman living in a suburb, for example, has a twenty-minute drive to take her children to school. She then turns her car around and drives for half an hour in another ……………………to get to her job in an office.

DIRECT

B18

To do her ……………………, she has another long drive to a super-market, so she plans and buys food for two weeks in one trip.

SHOP

B13

Did you know that the man who invented James   Bond was a secret agent himself? Before he started   writing the James Bond stories, Jan Fleming worked for British Naval Intelligence.

In some ways, Jan Fleming was just like James   Bond. When he was young, women found him very …………………….  

 ATTRACT

B14

Jan Fleming was also educated at Eton and was …………………… in sports.

 INTEREST

B15

And like his …………………… character, Jan Fleming liked adventure, gambling, fast cars, fine wines and good food.

 FICTION

B16

In 1939, Jan Fleming met someone in the British   Naval Intelligence who was looking for bright    young men. Though he was young Jan Fleming was given a lot of…………………….

RESPONSIBLE

B17

He plotted intelligence …………………… and carried out dangerous missions. Very soon, he became the right-hand man to one of Britain's top spymasters, Admiral John Godfrey.

 OPERATE

B18

During his quite …………………… career, Fleming met many important people and he used some of them as models for the characters in his books.

 SUCCESS

B13

The gorilla is a shy creature and seldom violent.

In fact, it is quite different from the…………………… animal we sometimes see in films and comic books. It only stands on two legs and beats its chest if it wants to frighten an enemy away.

 DANGER

B14

Gorillas are the largest and the most…………………… of all the apes. Adult males reach an average height of 150-170 cm and weigh from 135 to 230 kg.  Females are smaller.

 POWER

B15

Both males and females are ……………………strong and can tear down branches and pull up small trees.

 EXTREME

B16

They spend their days …………………… for food or resting in the warm sun.

 LOOK

B17

But there are few of these animals left in the wild.  This is because people are cutting down the forests in which gorillas …………………….

 LIFE

B18

If we want to save the gorilla, we must take…………………… now.

 ACT

B13

According to 'the older generation' teenagers are lazy, they wear …………………… clothes and are rude to their elders.  

RIDICULE

B14

What's more, they spend all their time listening to awful music and watching ……………………films. And all they ever think about is parties, drugs and sex.

SUITABLE

B15

……………………, it seems to me to be quite the opposite. Teenagers spend a lot of time thinking about their work (studies), their families and friends and their hobbies.

ACTUAL

B16

Sure, they think about clothes, money, their bodies and …………………… in a certain situation.

BEHAVE

B17

But isn't it the same for most people? So what about the myth that all teenagers are rude,   selfish, lazy and ……………………? As far as I'm concerned, it's nonsense.

GREED

B18

The vast majority of young people I meet are polite, ……………………, open, interested and hard-working.                                   

FRIEND

B13

Physical fitness is a general state of good health, usually as a result of exercise and nutrition. Physical fitness can also be described as a condition that allows us to look, feel and do our best. Being fit helps us have more energy for work or school, and enough energy to enjoy our leisure time …………………….

ACTIVE

B14

Fitness is an individual quality. It is influenced by age, sex, heredity, …………………… habits, exercise and eating practices.  

PERSON

B15

You can't do …………………… about the first three factors. However, it is within your power to change and improve the others where needed.

ANY

B16

The level of physical fitness can be influenced by regular, …………………… exercise. How often, how long and how hard you exercise, and what kinds of exercises you do should be determined by what you are trying to get.

SYSTEM

B17

For example, an athlete …………………… for high-level competition

TRAIN

B18

would follow a …………………… program than a person whose goals are good health and active life.

DIFFER

B13

I think my mission is to create a good home. Home isn't just walls or people or memories connected with …………………….

CHILD

B14

Home is something …………………… different.

ABSOLUTE

B15

It's the atmosphere of love, ……………………

HAPPY

B16

and …………………… that gives me lots of life energy. Home is my mother whom I love very much.

UNDERSTAND

B17

Sometimes she worries about me when I come home late or do …………………… things. Sorry, mum!

EXPECTED

B18

Home is my brother whom I love too, though sometimes he annoys me very much. Home is the place where I can hide away from all my …………………… where I can relax after a hard school day and be myself. If I leave my home, a piece of it will be always in my heart.

