"Кино. Как это все начиналось?"

Муниципальное общеобразовательное учреждение

Средняя общеобразовательная школа №2

215110, Смоленская область, г.Вязьма, загородный переулок, 23

Проектная работа по английскому языку на тему:

«Cinema. How did it all begin.»

                                                                                   Работу выполнила :

Обучающаяся 9А класса

Генералова Ирина Сергеевна

Руководитель: учитель английского языка

Гузилова Наталья Васильевна

г. Вязьма 2018 год

Contents:

How did it begin?

The first film

The time of speechless cinema

The coming of colorful cinema

Modern cinema

Genres

The most popular actors

The most popular directors

The most prestigious cinema awards

Conclusions

Literature

Introduction

The appearance of the cinema took place at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. For seven decades the cinema managed to master the minds and hearts of people of all countries, all nationalities, classes, professions, ages and temperaments and become an indispensable part of intellectual life and everyday life of mankind.

The emergence of the art of cinema was the result of a two-way process: the aspiration of humanity to the most complete and comprehensive figurative cognition of reality, achievable through the synthesis of the arts, the unification of their expressive possibilities.

Modern cinema is clearly on the way of reforming - old techniques are gradually disappearing into the past, new, more innovative and obeying requirements that time itself dictates and society are taking their place. Today, few people are interested in cinema - people prefer a good holiday in Thailand instead of visiting the Cannes Film

Cinematography is a relatively new kind of art. Its history in comparison with the millennial history of music, painting, theater is very short. But this does not prevent the cinema from remaining for several decades the most massive form of art.

The great English director Alfred Hitchcock once downloaded: "The film is the life with which the spots of boredom were taken out." Indeed, a good movie captivates, surprises, makes you think about what is happening in human life phenomena. Just like a book for a writer, music for a musician or painting for an artist, a movie for a director is a way of expressing one's own thoughts, feelings and desires. Often the cinema shows us an ideal life, a life that many people dream about, a life that is not achievable for many. Cinematography is a kind of motive, an incentive to actively intervene in your life and change it for the better on the way to the ideal.

Cinema as literature uses the word as theater - actor's act of acting, game, as painting - drawing and color, as music - sounds. But not the word, not the color, not the sound and not even the light, not the film, are the material of the cinema art, but the actual reality itself. The cinema shows life in its own forms, selected, meaningful and recorded by the authors of the films, and it does this with its specific expressive means.

The first film

Officially, the film industry in 1895. But the first started making films several years before that date. In 1888, Frenchman Louis Le Prince, who lived in England, filmed his first motion picture in the world. It is called "Roundhay garden Scenes"or" Roundhay Garden Scene". The picture with the new for the age of technology is a record on a paper tape that was coated with photographic emulsion.

Although the technology itself appeared four years earlier than the film, in 1884, but it was Louis Le Prince, was the first to use it. The film "in the garden Scene Roundhay" lasted only 1.66 seconds. During this time, the author managed to capture the walk of several people in the garden. The shot hit the Director's son, his mother-in-law with her husband, as well as a friend of the family Harriet Hartley. Frenchman Louis Le Prince also shot the film "Traffic on the English bridge Leeds". But the world never saw, because in 1890 the Director went missing on the train from Didone in Paris, and was not found.

The first film, which was widespread, was filmed in 1895 "arrival of a train at the station of La Ciotat". The beginning of the era of cinema put it this picture. This is a documentary short film, which was shot and publicly shown by the Lumiere brothers. Since then, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas and Louis Jean are considered the ancestors of movie.  This film has a fairly simple plot. The screen shows the train stop on the railway platform of the station of La Ciotat, as well as passengers walking along the cars. But, despite this, the picture has become widely known.

The time of speechless cinema

A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical.

The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s. At first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as "talking pictures", or "talkies", were exclusively short. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects. The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the leading brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would soon become the standard for talking pictures.

