Исследовательская работа По теме «История города Washington»

Слайд 1

Слайд 2

Цель работы: • Исследовать историю города « Washington»; • Исследовать географическое расположение города; • Исследовать достопримечательности и роль города « Washington » в современном мире.

Слайд 3

History of Washington City James Madison first suggested the need for a federal district in The Federalist No . 43 . He argued that the national capital needed to be distinct from the states , in order to provide for its own maintenance and safety . An attack on the Congress at Philadelphia in June 1783 by a mob of angry soldiers emphasized the need for the government to see to its own security . Madison and Alexander Hamilton agreed upon the location of the new capital at a dinner hosted by Thomas Jefferson . This Compromise of 1790 approved Hamilton's plan to allow the federal government to assume war debt carried by states ; in return , Madison and Jefferson were able to ensure that the new national capital would be located in the South . The plans for the City of Washington were largely the work of Pierre Charles L’Enfant , a French-born architect , engineer , and city planner who first arrived in the American colonies as a military engineer with Major General Lafayette . Although plans for the new City of Washington placed it in the geographic and geometric center of the federal territory , there were other communities located in the District of Columbia , including Georgetown , " Tennally's Town " ( i.e ., Tenleytown ), and a village commonly known today as Anacostia . In time , all of these communities would be annexed by the City of Washington .

Слайд 4

On August 24 , 1814 , British forces burned the capital during the most notable raid of the War of 1812 , in retaliation for the sacking and burning of York ( modern-day Toronto ). Initially , the British had approached the city hoping to secure a truce , but were fired upon , which ultimately led to the sacking of government buildings . The Capitol , Treasury and White House were burned and gutted . Most government buildings were quickly repaired , but the Capitol , which was at the time largely under construction , would not be completed until 1868. The District's population remained relatively stable until the Great Depression in the 1930s when President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal legislation expanded the bureaucracy in Washington. World War II further increased government activity , adding to the number of federal employees in the capital ; by 1950, the District's population reached a peak of 802,178 residents . On September 11, 2001 , terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and deliberately crashed into The Pentagon outside the city in Arlington , Virginia . Either the White House or the United States Capitol was another intended target for United Airlines Flight 93 , which crashed near Shanksville , Pennsylvania .

Слайд 5

Geography of Washington

Слайд 6

Washington is surrounded by the states of Maryland (on its southeast, northeast and northwest sides) and Virginia (on its western side). The District interrupts those states' common border, the Potomac River , both upstream and downstream from the District. The Potomac River, as it passes Washington, is almost entirely within the District of Columbia. Washington has three major natural flowing streams: the Potomac River, the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . The Anacostia River and Rock Creek are tributaries of the Potomac River. There are three man-made reservoirs located in the city: Dalecarlia Reservoir , which crosses over the northwest border of the District into Maryland; McMillan Reservoir near Howard University ; and Georgetown Reservoir . The highest natural point in the District of Columbia is 409 feet (125 m ) above sea level in Tenleytown . The lowest point is sea level , which occurs along all of the Anacostia shore and all of the Potomac shore except the uppermost portion ( the Little Falls area , upstream of Chain Bridge ). The geographic center of the District of Columbia is located near 4th Street NW, L Street NW, and New York Avenue NW. Contrary to popular belief , Washington was not built on reclaimed swampland ; although the city's hot and humid summer climate often perpetuates this urban legend . While wetlands did cover areas along the Potomac River , the District's territory consisted mostly of farmland and tree-covered hills . In fact , urban planners at the time of the city's founding had no objections to the location of the new capital . Reports from the mid-19th century that describe Washington as a muddy backwater have also perpetuated the belief that the area was originally a swamp . However , those wet conditions were due to the lack of a municipal sewer system and inadequate drainage for surface runoff ; not as a result of the land's natural topography .