DIFFICULT

B13

Scientists say that in the future people will live longer. With healthier lifestyles and better…………………… care the average person can live to 100.

MEDICINE

B14

But that's tomorrow. And today, we continue to stuff ourselves with fast food. What is tasty is not always healthy. Doctors say that chips and pizzas are fattening, cola spoils our teeth and coffee …………………… our lives.

SHORT

B15

If we eat too much, it will lead to heart disease, diabetes and other serious……………………. But the world today is getting fatter and fatter.

ILL

B16

Lack of exercise is another ……………………problem. We spend hours in front of our computers and TV-sets. Few of us do morning exercises. We walk less, because we prefer to use cars or public   transport. Research shows, however, that young people who don't take enough exercise often suffer from heart attacks.

IMPORTANCE

B17

It's common …………………… that cigarettes and alcohol can make our lives shorter dramatically.

KNOW

B18

Yet many young people drink beer and few of them give up ……………………. We all know that the healthier we are, the better we feel. The better we feel, the longer we live. So why not take care of ourselves?

SMOKE

B13

The use of animals for …………………… purposes is a difficult ethical problem. Many people owe their lives to modern drugs or surgical techniques that first were tested on animals.

SCIENCE

B14

Some of these …………………… would not have been possible without animal experiments.

DEVELOP

B15

People who campaign for animal rights are usually young and ……………………, and have not yet needed the benefits of medical progress.

HEALTH

B16

Perhaps it is ethically …………………… to sacrifice animals for the sake of medical research, as long as the animals do not suffer.

ACCEPT

B17

But that …………………… point of view rises another difficult question:

THEORY

B18

what can be considered as ……………………?

SUFFER

B13

In an epoch of technical progress, reading books is losing its value. Little by little radio, television and internet are beginning to force books from our …………………… life. If in the past a lot of the greatest poets and writers, such as Pushkin, Yesenin, Bulgakov created their works, in our days such masters of words are absent.

DAY

B14

We begin to consider some detective and love stories of poor quality as 'literary works'. It's a big …………………… for all mankind.

ADVANTAGE

B15

A book is a …………………… friend for a man. Reading is the thing which helps us to develop our soul, teaches us to get to know our life.

FAITH

B16

The heroes of books, by their examples, help us to avoid mistakes. A good book is a wise company, which can give us ……………………advice.

USE

B17

Reading develops our memory; our speech becomes richer, more literate and…………………….

EXPRESS

B18

Reading books in a foreign languages, we can get to know the culture and traditions of native ……………………, improve our language and broaden our outlook.

SPEAK

B13

Do you know that …………………… clothes can be bad for you!

 FASHION

B14

This may surprise you, but some clothes can cause …………………… problems.

 VARIETY

B15

Researchers have discovered that following the latest fashion trends can be ……………………. For example, if you tie a scarf or tie too tightly it increases your blood pressure. Tight jeans and trousers, short skirts may all cause illnesses.

 HEALTHY

B16

How can we explain this? Very tight clothes can prevent people moving ……………………, and this is not good for you.

 NATURAL

B17

If you wear trousers or skirts that are too tight around the waist, then your stomach does not have room to expand after you have eaten, and this can cause stomachache. ……………………shoes with high heels can lead to foot and back problems.

 WEAR

B18

Even practical shoes can cause backache if they don't fit you …………………….

 PROPER

B13

Centuries ago, people didn't have much free time, because everybody was ……………………working too hard.

SIMPLE

B14

In Britain in the nineteenth century, people invented football, rugby and cricket. It was even …………………… to watch a sport

POSSIBILITY

B15

and give the …………………… that you were actually doing something.

IMPRESS

B16

Later leisure activities became less and less demanding, and most people got a variety of more or less …………………… interests and hobbies.

ENERGY

B17

But now there is a new type of person who thinks that lying on the sofa watching television is the most exciting thing. This is the twentieth-century couch potato. For them, every …………………… is too much trouble,

ACTIVE

B18

and …………………… is an art form!

LAZY

B13

I like travelling because it can ……………………outlook and helps me to understand other cultures.

BROAD

B14

I think that I'm already an experienced…………………….

TRAVEL

B15

First of all everything should be ……………………planned. I'm not an adult yet so I travel with my parents. This year we decided to go to Britain.

CAREFUL

B16

In Britain we stayed in a small hotel near London. It offered us a wide range of…………………… games, such as tennis and football,

DIFFER

B17

and a lot of ……………………: boating, canoeing and soon.