By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon. In the United States, they helped secure Hollywood's position as one of the world's most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence . In Europe, the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of soundless cinema. In Japan, where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance, talking pictures were slow to take root. In India, sound was the transformative element that led to the rapid expansion of the nation's film industry.

The coming of colorful cinema

From its birth in the 1880s, movies were predominantly monochrome. Contrary to popular belief, monochrome doesn't always mean black and white; it means a movie shot in a single tone or color. Since the cost of tinted film bases was substantially higher, most movies were produced in black and white monochrome. Even with the advent of early color experiments, the greater expense of color meant films were mostly made in black and white until the 1950s, when cheaper color processes were introduced, and in some years the percentage of films shot on color film surpassed 51%. By the 1960s, color became by far the dominant film stock. In the coming decades, the usage of color film greatly increased while monochrome films became scarce.

The first color cinematography was by additive color systems such as the one patented by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 and tested in 1902. A simplified additive system was successfully commercialized in 1909 as Kinemacolor. These early systems used black-and-white film to photograph and project two or more component images through different color filters.

Around 1920, the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced. These also used black-and-white film to photograph multiple color-filtered source images, but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment. Before 1932, when three-strip Technicolor was introduced, commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color.

Film was the dominant form of cinematography until the 2010s, when it was largely replaced by digital cinematography.

Modern cinema

Today, cinematography increasingly resorts to the use of special effects in its activity with the advent of the latest digital technologies, the reality is stereokino or, in modern language, 3D Stereo. In the film distribution market, movies in 3D format often collect much larger cash than regular ones. The connoisseurs of films with digital effects are mostly young people from 14 to 24 years old. The main criterion for the quality of the film is the availability of special effects. Digital technology has allowed reality to lose its priority, and now on the screen we can observe hordes of orcs and goblins.

Now for 3D films used two main technologies: real shooting in 3D and converting to 3D format.

Real shooting 3D film lies in the fact that being directly 3D camera (3D camera) on the set.

Converting to 3D is the translation of an existing 2D (normal) movie into 3D format with the help of special processing, which creates the effect of volume.      However, more and more films are shot by mixed technology, when the film uses 3D video materials and 3D computer graphics and recovered from 2D materials. This allows you to make quality 3D movies more flexibly and quickly. For example. if the scene cannot be taken in 3D initially due to technical reasons, this is the scene that can be converted from 2D

Genres

Anime is a kind of animation originally from Japan, designed mostly for an adult and youthful audience and featuring a unique manner of rendering backgrounds and characters. Anime cartoons were born, as a result of the experiments of Japanese directors who combined invented in the west animation techniques with the traditions of Japanese art. At the heart of most anime series and full-length anime films lie the light Japanese novels of the Ranbe and Japanese manga comics.

Biographical film - a genre of cinema, tells the story of the fate of any famous, outstanding personality that has left its mark in history. Some biographical films pay attention only to key moments in the life of the protagonist, while others start to narrate from the moment of his birth to show how his character was formed under the influence of his parents, teachers, friends, children's upheavals, losses, first love.

 The militant is a cinematic genre in which the main characters or heroes face a number of problems, which, without resorting to violence, can not be solved. Films of militants abound in violence in all its manifestations, insane chases, costly special effects and complex stunt tricks. The main characters often find themselves in seemingly desperate, deadly situations, to get out alive from them because of their professional training, resourcefulness and determination. In the overwhelming majority of militants, good triumphs, and villains perish or are behind bars.

Western films are one of the directions of the once very popular Western art in the US (literally, Western), widely represented in comics, games, on radio and television. The action of Western movies unfolds mainly in the second half of the XIX century in the American Wild West. In the center of the plot is most often a traveling cowboy riding a horse or an archer armed with a revolver and a rifle. Typical for the hero of this genre elements of clothing is a cowboy hat, a scarf with a color pattern, cowboy boots, spurs and pants made of deerskin.

