Исследовательская работа «THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPING OF DRINKS’ PACKING»

МБОУ «СОШ  №91»

          Научно- практическая конференция «Шаг в будущее»

                Исследовательская работа

«THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPING OF DRINKS’ PACKING»

                                           Выполнил: Шихов Владимир                                                                         Ученик 9 «А» класса МОУ «СОШ №91»

                                           Руководитель: Корнилова А.С., учитель

                                            Англ языка МОУ «СОШ №91»

                                        Ижевск

                                        2011 год

CONTENT

Introduction.............................................................................................................1

The history of bottle's evolution..........................................................................2-3

Other popular drinks' packing...........................................................................4-5

The perspectives of future developing................................................................6-8

Conclusion................................................................................................................8

Bibliography.............................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION

     Nowadays, the issue of recycling and processing of various materials is among the major issues in our world. What often uses people? As an example of the necessary things in life, we decided to consider an ordinary bottle, its history and application, as well as prospects for development.

     Whether you have a question on, why a bottle? The human consists of water for seventy percent. For maintenance of this level the person very often uses subjects for mobile carrying over of liquids, that is various bottles. As they are often used, then the used is much thrown out. Materials of packing collapse badly in the soil and it has become a big problem. We have an alternative variant -  it is recycling of packing materials and their secondary use.

     That’s why the problem of using different kinds of packing, especially drinks’ packing is very urgent, and in this exploration we’ll consider the most popular kinds of drinks’ packing.

   The aim of our work is to prove that among the various forms of drinks’ packing the bottle is universal and has the perspectives of further developing.

     To achieve this aim we have the following tasks:

To follow the history of bottle’s evolution.

To compare the bottle with other popular drinks’ packing.

To explore the perspectives of future developing of packing.

This work consists of introduction, three parts, conclusion and bibliography.

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THE HISTORY OF BOTTLE’S EVOLUTION

     The bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China, Phoenicia, Rome and Crete in the ancient times. The Chinese used bottles to store liquids long ago.

     Amphorae dated to around 4800 BC have been found in Banpo, a Neolithic site of the Yangshao culture in China. In the West, Amphorae first appeared on the Syrian coast around 3500 BCE and spread around the ancient world, being used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as the principal means for transporting and storing grapes, olive oil, wine, oil, olives, grain, fish, and other commodities. They were produced on an industrial scale from Greek times and used around the Mediterranean until about the 7th century. Wooden and skin containers seem to have supplanted amphorae thereafter.Another example of further use of amphorae: they fought off the throat, and used as ballot boxes, where to store the ashes of the deceased. Such simple burial can be found today in the ancient cemetery belonging to the Roman port of Ostia, along with magnificent burials of wealthy citizens. Amphorae were also used as drainage pipes - they have previously fought off the sharp ends of the floor and inserted one into another. In Carthage thousands of amphorae were filled with sand and are composed of the supporting wall of the fortress.

     The first bottles in our understanding  were made of glass and it was  a real revolution in the history of drinks’ packing.

     Glass is an inorganic solid material that is usually clear or translucent with different colors. It is hard, brittle, and stands up to the effects of wind, rain or sun.Glass has been used for various kinds of bottles and utensils, mirrors, windows and more. It is thought to have been first created around 3000 BC, during the bronze age. Egyptian glass beads date back to about 2500 BC.Up to the Abbasid era (AD 750-868) the glass industry was dominated by Alexandria and Syrian, but the Abbasid Caliph Harun Al-Rashid valued enameled and gilded glass works. This became the finest gift that the Caliph could bestowed on his favorites. In Egypt during the Tulunid era (AD 868-905), special attention was given to stained glass surfaces as well as lanterns and vessels. Sultan Ahmed Bin Tulun (AD 868-883) renovated glass workshops in Alexandria. In connection with the restoration of Alexandria's lighthouse, his technicians developed glass mirrors, and he introduced official weights of glass sealed with his stamp.

     The glass bottle was an important development in the history of wine, because, when combined with a high-quality stopper such as a cork, it allowed long-term aging of wine. Glass has all the qualities required for long-term storage. It eventually gave rise to "château bottling", the practice where an estate's wine is put in a bottle at the source, rather than by a merchant. Prior to this, wine would be sold by the barrel (and before that, the amphora) and put into bottles only at the merchant's shop, if at all.

