Методическая разработка по теме «Пищеварительная система»
план-конспект занятия на тему

Методическая разработка по теме «Пищеварительная система» для 3 курса

Topic:  The  digestive system

Grammar: Времена группы Simple / Continuous (повторение)

Vocabulary list

• Прочитайте и выучите следующие слова и словосочетания

1. esophagus - пищевод
2. stomach - желудок
3. pancreas    -  поджелудочная железа - печень
4. liver – печень
5. gallbladder – желчный пузырь
6. duodenum –  двенадцатиперстная кишка
7. jejunum –  тонкая кишка
8. ileum – подвздошная кишка
9. caecum -  слепая кишка
10. colon – толстая кишка

11. rectum – прямая кишка

Text

• Прочитайте и переведите текст

The anatomy of the digestive system

  The digestive system is the organ system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are essential for growth and maintenance. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

  The mouse, also as the oral cavity, is the orifice through which an organism takes in food and water. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste.

   The esophagus consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

  The stomach is a bear-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication.

  The duodenum, jejunum and ileum are part of the small intestine. It is located in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

  The large intestine is about 1,5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

  The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract. Although food does not pass through these organs, they play a very important role in the proper digestion of nutrients.

Exercises

1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Необходимый для роста, мышечная трубка, полый мышечная орган, тонкий кишечник,  центральная часть брюшной полости, всасывание питательных веществ.

2. Сравните предложения в левой и правой колонках, укажите, чем они отличаются по форме и по значению:

1. I study at the pediatric Faculty.                                                    Please, don’t make so much noise,

                                                                                                      I am studying.      

2. Did you study organic chemistry                                                  Were you studying at five o’clock

in first year?                                                                                   yesterday?                                                                                            

3. He will not study medicine next                                                     He will not be studying at this            

 year.                                                                                               time tomorrow.

3. Раскройте скобки. Поставьте глагол в правильную форму.

1. My family (to live) in Moscow.
2. What book you (to read) now?
3. He (to play) basketball at 10 a.m. yesterday.
4. I (to do) my homework when you (to come).
5. Look! Somebody (to open) the door!
6. I usually (to go) to work by car.
7. Students (to take) two exams last year.
8. The students (to read) a text when the teacher entered the classroom.

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The digestive system: liver and stomach.                               

Liver, the pancreas and the kidneys are the organs primarily engaged in the intermediary metabolism of the materials resorbed from the gastro – intestinal tract and in the excretion of metabolic waste products. Of these 3 organs the liver performs the most diverse functions. It acts as the receiving depot and distributing center for the majority of the products of intestinal digestion and plays a major role in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and purines.  

        It controls the concentration of cholesterol esters in the blood and utilizes the sterol in the formation of bile acid. The liver takes in the regulation of the blood volume and in water metabolism and distribution. Its secretion, the bile, is necessary for fat digestion.

        The liver is a site for the formation of the blood plasma, especially for fibrinogen, and also forms heparin, carbohydrate which prevents the clotting of the blood.  It has important detoxicating functions and guards the organism against toxins of intestinal origin as well as other harmful substances. The liver in its detoxicating functions and manifold metabolic activities may well be considered the most important gland of the body.

        The normal position of the empty human stomach is not horizontal, as used to be thought before the development of rentgenology. This method of examination has revealed the stomach to be either somewhat J-shaped of comparable in outline to a reversed L. The majority of normal stomachs are J-shaped. In the J-shaped type the pylorus lies at a higher level than the lowest part of the greater curvature and the body of the stomach is nearly vertical.

        The stomach docs not empty itself by gravity, but through the contraction of its muscular wall like any other part of the digestive tube, of which it is merely a segment.

           Gastric motility shows great individual variation; in some types of stomach the wave travels very rapidly, completing its journey in from 10 to 15 seconds. In others the wave takes 30 seconds or go to pass from its origin to the pylorus. The sloe waves are the more common.

Sources of energy

The fuels of the body are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. These are taken in the diet.

        Carbohydrates are the principal source of energy in most diets. They are absorbed into the blood stream in the form of glucose. Glucose not needed for immediate use is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver. When the blood sugar concentration goes down, the liver reconverts come of its stored glycogen into glucose.

        Fats make up the second largest source of energy in most diets. They are stored in adipose tissue and round the principal internal organs. If excess carbohydrate is taken in, this can be converted into fat and stored. The stored fat is utilized when the liver is empty of glycogen.

        Proteins are essential for the growth and rebuilding of tissue, but they can also be utilized as a source of energy. In some diets, such as the diet of the Eskimo, they form the main source of energy. Proteins are first broken down into amino acids. Then they are absorbed into the blood and pass round the body. Amino acids not used by the body are eventually excreted in the urine in the form of urea. Proteins, unlike- carbohydrate and fats, cannot be stored for future use.

New words         

fuels – топливо

principal source – основной источник

energy – энергия  

glucose – глюкоза  

glycogen – гликоген

stored – сохраненный

adipose – животный жир

amino acids – аминокислоты

5. Расскажите о строении пищеварительной системы.