War films - a genre of cinematic art, dedicated to the war and the methods of its conduct. Usually these are films about sea, air or land battles, the central place in which is reserved for large-scale battle scenes, because of its key role usually placed in the ending of the film.

Detective films - a genre of cinema, the main characters or heroes of which are trying to find a solution to any problem or solve a crime. Throughout the film, the police detective, private detective or common man tries to figure out the mysterious circumstances of an incident using all the means at his disposal.

Movies for children are works of cinema art created specially for children and teenagers (feature films, cartoons, serials), which take into account the peculiarities of the aesthetic perception of children, the specifics of their thinking and other age-specific features. Children's film can not contain scenes of violence, foul language, frightening, erotic scenes.

Documentary films - a genre of cinema, based on the shooting of real persons and events. In some cases, if necessary, focus on those or other points, simplify understanding, or for greater visibility in documentaries can be used various staging elements, staged and fragments of feature films.

Dramatic films - one of the most common cinematographic genres. As a rule, these films tell about the private life and social conflicts of the characters, emphasizing the incarnations in their actions and behavior of human contradictions. A characteristic feature of the genre is the close to reality style and everyday plot.

Historical films - a genre of game cinematography, narrating about this or that era, people and events of the past. These films can illustrate the life path of real people (historical and biographical) or fictional characters (historical and adventure). Because The central theme is often coups, wars and other fateful events, they are often crossed by films by militants, adventure films and films about the war.

Kinomikoms are works of cinema art (films, cartoons and serials), based on the stories of famous comic books. Films kinokomiksy almost do not differ from the films about superheroes, and therefore they are often confused. The difference is that movies about superheroes are not always an adaptation of comics, and the heroes of kinomics are very often, but not always superheroes.

Comedy as a genre of art emerged back in the days of ancient Greece. In a word, the comedy was characterized by laughter-inducing performances, and after the birth of the cinema and films designed to raise the mood and make the audience laugh. Huge popularity they enjoyed in the era of silent movies, and the best films of that time do not lose popularity to this day.

Concert cinema is a cinematic genre that covers live performances of famous singers, musicians and comedians. Concert cinema is sometimes called a kind of documentary, however, the best representatives of the genre are always something more.

A short film is any game or animation film, the duration of which is not enough to be called full-length. Despite the fact that there is no common opinion on this issue, the American Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences defines short films as "films whose duration does not exceed 40 minutes".

Criminal films are a cinematic genre that focuses on crime and topics related to it in one way or another. The stylistic approach to shooting criminal films varies from a realistic image of real-life criminals to improbable stories about fictional evil geniuses. The genre is close enough and often intersects with the genres of a detective and an action movie.

Melodrama are a genre of cinema with an intensified sensual and emotional component, which significantly prevails over the detailing of characters, which are often depicted schematically and stereotypically.

Mystery is a highly popular trend in gaming cinema, raising the themes of the supernatural (clairvoyance, magic, necromancy, spiritualistic and mediumistic phenomena, vampires, werewolves, etc.). Among the characteristic features of the films of the mystic genre is the division of everything into a dark and bright side.

Musical films - a genre of cinematic art, dedicated to music and everything connected with it. Characters of feature films of this genre, in addition to participating in dialogues, perform a song and / or dance supplementary to the music. The basis for many films of the genre of music are operettas or musicals.

Cartoons are films in the process of creation of which the illusion of movement and transformation of objects is created through an accelerated demonstration of a series of minimally different still images. A series dedicated to a specific event, a character or a group of cartoons (most often short) is called a cartoon serial.

Musicals are a cinematic genre in which characters performed by characters, sometimes accompanied by dances, are an important part of the storyline. Dance and song numbers usually develop the storyline or "reveal" the characters of the film.

