Самые знаменитые изобретения Британцев

MKOU Novovoronezh Secondary school №2 of the city district

Novovoronezh

Information project in English on the topic:

"The most famous inventions of the British"

Pupil:Leshkova Victoriya 11A

Teacher:Sokolova Elena Viktorovna

Novovoronezh

2023 г

Contents

Introduction…………………………………………………………………... р. 3

British inventions……………………………………………………………...

     - telephone…………………………………………………………….......p.4

     - computer …………………………………………………………….......p.5

     - internet ……………………………………………………………..........p.6

     - vacuum cleaner.…………………………………………………………p.7

     - puzzles……………………………………………………………...........p.8

     - locomotive……………………………………………………………......p.9

     - traffic light……………………………………………………………......p.10          

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… р.11

Literature………………………………………………………………………р.12

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Introduction

        The relevance of the chosen topic: the inventors of Great Britain have created many useful devices for humanity, making our life more comfortable and diverse.

        Purpose: to introduce students to the famous inventions of the British.

        The Objects: objects invented by the British.

      The subject of research:  The most famous inventions of the British.

       Methods:  analysis , comparison , search.

        Tasks:

1. get acquainted with the most famous inventions of the British;

2. find material about the most famous inventions of the British;

3. to study the emergence and development of these inventions;

4. summarize information about inventions;

5. analyze the information received;

6. create a presentation about British inventions;

7. to present the product to the public;

8. make a conclusion about the gained knowledge.

                                          3

TELEPHONE

For a long time, Alexander Bell worked on the creation of a multiplex telegraph, and during the experiments he came up with the idea of creating a telephone. On June 2, 1875, he heard a faint echo coming from a telegraph receiver, and this event prompted him to work on creating a telephone.

An approximate diagram of Alexander Bell's experience with sound transmission by wire on June 2, 1875.

He ordered his assistant Thomas Watson to make a sound transmission device, and the next day a prototype phone was ready. The device, tested on June 3, 1875, worked very poorly and could not serve for stable communication. Thomas Watson called this phone a "bitter disappointment", and communication historians and collectors nicknamed it the gallows for its characteristic shape.

Telephone-"the gallows", June 3, 1875. An Exhibit Of The Museum Of The History Of The Telephone.

Nevertheless, the experiments continued. Alexander Bell's attorney filed an application with the Patent Office for his invention on February 14, 1876. On the same day, the attorney of the inventor Elisha Gray from Chicago submitted a preliminary application for a "Device for transmitting and receiving vocal sounds by telegraphic method." On this occasion, there were numerous debates about who first invented the telephone.

On March 7, 1876, Alexander Bell received a patent for the invention of the telephone. Subsequently, this patent will be called "the most expensive patent in history." On March 10, 1876, Alexander Bell and his assistant Thomas Watson successfully tested the telephone.

On June 25, 1876, Alexander Bell demonstrated his phone for the first time at the first World Electrotechnical Exhibition in Philadelphia. He received the attention of the Brazilian Emperor Pedro II and the great English physicist Lord Kelvin (William Thomson).

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COMPUTER

One day in 1812, the young mathematician Charles Babbage thought deeply about the table of logarithms. I didn't want to work, and then the young man came to the conclusion that all calculations could be entrusted to the machine. Similar ideas of difference machines were expressed earlier by Johann Muller and John Herschel. But Babbage decided to surpass his predecessors and create not theoretical calculations, but a real car.

The search for money to build a car in reality began. At first, there was a great hope to interest the Admiralty in the project - after all, for them the analysis of the places where the warships are located is vital. But the warlords preferred to use the services of counters. Lloyd's insurance company showed more interest (they were interested in calculating the movement of merchant ships), but refused to finance the project.

As a result, the money of 1,500 pounds was allocated by the government of the country. The car was built for 9 years, and the costs incurred by England increased to 17,000 pounds. It was not possible to create the first option completely in metal, but the scientist still built part of the machine. She astonished many with her precise calculations.

Despite the failure, Babbage conceived the construction of the Analytical Engine No2. If it could be embodied in metal, then we would have the first functioning programmable computer with an input-output device (on punched cards), and even having memory. Unfortunately, at that time, the precision of metal processing of gears did not reach the desired level, and many thousands of them were required. According to the tradition of the 19th century, the mechanism of the first computer was to be driven using a steam engine. Babbage even designed a 3.5 ton printer for his computer.