Слайд 7

Washington, D.C. is a planned city . In 1791 Pierre L'Enfant drew up a basic plan modeled in the Baroque style, which incorporated broad avenues radiating out from traffic circles , providing for maximum open space and landscaping. However, at the start of the 20th century, L'Enfant's vision of a capital with open parks and grand national monuments had become marred by slums and randomly-placed buildings, including a railroad station on the National Mall . In 1900 Congress formed a joint committee , headed by Senator James McMillan , charged with beautifying Washington's ceremonial core. What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901, and included the re-landscaping of the Capitol grounds and Mall, constructing new Federal buildings and monuments, clearing slums, and establishing a new citywide park system. Architects recruited by the committee kept the city's original layout, and their work is thought to be the grand completion of L'Enfant's intended design.

Слайд 8

The architecture of Washington, D.C. varies greatly. Six of the top ten buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' 2007 ranking of " America's Favorite Architecture " are located in the District of Columbia, including: the White House ; the Washington National Cathedral ; the Thomas Jefferson Memorial ; the United States Capitol ; the Lincoln Memorial ; and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , gothic , and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six buildings and many other prominent government buildings in Washington. Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Old Executive Office Building and Library of Congress . Architecture

Слайд 9

The Potomac River was once called a "national disgrace" by President Lyndon Johnson, who lobbied for the passage of the Clean Water Restoration Act in 1966. The river is now home to a vibrant warm-water fishery and naturally reproducing Bald Eagles have returned to its banks. Despite its intensely urbanized landscape, the District of Columbia is a center for research on urban wildlife management, invasive species management, urban stream restoration, and the aquatic ecology of urban streams. The National Park Service's Center For Urban Ecology is a regional source of expertise and applied science for the region. Natural features

Слайд 10

The current 2007 U.S. Census Bureau data estimates the District's population at 588,292 residents, continuing a trend of population growth in the city since the 2000 Census . The trend reverses what had been a 50-year decline in the District's population. During the workweek, however, the number of commuters from the suburbs into the city swells the District's population by an estimated 71.8%, to a daytime population of over one million people. The Washington Metropolitan Area , which includes the surrounding counties in Maryland and Virginia, is the eighth-largest in the United States with more than five million residents. When combined with Baltimore and its suburbs, the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area has a population exceeding eight million residents, the fourth-largest in the country. Demographics of Washington, D.C.

Слайд 11

The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation's official museums and galleries in Washington, D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian, thus making its collections open to the public free of charge. The most visited of the Smithsonian museums is the National Museum of Natural History located on the National Mall. Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries located on the mall are: the National Air and Space Museum ; the National Museum of African Art ; the National Museum of American History ; the National Museum of the American Indian ; the Sackler and Freer galleries, which both focus on Asian art and culture; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; the Arts and Industries Building ; and the Smithsonian Institution Building (also known as "The Castle"), which serves as the Smithsonian Institution's headquarters. Culture of Washington

Слайд 12

Washington, DC is a prominent center for national and international media. The Washington Post , founded in 1877, is the oldest and most-read local daily newspaper in Washington. It is probably most notable for its coverage of national and international politics as well as for exposing the Watergate scandal . "The Post", as it is popularly called, continues to print only three editions; one each for the District, Maryland, and Virginia. Even without expanded national editions, the newspaper has the fifth-highest circulation of all news dailies in the country. Media in Washington

Слайд 13

Washington is one of only 13 cities in the United States with a team from all four major mens ' sports: football , basketball , baseball , and hockey . When soccer is included, Washington is one of only 8 cities to have all five professional mens ' sports. D.C. teams have won a combined 11 professional league championships: the D.C. United has won four (the most in MLS history); the Washington Redskins have won three; the Washington Bayhawks have won two; and the Washington Wizards and the Washington Glory have each won a single championship. Sports in Washington

Слайд 14

The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) operates the city's rapid transit system, Metrorail (most often referred to as simply "the Metro"), as well as Metrobus . Union Station is the second-busiest train station in the United States, after Penn Station in New York, and serves as the southern terminus of Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor and Acela Express service. Three major airports , one in Maryland and two in Virginia, serve Washington, D.C. Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport ( IATA : DCA , ICAO : KDCA ), located just across the Potomac River from downtown D.C. in Arlington County, Virginia , is the only Washington-area airport that has its own Metrorail station. Transportation in Washington