Science films are a genre of non-fiction (documentary) cinematography, describing the world around from a scientific point of view in a simple and accessible language. Among the main tasks of such films is the communication to the broad masses of information about scientific discoveries, views, hypotheses, facts, information and the results of scientific research. The best popular science films highlight this or that question is not only available, but also colorful, dynamic.

Adventure films - a genre of cinematic art, the characteristic features of which are the spirit of adventurism, the rapidity of plot development and its unexpected twists, exaggerated experiences, as well as a clear division of characters into good and bad.

Reality show is a genre of television programs documenting allegedly improvised situations from real life. The heroes of the reality show most often become unknown before that people who are not professional actors, however, in some shows can participate and the stars. Many reality shows present everything that is happening on the screen as real events, but in reality they are completely or partly staged.

Family films - a genre of cinema, whose products are designed for different age groups and, accordingly, do not contain materials that are inappropriate for children. It can be game, documentary or animated films or serials. Most often, family films are films involving children or films related to children in the context of home and family.

Sports films are works of cinematic art, the main theme of which is sports and everything that is directly related to it. Sports movies (as well as cartoons and serials) can be documentary and artistic. Among the main tasks of most films of the genre is the popularization of sport and a healthy lifestyle.

Talk show - a genre of television programs in which invited to the studio participants discuss different topics together with one or more presenters. Most often this happens in the presence of spectators, who in some cases can express opinions, ask questions

Thriller is a television and cinematic genre, with many sub-genres. The characteristic and defining feature of thrillers are the feelings of anxiety, uncertainty (suspense), excitement and surprise that they evoke.

Horror films are works of cinematic art whose main task is to evoke in the audience a negative emotional reaction, playing on primitive feelings of fear and disgust.

Fantastic films are works of game cinematography, the plot of which is based on fantastic speculations in the field of humanities, natural and technical sciences. With the help of such speculations, certain phenomena, events and technologies that theoretically can exist today or be invented in the future can be grounded.

 Film-noir is a cinematic term, which is most often understood as the Hollywood criminal and detective dramas that were produced from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. These films were mostly filmed in black and white, and the plot revolved around fatal women, doomed heroes or antiheroes and steep, cynical detectives. A characteristic feature of most films of the genre is the atmosphere of frustration, mistrust and cynicism.

Fantasy is a genre of game cinema, based on fabulous and mythological motifs. The action can unfold both on Earth and in completely fictional worlds, which obey completely different physical laws. The characters of these films, in addition to people, are mostly elves, orcs, undead, dwarves and trolls.

The most popular actors

Alfredo James Pacino (born April 25, 1940) is an American actor and filmmaker. Pacino has had a career spanning over five decades, during which time he has received numerous accolades and honors both competitive and honorary, among them an Academy Award, two Tony Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, a British Academy Film Award, four Golden Globe Awards, the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute, the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the National Medal of Arts. He is also one of few performers to have won a competitive Oscar, an Emmy, and a Tony Award for acting, dubbed the "Triple Crown of Acting".

Pacino received his first Best Actor Oscar nomination for Serpico (1973); he was also nominated for The Godfather Part II, Dog Day Afternoon (1975) and ...And Justice for All (1979) and won the award in 1993 for his performance as the blind Lieutenant Colonel Slade in Scent of a Woman (1992). For his performances in The Godfather, Dick Tracy (1990) and Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), Pacino was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Other notable roles include Tony Montana in Scarface (1983), Carlito Brigante in Carlito's Way (1993), Lieutenant Vincent Hanna in Heat (1995), Benjamin Ruggiero in Donnie Brasco (1997), Lowell Bergman in The Insider (1999) and Detective Will Dormer in Insomnia (2002).