ACTIVE

B18

…………………… was offered for those who wanted to get to remote places choosing scenic routes.

CYCLE

B13

In my opinion, the Russian system of higher education is more …………………… for its early specialization.

 VALUE

B14

Besides, the course work produces more informed students in the fields of studies chosen by them. …………………… success in Russian universities depends on the time and efforts put in class.

 ACADEMY

B15

Meanwhile in many …………………… and American universities it is homework.

 BRITAIN

B16

Also Russian students are mostly used to solving problems at …………………… seminars with other students.

 DIFFER

B17

I sometimes ask myself if the cost of education is worth it. A student spends years of …………………… time studying and learning. And parents have to work hard to pay for the education.

 PRICE

B18

What are the benefits? In most cases, the effect makes a better life. And what can be more …………………… than that?

IMPORTANCE

B13

In 1912, Dale Carnegie was a poor……………………… actor living in New York City.

 EMPLOYED

B14

He wanted to change his bad luck………………………. So, he had a talk with the director of a Young Men's Christian Association. Dale needed listeners and a place for his night course in public speaking.

 GREAT

B15

The director gave him that ………………………chance.

 LUCK

B16

Carnegie's brilliant career as an America's master of ……………………… advice started with that job.

PSYCHOLOGY

B17

He was sure that it was possible to overcome………………………, fear and lack of confidence.

 SHY

B18

He taught that anyone could be won by a warm and ……………………… smile. His book 'How to Win Friends and Influence People', became the first paperback to sell a million copies, and itis still in print in dozens of languages.

 FRIEND

B13

We believe that in old times people were 'environmentally'……………………… and lived in harmony with nature.

 FRIEND

B14

Some people (such as the ………………………Indians) respected and protected their environment. But there are many examples of ancient people who carelessly destroyed the land they inhabited.

 AMERICA

B15

The great city of Ur was destroyed by floods because people cut down the trees……………………… on the bank of their river to use for their fires.

 REGULAR

B16

Although the Bible says that the cause of the floods was the anger of God, the real cause of the flood was probably ………………………damage by man.

ENVIRONMENT

B17

The dodo was a large bird, rather like a turkey, that lived on the island of Mauritius in the Indian ocean. When the first man arrived in Mauritius in the early 16th century, they found that the dodos were not afraid of people. The ……………………… killed dodos partly for food and partly for sport.

 SETTLE

B18

Less than 200 years after the first man settlement on Mauritius, the last dodo was dead. Only the expression 'as dead as a dodo' lives in the ……………………… language.

 ENGLAND

B13

In the fashion and music industries hair styles change as ……………………… as traffic lights but bright red or green usually dominates.

 QUICK

B14

So, I'm neither the first nor the last to dye my hair a shock. When you dye your hair some……………………… color,

 NATURAL

B15

people feel that you are trying to draw attention to yourself and they start passing……………………… comments.

 DIFFER

B16

So, when some adults saw my ………………………red and green hair, they told me that they hated the color and some children cried, 'Lookit's a punk'.

At last I was not allowed to take my school exams because of that bright color.

 COLOR

B17

I ……………………… think that our social attitudes haven't changed since the late 1970's and the days of the punk Mohican.

 SERIOUS

B18

I was called 'rebellious' and '……………………… '. I have also discovered what poor manners many people show when it comes to reacting to other people's choice of hair color. Only hair color and nothing else.

 POLITE

B13

One of the most ……………………… functions of the Internet is its information function.

 VALUE

B14

The Internet keeps people informed about……………………… events as well as

 DIFFER

B15

about the latest ……………………… in science and culture.

 ACHIEVE

B16

Recently a system of distance learning has become popular. You can study foreign languages and even study at universities. Individual ……………………… program can be developed especially for you.

 EDUCATE

B17

The Internet is also ……………………… used in business. 

 WIDE

B18

Thanks to the Internet, we have a quick……………………… with partners from all corners of the world. You can also conduct negotiations, hear and see your contacts, and exchange graphic and textual information.

 CONNECT

B13

Rochester is one of the oldest and most charming English cities. It was founded by the Romans who came here in 43 AD and built a fortress and a bridge over the River Medway.

Rochester is famous for its ancient castle, its magnificent cathedral, and its ………………………with Charles Dickens.