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In wine storage there were different kinds of glass bottles, each one for some types of wine. The most well-known are:

* "Bordeaux": This bottle is roughly straight sided with a curved "shoulder" that is useful for catching sediment and is also the easiest to stack. Traditionally used in Bordeaux but now worldwide, this is probably the most common type.

 * "Burgundy": Traditionally used in Burgundy, this has sides that taper down about 2/3rds of the height to a short cylindrical section, and does not have a shoulder.

 * "Champagne": Traditionally used for Champagne, it is similar to a Burgundy bottle, but with a wider base and heavier due to the pressurization.

     But the history of bottle’s evolution hasn’t stopped at developing of glass bottles. Also we know some other types of bottle’s materials, for example plastic.

Leonardo Da Vinci invented the first form of natural plastic during the Renaissance period. The plastic Da Vinci created was made from both animal and vegetable glues combined with organic fibers. When this combination dried Da Vinci was left with a product that would be described today as a plastic-like substance. In 1862, Alexander Parkes was responsible for introducing the first manmade plastic at the Great International Exhibition in London. This manmade plastic was nicknamed Parkesine. Due to an extremely expensive production cost of raw materials as well as the combustibility of the finished product, the product became obsolete.

Plastic bottles were first used commercially in 1947, but remained relatively expensive until the early 1960s when high-density polyethylene was introduced. They quickly became popular with both manufacturers and customers due to their lightweight nature and relatively low production costs compared with glass bottles. The food industry has almost completely replaced glass in many cases with plastic bottles, but wine and beer are still commonly sold in glass bottles.

     Science also required the evolution of bottle for achievement scientific aims. As a result of scientific activities special types of bottles has been created – flask, test-tube etc.          

       So, we can say that a bottle has a long history and it has changed with the changes and necessities of the society.

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OTHER POPULAR DRINKS’ PACKING

      In the history of mankind there have appeared a lot of other types of drinks’ packing, for example cans, flagons, jars, TetraPaks etc. We will consider the most popular types of packing and compare them.

     One of the most popular types of beverage packing is aluminum can. It appeared after the discovery of aluminum. That’s why in comparison with bottle it does not have a long history.

Aluminium is the second most widely used metal in the world today. It is used extensively in aircraft, in buiding construction, and in consumer durables such as fridges cooking utensils and air conditioners as well as in food processing equipment. Before the middle of the 19th century though, the cost of aluminium production was so high that the metal was considered to be 'semi precious'. Louis Napoleon, Emperor of France, even had a ceremonial helmet and dinner service made of aluminium. The first major commercial use of aluminium was cookware.

1795        Napoleon offers a 12,000 franc prize for a method of preserving food for his armies which had such long, vulnerable supply lines that hunger began to tax their fighting strength.

1810        Nicolas Appert, a French confectioner, wins the prize. He experimented in preserving food by sterilisation.

By the 1930s the technology had advanced to a stage when drinks could be packaged in cans. Continental European producers introduced beverage cans shaped like bottles. These cans are constructed from three pieces of metal and have a cone-shaped top closed by a "crown" cork.

1935        The first flat-top can of beer appeared for sale in Richmond, Virginia. Canned beer is introduced to the UK by Felinfoel Brewery in Wales, using steel cans with cone-shaped tops.

1950's        Flat topped beer cans are introduced in Britain.

1963        Ernie Fraze, an American, of the Dayton Reliable Tool Company, working with Alcoa, invents the aluminium easy-open end.

     The other modern popular drinks’ packing is TetraPak. TetraPak is a roll of cardboard twisted to make a pocket and sealed into rectangular carton.

Development of a new milk container began in 1943. The goal was to provide optimal food safety while using a minimum amount of material. The new containers were formed from a tube that was filled with liquid; individual units were sealed off below the level of the beverage inside without introducing any air. Ruben Rausing, a young Swedish economist, reportedly got the idea from watching his wife Elizabeth stuffing sausages. Erik Wallenberg, who joined the firm as a lab worker, is credited with engineering the concept, for which he was paid SKr 3,000 (six months of wages at the time).2

 Tetra Pak was founded in 1951 as a subsidiary of Åkerlund & Rausing. The new packaging system was unveiled on May 18 of that year. The next year, it delivered its first machine for packaging cream in tetrahedral cartons to Lundaortens

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Mejeriförening, a dairy in Lund, Sweden. The 100 ml container,  which was covered in plastic rather than paraffin, would be named Tetra Classic. Before this, European dairies typically dispensed milk in bottles or in other containers brought by customers. Tetra Classic was both hygienic and, with individual servings, convenient.