In addition to his work in film, Pacino has had an extensive career on stage and is a two-time Tony Award winner, in 1969 and 1977, for his performances in Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?and The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel respectively. A lifelong fan of Shakespeare, Pacino directed and starred in Looking for Richard (1996), a documentary film about the play Richard III, a role which Pacino had earlier portrayed on-stage in 1977. He has also acted as Shylock in a 2004 feature film adaptation and a 2010 production of The Merchant of Venice. Having made his filmmaking debut with Looking for Richard, Pacino has also directed and starred in the independent film Chinese Coffee (2000) and the films Wilde Salomé (2011) and Salomé(2013), about the play Salomé by Oscar Wilde. Since 1994, Pacino has been the joint president of the Actors Studio with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel. In 2016, he received the Kennedy Center Honor.

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( German; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, producer, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011.

Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent years, is named after him. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest bodybuilders of all time as well as that sport's most charismatic ambassador.

Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action-film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, a box-office hit that resulted in a sequel. In 1984, he appeared in the title role of James Cameron's critically and commercially successful science-fiction thriller film The Terminator. He subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise’s later installments: Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), and Terminator Genisys (2015). He has appeared in a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), The Running Man  (1987),  Predator (1987), Twins (1988), Total Recall (1990), Kindergarten Cop (1990), and True Lies (1994).

As a Republican, Schwarzenegger was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. He was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis' term. He was then re-elected in the 2006 California gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor.[6] In 2011, he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting. Schwarzenegger was nicknamed "the Austrian Oak" in his bodybuilding days, "Arnie" during his acting career, and "The Governator" (a portmanteau of "Governor" and "Terminator") during his political career.

William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and producer. He has received multiple awards and nominations including an Academy Award as producer under his own company Plan B Entertainment.

Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise (1991). His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with the drama films A River Runs Through It (1992) and Legends of the Fall (1994), and horror film Interview with the Vampire (1994). He gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys (both 1995), the latter earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination.

Pitt starred in the cult film Fight Club (1999) and the heist film Ocean's Eleven (2001) and its sequels, Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). His greatest commercial successes have been Troy (2004), Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), and World War Z (2013). Pitt received his second and third Academy Award nominations for his leading performances in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) and Moneyball  (2011). He produced The Departed (2006) and 12 Years a Slave (2013), both of which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and also The Tree of Life, Moneyball, and The Big Short (2015), all of which garnered Best Picture nominations.

As a public figure, Pitt has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry. For a number of years, he was cited as the world's most attractive man by various media outlets, and his personal life is the subject of wide publicity. Divorced from actress Jennifer Aniston after five years of marriage, he married actress Angelina Jolie in 2014. They have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally. In 2016, Jolie filed for a divorce from Pitt, which is currently pending.

Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer, and singer. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s, most notably as David Addison in Moonlighting (1985–1989). He is known for his role of John McClane in the film Die Hard film series (1988–2013). Willis has appeared in over 60 films, including Death Becomes Her (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), 12 Monkeys (1995), The Fifth Element (1997) ,  Armageddon (1998), The Sixth Sense (1999), Unbreakable (2000), Sin City (2005), Red (2010), Moonrise Kingdom (2012) The Expendables 2 (2012) and Looper (2012).

Willis left New York City and headed to California to audition for several television shows.  In 1984, he appeared in an episode of the TV series Miami Vice, titled "No Exit".

In 1985, he was the guest actor in the first episode of the 1980s revival of The Twilight Zone, "Shatterday". He auditioned for the role of David Addison Jr. of the television series Moonlighting (1985–1989), competing against 3,000 other actors for the position.

In 1994, he had a supporting role as Butch Coolidge in Quentin Tarantino's acclaimed Pulp Fiction, which gave a new boost to his career. In 1996, he was the executive producer and star of the cartoon Bruno the Kid which featured a CGI representation of himself. That same year, he starred in Mike Judge's animated film Beavis and Butt-head Do America with his then-wife Demi Moore. In the movie, he plays a drunken criminal named "Muddy Grimes", who mistakenly sends Judge's titular characters to kill his wife, Dallas (voiced by Moore). He went on to play the lead roles in 12 Monkeys (1995) and The Fifth Element (1997). However, by the end of the 1990s his career had fallen into another slump with critically panned films like The Jackal, Mercury Rising, and Breakfast of Champions, saved only by the success of the Michael Bay-directed Armageddon which was the highest-grossing film of 1998 worldwide. In 1999, Willis then went on to the starring role in M. Night Shyamalan's film, The Sixth Sense. The film was both a commercial and critical success and helped to increase interest in his acting career.