 CONNECT

B14

Charles Dickens spent five of his……………………… years near Rochester. As a boy, he explored every corner of the city.

 CHILD

B15

When he became a ………………………, he often used the people and places of Rochester as characters and settings for his novels.

 WRITE

B16

Much later, when he was worldfamous, the……………………… returned to the Rochester area and spent the last 13 years of his life nearby. The last words Dickens ever wrote were about Rochester  the city he loved so much and where he wished to be buried.

 NOVEL

B17

To honour the great Victorian author Rochester holds ……………………… festivals.

 AMAZE

B18

At the beginning of December Rochester plunges into the atmosphere of Victorian Christmas. Many people dress up in Victorian costumes and parade the streets and the Castle gardens. There are bell ringers, carol singers, street entertainers and ………………………Dickensian characters.

B13

Nearly 300 years ago, many children from poor families (sometimes as young as four) worked as chimney sweeps. It was hard, dirty and ……………………… work. The pay, however, was very low.

 DANGER

B14

So on the first of May chimney sweeps were allowed to have some fun and celebrate their 'Sweeps holiday'. Dickens described these……………………… in his works.

 CELEBRATE

B15

In 1860, Parliament passed a law that made it……………………… to use young boys to clean inside chimneys, and the traditional celebration died out.

 LEGAL

B16

But in the 1980s, Gordon Newton, a Rochester………………………, decided to revive the sweeps holiday.

 HISTORY

B17

He ……………………… researched the sweeps' tradition and studied Charles Dickens's descriptions of the event. In 1981 Newton organised a small parade with a group of dancers.

 CAREFUL

B18

The festival has now become very popular and attracts many thousands of ……………………….  

 VISIT

B13

Most people know James Cameron as a famous film director, who created The Terminator, Titanic and Avatar. But James is also a deepsea ……………………….

 EXPLORE

B14

It took Cameron and his team 7 years to prepare for ……………………… this trip.

 DANGER

B15

He spent 3 hours in this cold desertlike place, with no sunlight and heavy water……………………….

 PRESS

B16

People have not visited the Mariana Trench since 1960, when two divers first reached the planet's deepest place  nearly 11 kilometres  in the Pacific Ocean.  They could ………………………see anything and took no pictures.

 HARD

B17

James Cameron travelled to the Mariana Trench in his wellequipped minisubmarine. It has 3D cameras and a mechanical arm for collecting samples of soil and deepsea……………………….

 CREATE

B18

Cameron is going to make a 3D film about Mariana Trench. 'I see this as the………………………, ' he said.

 BEGIN

B13

Every day, women around the world use eyeshadow, mascara, blush and lipstick. Then maybe some nail polish, and ……………………… a little perfume.

 FINAL

B14

……………………… this every morning

 DO

B15

gives many women the ……………………… they need to go out and meet people.

CONFIDENT

B16

Wearing cosmetics is the most common type of body ……………………… in the world today.

 DECORATE

B17

With the help of cosmetics, you can hide skin problems, change the colour of your hair, the shape of your eyebrows, and the……………………… of your eyelashes.

 LONG

B18

A recent ……………………… in modern cosmetics is permanent makeup which helps women not to put it on every day.

 DEVELOP

B13

Fleet Street in London used to be the home of most ……………………… daily and Sunday newspapers and that is why people often say 'Fleet Street' meaning 'the press' even now.

 NATION

B14

In the 1980s most of the newspapers moved to new ……………………… in different parts of London to use new printing technologies.

 BUILD

B15

British newspapers can be divided into quality and popular ones. These groups are easily distinguished because the quality newspapers are ……………………… the size of the popular newspapers.

 TWO

B16

One of the most famous addresses in London is 221b Baker street, the ……………………… home of the world's most famous detective,

 REAL

B17

Sherlock Holmes and his ……………………… Dr. Watson  according to the stories by sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

 ASSIST

B18

The house at 221b Baker street was built in 1815 and was last used as a lodging house in 1936. The ……………………… study on the first floor is kept as it was then. The house is now protected as the city's cultural and architectural heritage.

 FAME

B13

In a nation of many millions there are many different kinds of people: good and bad, honest and ………………………, happy and unhappy.