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INTERNET

Tim Berners-Lee founded a giant Internet network. His colleague is Robert Cayo, and he is also considered the founder of the Internet.

In 1989, this idea arose, which later led to the creation of the Internet. The project was called the World Wide Web - the World Wide Web. Already in the fall of 1991, the project gained some popularity in Europe and went to conquer America.The main task of the innovation, according to the creator, was to help scientists exchange data through the Internet platform, little known at that time. However, Tim's desire to leave the source code free and accessible to everyone led to the fact that very soon its creation began to live its own life. The invention and introduction of WWW technology ((World Wide Web - the World Wide Web) has made the network truly popular and mass.

Tim Berners-Lee worked on the project for two years, during which he developed and created the HTML language for web pages, URLs, HTTP and the first browser. Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Capa created the technology of the World Wide Web, which became the basis for the functioning of the entire modern Internet. 25 years ago, on August 23, 1991, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee officially presented the world's first Internet site.

Since 1994, Berners-Lee has been the head of the 3Com Founders Department at the MIT Computer Science Laboratory (now the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, together with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), where he works as a leading researcher.

In 1994, the MIT World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded at the Laboratory, which to this day develops and implements standards for the Internet. In particular, the Consortium is working to ensure stable and continuous development of the World Wide Web – in accordance with the latest user requirements and the level of technological progress. The W3C aims to unlock the full potential of the World Wide Web by combining the stability of standards with their rapid evolution.

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VACUUM CLEANER

Hubert Cecil Booth made various inventions, but his most popular invention was a vacuum cleaner . In 1898 , the inventor H. Cecil Booth attended an exhibition at the Empire Music Hall in London, where an American manufacturer was demonstrating a new dust removal machine; it consisted of a huge metal box with a bag filled with compressed air at the top.

This device blew air onto the carpet, causing dust and dirt to accumulate on the top of the box.

Therefore, Booth was not impressed with this artifact, as he noticed that a large amount of dust seeped out of the box and settled on the carpet again. After this meeting, Hubert spent several days thinking about the possibility of creating a machine that would allow absorbing dust particles.After analyzing the possible mechanism by which the vacuum machine should work correctly, Booth realized that the secret is to find the right type of filter bag to suck in air and catch dust particles.

While at home, Booth put various types of fabric on the floor, which he experimented with using lips and various cylinders. Finally, Hubert managed to catch the dust particles with a very narrow cloth handkerchief, which allowed aspiration, but at the same time kept the dust particles.Booth then decided to patent his suction vacuum cleaner in 1901. The first commercial vacuum cleaner had gigantic dimensions, similar to the size of modern refrigerators. This first machine consisted of a pump, a dust collector and a power unit.

At first, the vacuum cleaner had to be transported in a wheelbarrow because of its huge size. This artifact hardly moved through the streets of London from the factory to any possible place, for example, an office, a theater or a private house. The cleaner's job required one person to run the platform and another to operate the hose, which was long and flexible. In fact, the first models of household vacuum cleaners also required two people to operate them; this role usually belonged to a housewife or servants.

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PUZZLES

John Spilsbury. That was the name of a man to whom the world has been saying thank you for inventing puzzles for the third century. Spilsbury made the first puzzle in 1767 as a textbook on geography. He attached a map of the world to a wooden base and cut out each state along its borders – so the world's first puzzle turned out. Seeing in his invention a good opportunity to make money, Spilsbury developed puzzles for eight topics – on maps of the world, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland. So he made a fascinating puzzle - sawed a black-and-white paper geographical map, previously pasted on a wooden base, along the lines of state borders. It was suggested to reassemble the map.

Until the beginning of the XIX century, puzzles were used as a textbook. The corresponding pictures were not fastened together, but simply laid on the base.At the end of the XIX century, the expensive wooden base was replaced by cheaper cardboard.

In 1909, the first factory for the production of puzzles with fasteners was opened in the USA. As a result of the mass production of puzzles, puzzles have become cheaper, which has increased the popularity of the game. To date, the principle of production has not changed much. The motif printed on cardboard is cut by a puncher into many small pieces.