In 2000, Willis won an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his work on Friends (in which he played the father of Ross Geller's much-younger girlfriend). He was also nominated for a 2001 American Comedy Award (in the Funniest Male Guest Appearance in a TV Series category) for his work on Friends.

Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio ( born November 11, 1974) is an American actor, film producer, and environmental activist. DiCaprio began his career by appearing in television commercials in the late 1980s, after which he had recurring roles in various television series such as the soap opera Santa Barbara and the sitcom Growing Pains. He began his film career by starring as Josh in Critters 3 (1991). He starred in the film adaptation of the memoir This Boy's Life (1993), and was praised for his supporting role in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993). He gained public recognition with leading roles in The Basketball Diaries (1995) and the romantic drama Romeo + Juliet (1996), before achieving international fame with James Cameron's epic romance Titanic (1997), which became the highest-grossing film of all time to that point.

Since 2000, DiCaprio has received critical acclaim for his work in a wide range of film genres. DiCaprio's subsequent films include The Man in the Iron Mask (1998), the biographical crime drama Catch Me If You Can (2002), and the epic historical drama Gangs of New York (2002), which marked his first of many collaborations with director Martin Scorsese. He was acclaimed for his performances in the political war thriller Blood Diamond (2006), the neo-noir crime drama The Departed (2006), the espionage thriller Body of Lies (2008), the drama Revolutionary Road (2008), the psychological thriller Shutter Island (2010), the science fiction thriller Inception (2010), the biographical film J. Edgar (2011), the western Django Unchained (2012), and the period drama The Great Gatsby (2013).

DiCaprio's portrayals of Howard Hughes in The Aviator (2004) and Hugh Glass in The Revenant (2015) won him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, and his role as Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) won him the award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. He also won the Academy Award for Best Actor and BAFTA Award for his performance in The Revenant. DiCaprio is the founder of his own production company, Appian Way Productions. 

Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American actor and film producer. He gained worldwide fame for his starring roles as Han Solo in the Star Wars film series and as the title character of the Indiana Jones film series. Ford is also known for his roles as Rick Deckard in the neo-noir dystopian science fiction film Blade Runner (1982) and its sequel Blade Runner 2049 (2017); John Book in the thriller Witness (1985), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor; and Jack Ryan in the action films Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994).

His career spans six decades and includes roles in several Hollywood blockbusters; including the epic war film Apocalypse Now (1979); the legal drama Presumed Innocent (1990); the action film The Fugitive (1993); the political action thriller Air Force One (1997); and the psychological thriller What Lies Beneath (2000). Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry: American Graffiti (1973), The Conversation (1974), Star Wars (1977), Apocalypse Now (1979), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), Blade Runner (1982) and Return of the Jedi (1983).

As of 2016, the U.S. domestic box-office grosses of Ford's films total over US$4.7 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing $6 billion, making Ford the second highest-grossing U.S. domestic box-office star.[1][2] Ford is married to actress Calista Flockhart.

The most famous directors

Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946) is an American director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era, as well as being viewed as one of the most popular directors and producers in film history. He is also one of the co-founders of DreamWorks Studios.

In a career spanning more than four decades, Spielberg's films have spanned many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films, such as Jaws (1975), Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), were seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing numerous humanistic issues such as the Holocaust, the transatlantic slave trade, civil rights, war, and terrorism in such films as The Color Purple(1985), Empire of the Sun (1987), Schindler's List (1993), Amistad (1997), Saving Private Ryan (1998), Munich (2005), War Horse (2011), Lincoln (2012), Bridge of Spies (2015), and The Post (2017). His other films include Jurassic Park (1993), A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), and War of the Worlds (2005).

Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan, as well as receiving five other nominations. Three of Spielberg's films—Jaws, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, and Jurassic Park—achieved box office records and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history. His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion.[1] He is also known for his long-standing associations with several actors, producers, and technicians, most notably composer John Williams, who has composed music for all but three of Spielberg's films (The Color Purple, Bridge of Spies, and Ready Player One).

Quentin Jerome Tarantino ( born March 27, 1963) is an American film director, writer, and actor. His films are characterized by nonlinear storylines, satirical subject matter, an aestheticization of violence, extended scenes of dialogue, ensemble casts consisting of established and lesser-known performers, references to popular culture, soundtracks primarily containing songs and score pieces from the 1960s to the 1980s, and features of neo-noir film. He is widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers of his generation.

His career began in the late 1980s, when he wrote and directed My Best Friend's Birthday, the screenplay of which formed the basis for True Romance. In the early 1990s, he began his career as an independent filmmaker with the release of Reservoir Dogs in 1992, which was funded by his sold script Natural Born Killers to Oliver Stone and coined the "Greatest Independent Film of All Time" by Empire. Its popularity was boosted by his second film, Pulp Fiction (1994), a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences. Judged the greatest film from 1983–2008 by Entertainment Weekly, many critics and scholars have named it one of the most significant works of modern cinema. For his next effort, Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown (1997), an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch.

Tarantino's films have garnered both critical and commercial success. He has received many industry awards, including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and the Palme d'Or, and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy. In 2005, he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him "the single most influential director of his generation".In December 2015, Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry.

Guy Ritchie (born 10 September 1968) is an English filmmaker known for his crime films. He left secondary school and got entry-level jobs in the film industry in the mid-1990s. Ritchie eventually went on to direct commercials. He directed his first film in 1995, a 20-minute short that impressed investors who backed his first feature film, the crime comedy Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998). He then directed another crime comedy, Snatch (2000). Ritchie's other films include Revolver (2005), RocknRolla (2008), Sherlock Holmes (2009), and its sequel Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011).

In 1998, Ritchie and his father contacted their friend Peter Morton, of the Hard Rock Cafe chain, wondering if he had any potential investors for a debut film. Morton's nephew, Matthew Vaughn, had been studying film production in Los Angeles. Peter informed Vaughn of Ritchie's new film idea, and Vaughn agreed to produce. Matthew, John, Guy and Peter asked their mutual acquaintance, Trudie Styler, to invest in the production of Ritchie's second film. Styler had seen The Hard Case, and decided that co-funding the project would be a worthwhile opportunity. The production of the film, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels was completed in about eight months. It was released in Great Britain in 1998, and after positive reviews, became an international success. Richie was introduced to Madonna, whom he would later wed, when the soundtrack for the film was issued on her Maverick Records label. Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, which starred Nick Moran, also introduced actors Jason Statham, Jason Flemyng and Dexter Fletcher to worldwide audiences, as well as introducing former footballer Vinnie Jones to a new acting career. In 2000 Ritchie won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. Ritchie created and produced a spin-off television series called Lock, Stock....

Heywood Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1, 1935) is an American filmmaker, writer, actor, comedian, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He began his career as a comedy writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television and publishing several books of short humor pieces. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, emphasizing monologues rather than traditional jokes. As a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen fourth on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians, while a UK survey ranked Allen as the third greatest comedian.

By the mid-1960s, Allen was writing and directing films, first specializing in slapstick comedies before moving into dramatic material influenced by European art cinema during the 1970s, and alternating between comedies and dramas to the present. He is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup. Some of the best-known of his over 50 films are Annie Hall (1977), Manhattan (1979), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), and Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989). In 2007 he said Stardust Memories (1980), The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985), and Match Point (2005) were his best films. Critic Roger Ebert described Allen as "a treasure of the cinema".