 HONEST

B14

However, we can talk about some general things. The best-known quality of the English is that they are reserved. A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to unfamiliar people, never tells you anything about himself. If English people are making a journey by train, they will try to find an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a ………………………,

 STRANGE

B15

they may travel without starting a……………………….

 CONVERSE

B16

If they start talking, ……………………… questions like 'How old are you?' or even 'What's your name?' are not easily asked.

 PERSON

B17

Questions like 'Where did you buy your watch?' or 'What is your salary?' are……………………….

 POSSIBLE

B18

But the people of the North and West of Britain……………………… the Welsh, are less reserved than those of the South and East.

 ESPECIAL

B13

Most people know that Leonardo da Vinci was a great painter. However he was also a talented sculptor, musician, poet,………………………, architect and an engineer.

 SCIENCE

B14

Da Vinci was a great ………………………, too.

 INVENT

B15

Some of his projects were ………………………. For example, he drew a flying machine 400 years before the airplane was invented.

 SUCCESS

B16

He also designed an air, ………………………, an alarm clock, a reading lamp, a submarine and many other things. In all, da Vinci designed more than 1,000 inventions!

CONDITION

B17

………………………, he didn't have time to develop many of his ideas. He was always more interested in thinking about and planning projects than doing them.

 SAD

B18

Da Vinci was also a very ……………………… man. Nobody knows much about his private life. What's more, he wrote backwards in his notebooks and it took time to read what he had written in them.

 MYSTERY

B13

Sleep studies show that most teenagers don't get enough sleep and ……………………… go to school feeling tired.

 USUAL

B14

The problem with the poor sleep is how you feel when you are not sleeping  sleepy, irritated or ………………………. Sleepiness makes it difficult to concentrate and to learn, and sleepy students often get bad marks.

 MOOD

B15

And it's not only about the process of getting………………………. Studies show that teens who don't get enough sleep have problems getting along with members of the family at home and their classmates at school.

 EDUCATE

B16

They are more likely to have family fights and bad headaches. Sleepy teens who drive cars may cause serious, even ………………………accidents.

 DEAD

B17

Sleep ……………………… say that teens are programmed to go to sleep later and wake up later than other age groups. But many schools start classes early. Some American schools, for example, start classes at seven o'clock.

 SCIENCE

B18

Experts think that teens need more hormones for their normal ……………………… and such types of hormones are made during sleep. What can schools do? Maybe schools should start classes later in the morning.

 GROW

B13

He didn't wear an ……………………… iron mask but he wore one made of cloth. For thirtyfive years this man was kept in prison. To this day nobody knows who the man was.

 USUAL

B14

He was put in prison by the king of France who refused to answer any questions about why the ……………………… was there or who he was.

 PRISON

B15

When the famous author Alexander Dumas heard about that ……………………… person, he used him as the basis of his popular book 'The Man in the Iron Mask'.

 MYSTERY

B16

To make the story even more tragic, Duma changed the cloth mask which the man……………………… wore into the iron one.

 ACTUAL

B17

The real man was put in prison when he was no more than twentytwo. He was told by his……………………… guards that if he said one word about who he was, he would be killed. So, he was allowed to speak only about his health and food.

 HEART

B18

According to some records, the man was kind,……………………… and never complained. When he died in prison, he was buried under a false name.

 PATIENCE

B13

Not so long ago, extreme hairstyles could shock people and even make them angry. When the Beatles became famous in the 1960s, older people found their long,……………………… hair very disturbing.

 TIDY

B14

Long hair on men was soon seen as a sign of……………………….

 REBEL

B15

The hippies of the same era expressed their……………………… with the rules and customs of the time by growing their hair even longer.

 SATISFY

B16

Then, just when people were getting used to long hair, the punks came along, with their spiky hair or ……………………… heads.

 SHAVE

B17

Today, people don't follow fashions as……………………… as they did in previous times.

 CLOSE

B18

Almost anything goes! Short hair, long hair, even no hair, are all ……………………….

 ACCEPT

B13

People worldwide enjoy sports whether they are playing in a team or doing an individual sport. Some ……………………… team sports because they like playing in a team,

 CHOICE

B14

while those who take up individual sports consider team sports to have many……………………….

ADVANTAGE

B15

To begin with, one advantage of taking up a team sport is the sense of team spirit. Players learn to cooperate while working towards the same goal. Moreover, playing in a team can also help one make new friends. Another reason for taking up a team sport is that when you win, you share the ………………………

 ACHIEVE

B16

and when you lose, you have someone to share the ……………………… with.