In Russia in the XIX century, board games became very popular. Puzzles, which were called in the German manner — "puzel", were no exception. Puzeli consisted of no more than 100 parts and were more of a salon entertainment. In Soviet times, puzzles disappeared from store shelves, returning again at the end of the XX century.

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LOCOMOTIVE

The world's very first steam locomotive was designed by the English mining engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804. At one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men over a distance of 15 kilometers in 4 hours and 5 minutes at a speed of about 8 km/h.

Trevithick proved that a car with smooth wheels can successfully move on smooth metal rails. He continued working on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833. In the 20s of the 19th century, George Stephenson made significant changes to the design of the locomotive.

He also convinced the mine owners to build the first railway from

 Darlington to Stockton. In 1823, under the leadership of Stephenson, the world's first locomotive factory was founded, and 2 years later a steam locomotive, named "Ektiv", left its gates.

This unit could carry 80 tons of cargo, while George provided for the possibility of transporting people. With an average speed of 7.5 km/h, the "Active" carried the world's first passenger car with members of the commission that accepted the new steam unit. The maximum speed of the locomotive in some sections reached 39 km/h, an unheard-of mark for mechanisms moving with such a load at that time.

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TRAFFIC LIGHT

On December 10, 1868, the first traffic light was installed in London near the British Parliament building. Its inventor, John Peake Knight, was a specialist in railway semaphores. The traffic light was controlled manually and had two semaphore arrows: raised horizontally meant a stop signal, and lowered at an angle of 45° — moving with caution. In the dark, a rotating gas lamp was used, with the help of which red and green signals were given, respectively.

The traffic light was used to facilitate the passage of pedestrians across the street, and its signals were intended for carts — while pedestrians are walking, the carts should stand.

On January 2, 1869, a gas lamp of a traffic light exploded, injuring a policeman controlling the traffic light, after which traffic lights were banned in Europe.

In 1910, the first automatic traffic light system (capable of switching without direct human involvement) was developed and patented Ernst Sirrin from Chicago. In its traffic light, the unlit Stop and Proceed inscriptions were used.

The inventor of the first electric traffic light is Lester Wire from Salt Lake City (Utah, USA). In 1912, he developed (but did not patent) a traffic light with two round electric signals (red and green).

On August 5, 1914, in Cleveland, the American Traffic Light Company installed four electric traffic lights designed by James Hogg at the intersection of 105th Street and Euclid Avenue. They had a red and green signal and made a beep when switching. The system was controlled by a policeman sitting in a glass booth at the intersection. Traffic lights set traffic rules similar to those currently adopted in the United States: a right turn was carried out at any time in the absence of interference, and a left turn was a green signal around the center of the intersection.

In 1920, three-color traffic lights using a yellow signal were installed in Detroit and New York. The inventors were, respectively, William Potts (Eng. William Potts) and John F. Harris (eng. John F. Harriss).

In Europe, similar traffic lights were first installed in 1922 in Paris at the intersection of Rue de Rivoli and Sevastopol Boulevard and in Hamburg at Stephansplatz. Stephansplatz). In England — in 1927 in the city of Wolverhampton (English Wolverhampton).

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Conclusion

Thus, after analyzing all the information I received during the studies, I can say that a very large number of discoveries of the last centuries was made by the British.

Inventions have already become firmly established in people's lives and every year there are more and more of them. For many people have already become an integral part of our life. Inventions are almost always created solely so that a person can feel better, so that his work is simplified as much as possible, and life is improved. The development of modern technologies that significantly facilitate human life is not as easy as it may seem, because a huge number of specialists are working on inventions, who develop, test or improve all kinds of interesting things every day, there are many British among these inventors.

British scientists have made a significant contribution to the development of all fields of science. It's hard to imagine that if only a few people had not presented their inventions to the world, today we might not know anything about the force of gravity, live without television and antibiotics. The inventions created by the British, although they have not found a place in modern life, are a vivid example of the inexhaustible creative potential possessed by this people. Throughout the history of mankind, they have made a huge number of inventions, many of which are now perceived by us as something ordinary, but without which we cannot imagine our life.

All the inventions created by the British is a very vivid example of their talent and skill. Throughout the history of mankind, they have managed to make a huge number of inventions without which modern man cannot exist.

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Literature

1.https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_величайших_британцев

2. http://www.people.su/r69

3. http://www.peoples.ru/technics/designer

4. http://first-ever.ru/predmety-byta

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