     Nowadays, most of dairy drinks are sold in TetraPaks. We can also see other drinks such as juice, wine in TetraPaks in the supermarkets all over the world.

     So, in the modern world most part of different drinks is packed in bottles (glass and plastic), aluminum cans and TetraPaks. We can name some advantages and disadvantages of these types of drinks’ packing.

 Bottle:

Advantages:

Transparency;

Convenient neck for drinking;

Haven’t harmful elements.

Disadvantages:

Rather expensive;

Fragile;

 Aluminum can:

Advantages:

Cheap;

Easy-open;

Longer storage.

Disadvantages:

Not very convenient for drinking;

Disposable.

 TetraPak:

Advantages:

Impermeability;

Low-cost;

Light and tough.

Disadvantages:

Disposable;

Difficult to open.

As a result, all types of drinks’ packing have their own pluses and minuses for the people.

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THE PERSPECTIVES OF FUTURE DEVELOPING

     The history of mankind hasn’t stopped that’s why the history of drinks’ packing has the future. However, modern packing spoil the nature.

     We would like to compare four types of drinks’ packing (separating glass and plastic bottles as they are made of different materials) in their influence on ecology, because, according to statistics, about 1/3 of world waste comes from packing. For example, some research say that each person in the USA throws away about four pounds of trash daily. So, it is very important to learn which of this packing is more safe for the nature.

Table of frequency of occurrence of different types of rubbish and the timing of its expansion

In this list we see can see 3 kinds of trash, which decompose the longest. As you can see  carton packages are less dangerous  for the environment as degrade rather quickly, but the other three types of drinks’ packing have the longest period of destruction. Let's look at the destruction of these things.

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As you can see, this process is very long. Degrading is very slow and poor. That’s why it seems very important to find out which types of packing are more required. To explore this question we held a poll at web-site http://otvet.mail.ru/. People chose one of four types of packing they would prefer. We got the following results:

Aluminum can                            8.70%

 Plastic bottle                            26.09%

 Glass bottle                            43.48%

 TetraPak                                    21.74%

                                               Aluminum can 8.70%

 Plastic bottle  26,09%

                                                                            TetraPak 21.74%

                                                                            Glass bottle 43.48%

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We can make a conclusion that the bottle (especially the glass bottle) has the largest perspectives of development, because it is the most popular among people. People choose glass bottles. Really ability to see the liquid is very important to us. It is interesting to see the preferences of people according to their age.

                                                                                           Teenagers 37.5%

                         Adult 62.5%

The teens more often choose aluminum cans. Maybe just adults remember the days when lemonade was sold in glass bottles and do not want to part with those memories. Anyway we must understand that all of this types of packing are dangerous for the nature. To solve this problem we can offer:

1) Recycling projects. Glass bottles can be recycled and become new products such as glasses, jars, road filling; aluminum can be reused as can, foil, doors, windows, frames. Plastics can be reused as toys, mulch, packaging, garbage bags.

2) Inventing new packing materials. For example, biodegradable ones.

CONCLUSION

    In our world the simple things which surround us can be interesting for exploration. In our work we followed the history and development of drinks’ packing to prove that the bottle is universal packing and has future perspectives of development. As we have known the bottle has the longest history among all the other popular types of packing. Each type of packing appeared to have its own advantages and disadvantages for people. In our exploration we have compared the periods of destruction of these packing materials and came to conclusion that the bottle is one of the most dangerous for the nature. However, the results of our research showed that the bottle is the most popular type of drinks’ packing among the people especially among the adults. So, we made a conclusion that the bottle has the largest perspectives of future development, because it is universal drinks’ packing. But people must think about the nature and environment and invent more perfect materials for the bottle or at least use the recycling project.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Internet:

1) http://www.benjamit.com/library/can/historyc.htm

2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle

3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapak

4) http://ekabu.ru/

5) http://otvet.mail.ru/

6) http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0

Books:

1)  T. Klementieva, D. Shennon “Happy English -2”, Titul 1997

2)   First Certificate Gold

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