 LOSE

B17

On the other hand, there is always a chance that not all players will get along with each other. This may cause ……………………… and make players very competitive.

 ARGUE

B18

In ………………………, when you are part of a team, you have to depend on other players.

 ADD

B13

Scotland is a popular tourist destination. To me, the main …………………… of Scotland is its castles.

 ATTRACT

B14

The landscape in Scotland is more dramatic than in England and the castles look very…………………… there.

 IMPRESS

B15

One doesn't need to be a poet or an…………………… to see their beauty.

 ART

B16

Visiting Edinburgh Castle was an ……………………experience. Its location is remarkable - it was built on top of a volcanic rock. Luckily, the volcano has never disturbed the Castle.

FORGETABLE

B17

But it has been …………………… damaged by people. Like most ancient castles, Edinburgh Castle was built as a fortress. It has been involved in many military conflicts, ruined and restored several times. The oldest part of the Castle dates from 12th century, the other parts were constructed and reconstructed later.

 SERIOUS

B18

Now the Castle houses several museums, including the …………………… War Museum.

 NATION

B13

The Internet is a great invention that has changed the way we communicate forever. Nowadays, if you want to exchange…………………… with someone, it's not important how far away the person is.

INFORM

B14

What …………………… matters is whether he has access to the Internet or not.

REAL

B15

I know that when people started to experiment with the Internet, it required lots of …………………….

EQUIP

B16

Computers and other devices were very large in size and it was …………………… to carry them around – they were always kept in a laboratory.

POSSIBLE

B17

Now …………………… devices have got smaller - you can carry them in a handbag or in your pocket.

ELECTRON

B18

I’m not a ……………………, or ever an engineer, but I'm sure there will be lots of new Internet-related interventions in the near future.

SCIENCE

B13

I don't like opera very much. I find it……………………. Like many people on my age I prefer another type of music - music you can dance to.

BORE

B14

My grandparents, however, …………………… with me. They think that every human being should listen to classical music, at least from time to time.

AGREE

B15

When I was younger, they even dreamt that I would become a …………………… or a composer.

MUSIC

B16

…………………… for me, now they understand there is no chance of that.

LUCKY

B17

Once I took part in a musical …………………… and came last! Anyway, when they go on their special outings to the Opera House, they insist that I should go with them. I usually obey.

COMPETE

B18

But not because I like opera. It's because I love architecture! And all the Opera Houses we’ve visited look …………………… room both inside and outside.

FANTASY

B13

There are lots of stories about animals who save people’s lives. Dogs, cats, horses and even rabbits sometimes help people in very…………………… situations.

DANGER

B14

Mary Pitt, for example, the …………………… of a cat, Toffy, survived the fire due to help pet.

OWN

B15

Nobody knows what caused the fire in the ……………………. Mary was fast asleep when the smoke filled in her room. She ignored the sound of the smoke alarm and kept on sleeping. Amazingly, instead of escaping the house, the cat, Toffy, stayed in the room trying to wake up Mary.

BUILD

B16

The cat bit her hand until she woke up. When the woman realised what was going on, she…………………… called the emergency services. The firemen stopped the fire.

IMMEDIATE

B17

Now Toffy enjoys the title of the most…………………… cat in Mary’s town.

FAME

B18

Some people say that cats are less devoted to people than dogs. For obvious reasons, Mary considers this statement …………………….

FAIR

B13

Nowadays lots of tourists prefer quiet places to big cities. That is why small ……………………towns have become very popular tourist destinations.

TRADITION

B14

I think this growing …………………… is very useful for local economies.

POPULAR

B15

The tourist industry creates new jobs. A good share of these jobs do not necessarily require…………………… and highly qualified workers.

SKILL

B16

It means students and people without college…………………… have a fair chance to earn a living.

EDUCATE

B17

In tourist regions people more often set up their own small businesses and it helps reduce …………………… too.

EMPLOYMENT

B18

A friend of mine, who lives in a small town, used to have constant problems with work. When his home town became popular with tourists, he became a taxi driver and now he's running a small business very …………………….

SUCCESSFUL

B13

Playing games is very important for children. Scientists say children …………………… learn different skills when they play.

QUICK

B14

When children play sports, they learn to work in teams and to reach goals - skills which will be vital for their …………………… life in the future.