Allen has received many accolades and honors throughout his career. He has won four Academy Awards: three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director. He also garnered nine British Academy Film Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the "101 Funniest Screenplays." In 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen: A Documentary on the American Masters TV series.

The most prestigious cinema awards

Film awards, in contrast to film festivals, not accompanied by public displays and hand on the results of the year (as potential nominees are considered films that have already passed in the world box office). The goal of the famous film festivals is to present completely new pictures. Traditionally, major premieres are held at major film festivals, and, according to the rules, the same picture can not participate in two screenings at the same time.

The Academy Awards, also known as the Oscars, are a set of 24 awards for artistic and technical merit in the American film industry, given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy's voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the "Academy Award of Merit", which has become commonly known by its nickname "Oscar". The sculpture was created by George Stanley. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS.

The awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony. Its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards.

The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26, 2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 89th.

In 1943, a group of writers banded together to form the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, and by creating a generously distributed award called the Golden Globe Award, they now play a significant role in film marketing.[ The 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at various venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel, and the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel

In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish a special honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as an international figure within the entertainment industry, the first award was presented to director and producer, Cecil B. DeMille. The official name of the award thus became the Cecil B. DeMille Award.

In 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned (but not for the first time in its history). The New York firm Society Awards collaborated for a year with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to produce a statuette that included a unique marble and enhanced the statuette’s quality and gold content. It was unveiled at a press conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show.

Revenues generated from the annual ceremony have enabled the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to donate millions of dollars to entertainment-related charities, as well as funding scholarships and other programs for future film and television professionals. The most prominent beneficiary being the Young Artist Awards, presented annually by the Young Artist Foundation, established in 1978 by late Hollywood Foreign Press member, Maureen Dragone to recognize and award excellence of young Hollywood performers under the age of 21, and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically and/or financially challenged.

TEFI  is an annual award given in the Russian television industry, presented by the Russian Academy of Television. It has been awarded since 1994. TEFI is presented in various sectors (up to 50 nominations in 2008[), such as television shows, notable people in the television industry, journalists, channels. The winners are awarded with Orpheusstatuette created by Ernst Neizvestny. 

The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA, English The British Academy of Film and Television Arts) is an independent public charity organization of Great Britain, as well as awards, which are awarded by this institution for achievements in the field of cinematography, television art, computer games and art for children.

The Academy was formed on April 16, 1947 under the leadership of David Lin. In the year of education and until 1976 the Academy was called the British Academy of Cinema. In 1958, the Academy joined the Guild of Television Producers, and since 1976 began to be called the British Academy of Film and Television Films. Laureates receive a golden mask as a prize.

The awards ceremony for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts - along with the Golden Globe Award, which is chosen by members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, is a kind of dress rehearsal for the Oscar, as in most cases they anticipate the voting results of members of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts .

The prize was first awarded in 1948 in London. Since 2000, the award has been named The orange British Academy Film and Television Awards, the Orange mobile operator, which has become the official sponsor of the awards ceremony since 1998. In connection with this, the timing of the celebration was shifted from April to February.

Conclusions

Cinematography is a great invention of man, which had a huge influence on the formation of the worldview of a man of the 20th century. Once again we recall with gratitude the scientists and inventors: Plato, Reynaud, Edison, Mare, Newbridge, Demeni, the Lumiere brothers - all those who, out of love for discoveries, helped the invention, which they considered to be only a "scientific toy" which turned out to be a new means of expressing people's thoughts .

Cinema is the most "advanced" type of art, in the production process of which today a huge number of scientific novelties and discoveries are used. Modern man, in whose life there is little place for heroism, wants to see heroes on the screen. Any person can become a hero on the screen, today only a group of good programmers need this, no more. In "mass cinema" there is a place for everything, even for advertising. Sometimes it leads to absurd situations, when movies turn into a big commercial

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