PPOFESSION

B15

When role playing, children try different social roles: a child can act as a parent, a friend, a ……………………, a doctor, whatever.

TEACH

B16

While playing, children try different behavioral models which will help them interact with real people and solve all kinds of problems and conflicts. Playing develops…………………….

IMAGINE

B17

Children who play a lot are more …………………… than those who don't.

CREATE

B18

That is why adults should encourage children when they play, but, ……………………, they don't always take it seriously.

FORTUNATELY

B13

The weekend was boring. We had had lots of plans for Saturday but the weather…………………… ruined them.

ABSOLUTE

B14

When I woke up in the morning, the sky was clear which promised a wonderful day. My sister, Laura, and I were planning to go to the beach. A week before, we had discovered a…………………… place there.

FANTASY

B15

It was a little harbour, separated from the rest of the beach by two volcanic rocks. There were lots of …………………… seashells there.

COLOUR

B16

The rocks were difficult to climb and they made the area between them practically invisible to the …………………… tourists.

NOISE

B17

We were packing our lunch when the sky became overcast and it started to rain. I hoped the rain would stop soon and wanted to go anyway. But Laura said that she had to…………………… with me and she was right - it rained hard till the next morning.

AGREE

B18

It was a great …………………… for both of us.

DISAPPOINT

B13

I always wanted to take driving lessons and my dream came true recently. The driving school is very close to my house. Actually, it's in the …………………… next to it, so it takes me just a few seconds to get there.

BUILD

B14

My instructor is a very experienced……………………. He is strict and notices my every little mistake.

DRIVE

B15

He says there are no …………………… things when you are on the road, and every mistake could cause serious problems.

IMPORTANT

B16

I really enjoy my lessons but driving is still very …………………… to me.

STRESS

B17

There are lots of …………………… situations and I have to be very attentive and careful all the time.

DANGER

B18

The ability to react …………………… is also necessary.

QUICK

B13

The roller skates I got for my birthday were a great present. I could hardly wait till the next morning to try them. In fact, I had never gone roller-skating before but I had seen how…………………… people in the park did it and was sure I would manage too.

EASY

B14

After all, I'm sporty and a good football…………………….

PLAY

B15

I didn't even think that it might be…………………….

DANGER

B16

I went to the park alone and it was a bad…………………… to make.

DECIDE

B17

I fell and hurt my leg badly. My leg looked…………………… blue.

NATURALLY

B18

It was very …………………… and I could not walk. Some people called for an ambulance. Luckily, the bone was not broken, but I had to spend some time in hospital.

PAIN

B13

People talk a lot about diets and eating habits today. They say …………………… eating improves quality of life.

HEALTH

B14

I’ve recently seen a …………………… about the food pyramid we need to keep in mind when we design our menu. According to this pyramid, all necessary foods are divided into five groups.

PRESENT

B15

The first group contains pasta, cereal, rice, and bread - the basic foods which people eat the most. In the second group, there are…………………… vegetables and fruit. Milk, eggs, meat, and fish make the third group.

DIFFER

B16

Sweets and fats are the smallest group and people should almost totally avoid eating these foods, which can be …………………… to the body.

HARM

B17

I think this approach to your diet is very…………………….

REASON

B18

However, my friends, who are vegetarians,……………………. They think the third group should be avoided completely.

AGREE

***

We are always told that we should clean our teeth regularly to keep them healthy and to have fresh breath. It is believed that people started using a kind of paste to clean their teeth around 5000 years ago. However, the ingredients of these tooth powders were very different from ours. For example, the people of ancient Egypt used salt, mint, dried flowers and pepper to create tooth powder. Later, in the 18th century, in some countries in Europe, people brushed their teeth with burnt bread. The first toothpaste appeared in 1890, in Great Britain. At first it was sold in jars. Then special tubes were designed to make the toothpaste more comfortable to use.

***

Do you know why it is hot in the summer and cold in the winter? Most people believe that it is because the Earth is closer to the Sun in the summer and farther from it in the winter. But it is not like this at all! In fact, the distance between the Earth and the Sun is largest in July and smallest in January! Scientists suggest that the reason for different summer and winter temperatures is the angle of the Sun’s rays. In the summer, the rays reach the Earth almost at a right angle. Due to this, the rays are not spread out and a smaller area of the planet's surface gets the energy. In the winter, the angle changes and the Sun’s rays are spread out over a larger area. Besides this, the long nights and short days do not give enough time for the land to warm up.

Studies of the atmosphere first received technical support in 1912. Equipment to measure temperature and pressure was invented in Germany. But the question was how to raise it high into the air. In 1921, Russian engineers suggested using planes. The special equipment was put on planes that made regular flights. Thanks to this, scientists got a lot of new information about the structure of the atmosphere. Nowadays scientists use modern flying laboratories to study the structure of clouds at different levels. Unlike the first planes, these laboratories can work in any weather and are able to predict climate changes.

***

Wombats are exotic animals that only live in Australia. They have become an unofficial symbol of the country. In 1974 a wombat appeared on an Australian stamp for the first time. Since then it has been regularly used on different Australian stamps and coins. Wombats look like little bears and prefer grass to meat. They also love eating berries, plant roots and mushrooms. Like camels, wombats drink little water because there is enough water in fresh grass. Wombats spend most of their life in holes under the ground. With their strong arms and long nails they are able to dig very long and complex tunnels. Fortunately, wombats have few enemies in the animal world. Most wombats live around 15 years.

Most people enjoy watching the night sky. And the brightest object in the sky is the Moon. Every night the Moon rises in the East and sets in the West. It takes about 27 days to go around the Earth, and it’s an interesting fact that we always see the same side of the Moon. The Moon is the closest object to the Earth. It would take us only 13 hours to get to the Moon by rocket. If we were able to travel at the speed of light, it would take a bit less than two seconds.

There is a very thin atmosphere on the Moon. Life is not possible there. In spite of this, the Moon can be used as a base for space exploration and even for space tourism. Some space companies say that they will be able to take tourists to the Moon as soon as in 2020.

***

One day a young man who lived near the lake in a small American town asked himself, “Why can’t people ski on water if they can ski on snow?” With his brother’s help he constructed several models of skis to test his ideas. He experimented on the local lake for a few days and created skis suitable for the water. This happened in 1922. The young man, who was only 18 at that time, didn’t patent his invention. However, he performed a lot of shows across the country that made him and the sport of water skiing popular. Later, he was recognized as the creator of a new sport – water skiing.

Water skiing equipment has been greatly improved since that time, and the number of people who enjoy this sport is growing in many countries.

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами А–G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

Задание 7

A. 

Young people often worry about the style and functions of mobile phones. However, today companies present more models for people who are over 50 or 60 years old. They need a mobile phone with large buttons, so that they can dial numbers without glasses. The menu is also simple. It really doesn’t matter if the phone has a camera or the Internet. For them, less is more.

B. 

Today, when friends meet in a café, they put their mobile phones in the middle of the table. They aren’t allowed to touch them at all. If someone does it and answers the phone, they have to pay for everybody. Sounds fun, right? The idea is to make people concentrate on a real conversation with each other instead of using their mobiles all the time.

C. 

Visitors of theatres and cinemas often complain that mobile phones ring during performances. The city government of New York passed a new act. It is now forbidden to use mobile phones in places, like theaters, libraries, museums, galleries, and cinemas. Those who don't switch off their mobiles will have to pay $50.

D. 

With mobile phones we can contact anyone, anywhere, any time. Scientists say that some people are so used to mobiles that they can't go to the kitchen without them. They are in panic if they leave them at home or lose. It has become a habit to have a mobile everywhere. People depend on mobile phones so much that doctors have started worrying. They say it may be a thing similar to drugs.

E. 

Throwing mobile phones is an international sport that started in Finland in 2000. Traditionally participants throw mobile phones over their shoulders. The person, who throws farthest, wins. There's also freestyle throwing. In this contest sportsmen should throw a mobile in a beautiful and creative way.

F. 

In 2010 a young girl from China made a song using only her mobile phone. She wrote it without any guitars, pianos, drums. She used different functions of her mobile. It took her several days to record the song. Later she made a video of it and put the video on the Internet, where over a million people watched it. She sent the song to the Apple company and suggested using it in their advertisements.

G. 

Today's mobile phones can already send e-mails, surf the Internet, and keep you in touch with friends. Tomorrow's phones are like helpful secretaries. In a few years you'll see that they know your habits and can advise you what to cook for dinner. They will remind you where to go and what present to buy.

Задание 13